Evaluating the independence of sex and expression in judgments of faces

Perception and Psychophysics

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 230-243

  Le Gal, Patricia M ^a   Bruce, Vicki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CEPHALOMETRY; DECISION MAKING; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION;

ATTENTION; CEPHALOMETRY; DECISION MAKING; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL;

EID: 0036483463     PISSN: 00315117     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03195789     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. ASHBY, F. G., & TOWNSEND, J. T. (1986). Varieties of perceptual independence. Psychological Review, 93, 154-179.
2. BIEDERMAN, I., & CHECKOSKY, S. F. (1970). Processing redundant information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 486-490.
3. BROWN, E., & PERRETT, D. I. (1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception, 22, 829-840.
4. BRUCE, V. (1986). Influences of familiarity on the processing of faces Perception, 15, 387-397.
5. BRUCE, V., BURTON, A. M., HANNA, E., HEALEY, P., MASON, O.; COOMBES, A., FRIGHT, R., & LINNEY, A. (1993). Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception, 22, 131-152.
6. BRUCE, V., ELLIS, H. D., GIBLING, F., & YOUNG, A. W. (1987). Parallel processing of the sex and familiarity of faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 41, 510-520.
7. BRUCE, V., & YOUNG, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.
8. BURTON, A. M., BRUCE, V., & DENCH, N. (1993). What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement Perception, 22, 153-176.
9. CALDER, A. J., YOUNG, A. W., ROWLAND, D., PERRETT, D. I., HODGES, J. R., & ETCOFF, N. L. (1996). Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: Differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 699-745.
10. CAMPBELL, R., BENSON, P. J., WALLACE, S. B., DOESBERGH, S., & COLEMAN, M. (1999). More about brows: How poses that change brow position affect perceptions of gender. Perception, 28, 489-504.
11. CAMPBELL, R., LANDIS, T., & REGARD, M. (1986). Face recognition and lipreading: A neurological dissociation. Brain, 109, 509-521.
12. CAMPBELL, R., WALLACE, S., & BENSON, P. J. (1996). Real men don't look down: Direction of gaze affects sex decisions on faces. Visual Cognition, 3, 393-412.
13. COLE, M., & PEREZ-CRUET, J. (1964). Prosopagnosia. Neuropsychologia, 2, 237-246.
14. ELLIS, A. W., YOUNG, A. W., & FLUDE, B. M. (1990). Repetition priming and face processing: Priming occurs within the system that responds to the identity of a face. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42A, 495-512.
15. ELLIS, H. D. (1986). Processes underlying face recognition. In R. Bruyer (Ed.), The neuropsychology of face perception and facial expression (pp. 1-27). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. ETCOFF, N. L. (1984). Selective attention to facial identity and facial emotion. Neuropsychologia, 22, 281-295.
17. FELFOLDY, G. L., & GARNER, W. R. (1971). The effects on speeded classification of implicit and explicit instructions regarding redundant dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 9, 289-292.
18. GARNER, W. R. (1974). The processing of information and structure. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum.
19. GARNER, W. R. (1976). Interaction of stimulus dimensions in concept and choice processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 98-123.
20. GOSSELIN, P., KIROUAC, G., & DORÉ, F. Y. (1997). Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors. In P. Ekman & E. L. Rosenberg (Eds.), What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS) (pp. 243-267). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. GREEN, K. P., KUHL, P. K., MELTZOFF, A. N., & STEVENS, E. B. (1991). Integrating speech information across talkers, gender, and sensory modality: Female faces and male voices in the McGurk effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 50, 524-536.
22. HUMPHREYS, G. W., DONNELLY, N., & RIDDOCH, M. J. (1993). Expression is computed separately from facial identity, and it is computed separately for moving and static faces: Neuropsychological evidence. Neuropsychologia, 31, 173-181.
23. LE GAL, P. M. (1999). Cognitive aspects of emotional expression processing. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Stirling.
24. McGuRK, H., & MACDONALD, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746-748.
25. MELARA, R. D., & MARKS, L. E. (1990). Perceptual primacy of dimensions: Support for a model of dimensional interaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 398-414.
26. MELARA, R. D., & MOUNTS, J. R. W. (1993). Selective attention to Stroop dimensions: Effects of baseline discriminability, response mode and practice. Memory & Cognition, 21, 627-645.
27. O'TOOLE, A. J., ABDI, H., DEFFENBACHER, K. A., & VALENTIN, D. (1993). Low-dimensional representation of faces in higher dimensions of the face space. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 405-410.
28. PARRY, F. M., YOUNG, A. W., SAUL, J. S. M., & Moss, A. (1991). Dissociable face processing impairments after brain injury. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 545-558.
29. ROLLS, E. T. (1992). Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying face processing within and beyond the temporal cortical visual areas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, 335, 11-21.
30. ROSENBERG, E. L. (1997). The study of spontaneous facial expressions. In P. Ekman & E. L. Rosenberg (Eds.), What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS) (pp. 3-17). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31. SCHWEINBERGER, S. R., BURTON, A. M., & KELLY, S. W. (1999). Asymmetric dependencies in perceiving identity and emotion: Experiments with morphed faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 1102-1115.
32. SCHWEINBERGER, S. R., & SOUKUP, G. R. (1998). Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 1748-1765.
33. SERGENT, J., OHTA, S., MACDONALD, B., & ZUCK, E. (1994). Segregated processing of facial identity and emotion in the human brain: A PET study. Visual Cognition, 1, 349-369.
34. TRANEL, D., DAMASIO, A. R., & DAMASIO, H. (1988). Intact recognition of facial expression, gender, and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity. Neurology, 38, 690-696.
35. WALKER, S., BRUCE, V., & O'MALLEY, C. (1995). Facial identity and facial speech processing: Familiar faces and voices in the McGurk effect. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 1124-1133.
36. YOUNG, A. W., (1998). Face and mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37. YOUNG, A. W., MCWEENY, K. H., HAY, D. C., & ELLIS, A. W. (1986). Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on identity and expression. Psychological Research, 48, 63-68.
38. YOUNG, A. W., NEWCOMBE, F., DE HAAN, E. H. F., SMALL, M., & HAY, D. C. (1993). Face perception after brain injury: Selective impairments affecting identity and expression. Brain, 116, 941-959.