When Arnold is "The Terminator", we no longer see him as a Man: The temporal determinants of person perception

Experimental Psychology

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 27-35

  Quinn, Kimberly A ^a   Mason, Malia F ^b   Macrae, C Neil ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Categorization versus identification; Face processing; Familiarity; Person perception; Time course

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FACE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; STUDENT;

DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FACE; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STUDENTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77649116853     PISSN: 16183169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000004     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Baudouin, J. Y., Sansone, S., & Tiberghien, G. (2000). Recognizing expression from familiar and unfamiliar faces. Pragmatics and Cognition, 8, 123-146.
3. Baudouin, J. Y., & Tiberghien, G. (2002). Sex is a dimension in face recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 362-365.
4. Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, A., & McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 551-565.
5. Bentin, S., & Golland, Y. (2002). Cognitive penetrability of the face structural encoding: Electrophysiological evidence. Cognition, 86, 1-14.
6. Bentin, S., Golland, Y., Flevaris, A., Robertson, L. C., & Moscovitch, M. (2006). Processing the trees and the forest during initial stages of face perception: Electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1406-1421.
7. Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., & Fallman, J. L. (2004). The automaticity of race and Afrocentric facial features in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 763-778.
8. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Macrae, C. N. (1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11, pp. 1-52). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual-process model of impression formation. In R. S. Wyer Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Brown, E., & Perrett, D. I. (1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception, 22, 829-840.
11. Bruce, V. (1986). Influences of familiarity on the processing of faces. Perception, 15, 387-397.
12. Bruce, V., Ellis, H. D., Gibling, F., & Young, A. W. (1987). Parallel processing of the sex and familiarity of faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 41, 510-520.
13. Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.
14. Bruyer, R., Lafalize, A., & Distefano, M. (1991). Age decisions on familiar and unfamiliar faces. Behavioural Processes, 24, 21-35.
15. Bruyer, R., Leclere, S., & Quinet, P. (2004). Ethnic categorisation of faces is not independent of face identity. Perception, 33, 169-179.
16. Burton, A. M., Bruce, V., & Dench, N. (1993). What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception, 22, 153-176.
17. Burton, A. M., Bruce, V., & Johnston, R. A. (1990). Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.
18. Calder, A. J., Burton, A. M., Miller, P., Young, A. W., & Akamatsu, S. (2001). A principal components analysis of facial expressions. Vision Research, 41, 1179-1208.
19. Calder, A. J., & Young, A. W. (2005). Understanding facial identity and facial expression recognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 641-653.
20. Campbell, R., Brooks, B., De Haan, E., & Roberts, T. (1996). Dissociating face processing skills: Decisions about lip-read speech, expression, and identity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 295-314.
21. Cloutier, J., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). Who or what are you? Facial orientation and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1298-1309.
22. Cloutier, J., Mason, M. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). The perceptual determinants of person construal: Reopening the social-cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 885-894.
23. Clutterbuck, R., & Johnston, R. A. (2004). Demonstrating the acquired familiarity of faces by using a gender-decision task. Perception, 33, 159-168.
24. Cohen, J. D., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993). PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 25, 257-271.
25. D'Argembeau, A., Van der Linden, M., Comblain, C., & Etienne, A. M. (2003). The effects of happy and angry expressions on identity and expression memory for unfamiliar faces. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 609-622. (Pubitemid 36869165)
26. Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.
27. Dubois, S., Rossion, B., Schiltz, C., Bodart, J. M., Dejardin, S., Michel, C., et al. (1999). Effect of familiarity on the processing of human faces. Neuroimage, 9, 278-289.
28. Ellis, A. W., Flude, B. M., Young, A. W., & Burton, A. M. (1996). Two loci of repetition priming in the recognition of familiar faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 295-308.
29. Ellis, A. W., Young, A. W., & Flude, B. M. (1990). Repetition priming and face processing: Priming occurs within the system that responds to the identity of a face. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42, 495-512.
30. Ellis, A. W., Young, A. W., Flude, B. M., & Hay, D. C. (1987). Repetition priming of face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39A, 193-210.
31. Empirisoft Corporation. (2004). MediaLab and DirectRT v. 2004 [Computer software]. New York: Author.
32. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation from category-based to individuated processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). New York: Academic Press.
33. Ganel, T., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (2002). Perceptual integrality of sex and identity of faces: Further evidence for the singleroute hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 854-867.
34. Ganel, T., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (2004). Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: The parallel-route hypothesis revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 583-597.
35. Gobbini, M. I., & Haxby, J. V. (2007). Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces. Neuropsychologia, 45, 32-41.
36. Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Ganel, T. (2000). Repetition priming for familiar and unfamiliar faces in a sex-judgment task: Evidence for a common route for the processing of sex and identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1198-1214.
37. Grill-Spector, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2005). Visual recognition: As soon as you know it is there, you know what it is. Psychological Science, 16, 152-160.
38. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223-233.
39. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 59-67.
40. Hoffman, E. A., & Haxby, J. V. (2000). Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 80-84.
41. Humphreys, G. W., Donnelly, N., & Riddoch, M. J. (1993). Expression is computed separately from facial identity, and it is computed separately for moving and static faces: Neuropsychological evidence. Neuropsychologia, 31, 173-181.
42. Ito, T. A., Thompson, E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Tracking the timecourse of social perception: The effects of racial cues on event-related brain potentials. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1267-1280.
43. Ito, T. A., & Urland, G. R. (2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 616-626.
44. Kunda, Z., Davies, P. G., Adams, B. D., & Spencer, S. J. (2002). The dynamic time course of stereotype activation: Activation, dissipation, and resurrection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 283-299.
45. Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522-544.
46. Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.
47. Lavie, N., Ro, T., & Russell, C. (2003). The role of perceptual load in processing distractor faces. Psychological Science, 14, 510-515.
48. Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (2000). When inverted faces are recognized: The role of configural information in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 513-536.
49. Le Gal, P. M., & Bruce, V. (2002). Evaluating the independence of sex and expression in judgments of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 64, 230-243.
50. Liu, J., Harris, A., & Kanwisher, N. (2002). Stages of processing in face perception: A MEG study. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 910-916.
51. Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5-18.
52. Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93-120.
53. Macrae, C. N., & Martin, D. (2007). A boy primed Sue: Featurebased processing and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 793-805.
54. Macrae, C. N., Quinn, K. A., Mason, M. F., & Quadflieg, S. (2005). Understanding others: The face and person construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 686-695.
55. Maddox, K. B., & Chase, S. G. (2004). Manipulating subcategory salience: Exploring the link between skin tone and social perception of Blacks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 533-546.
56. Maddox, K. B., & Gray, S. A. (2002). Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Re-exploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 250-259.
57. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
58. Martin, D., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). A face with a cue: Exploring the inevitability of person categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 806-816.
59. Maurer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255-260.
60. Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., & Giard, M. H. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of age and gender perception on human faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 900-910.
61. Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., Giard, M. H., Bentin, S., Aguera, P. E., & Pernier, J. (2000). Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 303-310.
62. Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. Parry, F. M., Young, A. W., Saul, J. S., & Moss, A. (1991). Dissociable face processing impairments after injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 545-558.
64. Quinn, K. A., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). Categorizing others: The dynamics of person construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 467-479.
65. Quinn, K. A., Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2003). Stereotyping and impression formation: How categorical thinking shapes person perception. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), SAGE handbook of social psychology (pp. 87-109). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
66. Rhodes, G., Brake, S., & Atkinson, A. P. (1993). What's lost in inverted faces? Cognition, 47, 25-57.
67. Rossion, B. (2002). Is sex categorization from faces really parallel to face recognition? Visual Cognition, 9, 1003-1020.
68. Rossion, B., Schiltz, C., Robaye, L., Pirenne, D., & Crommelinck, M. (2001). How does the brain discriminate familiar and unfamiliar faces: A PET study of face categorical perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 1019-1034.
69. Sagiv, N., & Bentin, S. (2001). Structural encoding of human and schematic faces: Holistic and part-based processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 1-15.
70. Schweinberger, S. R., & Soukup, G. R. (1998). Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1748-1765.
71. Schyns, P. G., Bonnar, L., & Gosselin, F. (2002). Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 402-409.
72. Searcy, J. H., & Bartlett, J. C. (1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 904-915.
73. Sergent, J., & Villemure, J.-G. (1989). Prosopagnosia in a right hemispherectomized patient. Brain, 112, 975-995.
74. Tanaka, J. W. (2001). The entry point for face recognition: Evidence for face expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 534-543.
75. Tanaka, J. W., & Curran, T. (2001). A neural basis for expert object recognition. Psychological Science, 12, 43-47.
76. Tarr, M. J., & Cheng, Y. D. (2003). Learning to see faces and objects. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 23-30.
77. VanRullen, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2001). The time course of visual processing: From early perception to decision-making. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 454-461.
78. Young, A. W., McWeeny, K. H., Hay, D. C., & Ellis, A. W. (1986). Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on identity and expression. Psychological Research, 48, 63-68.