Is there any place for hypertonic saline for fluid resuscitation in septic shock?;Il y a-t-il une place pour le sérum salé hypertonique dans les états septiques graves?

Annales Francaises d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 25-35

  Libert, N ^a   de Rudnicki, S ^a   Cirodde, A ^a   Thepenier C ^b   Mion, G ^a  

^a Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées du Val du Grâce   (France)

^b Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armees   (France)

Author keywords

Fluid loading; Hypertonic saline serum; Sepsis; Septic shock

Indexed keywords

RINGER LACTATE SOLUTION; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

COLLOID; CRYSTALLOID; FLUID RESUSCITATION; HEART OUTPUT; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; MICROCIRCULATION; NONHUMAN; SEPTIC SHOCK; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; CELL ADHESION; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; EDEMA; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FLUID THERAPY; HEMODYNAMICS; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTES; MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; PLASMA SUBSTITUTES; REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS; RESUSCITATION; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC; SHOCK, SEPTIC; SWINE;

EID: 77349111698     PISSN: 07507658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2009.10.018     Document Type: Short Survey

References (125)

1. Pottecher T., et al. Prise en charge hémodynamique du sepsis grave (nouveau-né exclu). Texte long du jury. Conférence de consensus commune Sfar, SRLF 2006, 4-16.
2. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:639-660. Task Force of The SCCM.
3. Prise en charge des états septiques graves de l'adulte et de l'enfant, mise au point. Reanimation 2007, 16:S1-S21. Groupe transversal sepsis.
4. Mion G., Libert N., Cirodde A. Hydroxy-ethyl-starches: are the conclusions always evidence-based?. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:1147.
5. Chappell D., Jacob M., Hofmann-Kiefer K., Conzen P., Rehm M. A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology 2008, 109:723-740.
6. Rocha e Silva M., Velasco I., Nogueira R., Oliveira Maria A., Negraes G., Oliveira Marly A. Hyperosmotic sodium salts reverse severe hemorrhagic shock: other solutes do not. Am J Physiol 1987, 253. [H751-H62].
7. Gala G., Lilly M., Thomas S., Gann D. Interaction of sodium and volume in fluid resuscitation after hemorrhage. J Trauma 1991, 31:545-556.
8. Drobin D., Hahn R. Kinetics of isotonic and hypertonic plasma volume expanders. Anesthesiology 2002, 96:1371-1380.
9. Mattox K.L., Maningas P.A., Moore E.E., Mateer J.R., Marx J.A., Aprahamian C., et al. Prehospital hypertonic saline/dextran infusion for post-traumatic hypotension. The USA Multicenter Trial. Ann Surg 1991, 213:482-491.
10. Khanna S., Davis D., Peterson B., Fisher B., Tung H., O'Quigley J., et al. Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:1144-1151.
11. Huang P.P., Stucky F.S., Dimick A.R., Treat R.C., Bessey P.Q., Rue L.W. Hypertonic sodium resuscitation is associated with renal failure and death. Ann Surg 1995, 221:543-554.
12. Peterson B., Khanna S., Fisher B., Marshall L. Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:1136-1143.
13. Vassar M.J., Perry C.A., Holcroft J.W. Prehospital resuscitation of hypotensive trauma patients with 7.5 % NaCl with added dextran: a controlled trial. J Trauma 1993, 34:622-633.
14. Zinderman C.E., Landow L., Wise R.P. Anaphylactoid reactions to Dextran 40 and 70: reports to the United States Food and Drug Administration, 1969 to 2004. J Vasc Surg 2006, 43:1004-1009.
15. Rivers E., Nguyen B., Havstad S., Ressler J., Muzzin A., et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:1368-1377.
16. Humphrey H., Hall J., Sznajder I., Silverstein M., Wood L. Improved survival in ARDS patients associated with a reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Chest 1990, 97:1176-1180.
17. Cotton B.A., Guy J.S., Morris J.A., Abumrad N.N. The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies. Shock 2006, 26:115-121.
18. Wiedemann H.P., Wheeler A.P., Bernard G.R., Thompson B.T., Hayden D., deBoisblanc B., et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:2564-2575.
19. Singh S., Evans T.W. Organ dysfunction during sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32:349-360.
20. Bone R.C. The pathogenesis of sepsis. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:457-469.
21. Ware L.B., Matthay M.A. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1334-1349.
22. Brun-Buisson C., Minelli C., Bertolini G., Brazzi L., Pimentel J., Lewandowski K., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of acute lung injury in European intensive care units. Results from the Alive study. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:51-61.
23. Esteban A., Anzueto A., Alia I., Gordo F., Apezteguia C., Palizas F., et al. How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:1450-1458.
24. Wanecek M., Weitzberg E., Rudehill A., Oldner A. The endothelin system in septic en endotoxin shock. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 407:1-15.
25. Langleben D., DeMarchie M., Laporta D., Spanier A.H., Schlesinger R.D., Stewart D.J. Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 148:1646-1650.
26. Levi M., Schultz M.J., Rijneveld A.W., Van der Poll T. Bronchoalveolar coagulation and fibrinolysis in endotoxemia and pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:S238-S242.
27. Partrick D.A., Moore F.A., Moore E.E., Barnett C.C., Slliman C.C. Neutrophil priming and activation in the pathogenesis of postinjury multiple organ failure. New Horiz 1996, 4:194-210.
28. Weiss S.J. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:365-376.
29. Edward A. Neutrophils and acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:S195-S199.
30. Mion G, Libert N, Daban JL, Tourtier JP. Les solutés salés hypertoniques ont-ils une place dans la prise en charge des opérés en urgence? In: L'anesthésie en urgence, JEPU 2008, Paris, 2007.
31. Prough D.S., Johnson J.C., Stullken E.H., Stump D.A., Poole G.V., Howard G. Effects on cerebral hemodynamics of resuscitation from endotoxic shock with hypertonic saline versus lactated Ringer's solution. Crit Care Med 1985, 13:1040-1044.
32. Kristensen J., Modig J. Ringer's acetate and dextran-70 with or without hypertonic saline in endotoxin-induced shock in pigs. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:1261-1268.
33. Mullins R.J., Hudgens R.W. Hypertonic saline resuscitates dogs in endotoxin shock. J Surg Res 1987, 43:37-44.
34. Garrido Adel P., Cruz Junior R.J., Poli de Figueiredo L.F., Rocha e Silva M. Small volume of hypertonic saline as the initial fluid replacement in experimental hypodynamic sepsis. Crit Care 2006, 10:R62.
35. Kreimeier U., Frey L., Dentz J., Herbel T., Messmer K. Hypertonic saline dextran resuscitation during the initial phase of acute endotoxemia: effect on regional blood flow. Crit Care Med 1991, 19:801-809.
36. Armistead C.W., Vincent J.L., Preiser J.C., De Backer D., Thuc Le Minh Hypertonic saline solution-hetastarch for fluid resuscitation in experimental septic shock. Anesth Analg 1989, 69:714-720.
37. Maciel F., Mook M., Zhang H., Vincent J.L. Comparison of hypertonic with isotonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution on oxygen extraction capabilities during endotoxic shock. Shock 1998, 9:33-39.
38. Horton J.W., Walker P.B. Small-volume hypertonic saline dextran resuscitation from canine endotoxin shock. Ann Surg 1991, 214:64-73.
39. Weeren F.R., Tobias T.A., Schertel E.R., Allen D.A., Brourman J.D. Comparative effects of 7 % NaCl in 6 % dextran [70] and 0.9 % NaCl on oxygen transport in endotoxemic dogs. Shock 1994, 1:159-165.
40. Oi Y., Aneman A., Svensson M., Ewert S., Dahlqvist M., Haljamäe H. Hypertonic saline-dextran improves intestinal perfusion and survival in porcine endotoxin shock. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:2843-2850.
41. Mazzoni M., Borgstrom P., Arfors A., Intaglietta M. Dynamic fluid redistribution in hyperosmotic resuscitation of hypovolemic hemorrhage. Am J Physiol 1988, 255:H629-H637.
42. Jarvela K., Koskinen M., Koobi T. Effects of hypertonic saline (7.5 %) on extracellular fluid volumes in healthy volunteers. Anaesthesia 2003, 58:878-881.
43. Onarheim H. Fluid shifts following 7 % hypertonic saline (2,400 mosmol/L) infusion. Shock 1995, 3:350-354.
44. Somell A., Sollevi A., Suneson A., Riddez L., Hjelmqvist H. Beneficial effects of hypertonic saline/dextran on early survival in porcine endotoxin shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005, 49:1124-1134.
45. Sztark F., Gekière J., Dabadie P. Effets hémodynamiques des solutions salées hypertoniques. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1997, 16:282-291.
46. Kien N., Kramer G., White D. Acute hypotension caused by rapid hypertonic infusion in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 1991, 73:597-602.
47. Kien N.D., Reitan J.A., Moore P.G. Hypertonic saline: Current research and clinical implications. Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain 1998, 17:167-173.
48. McKinley M.J., Albiston A.L., Allen A.M., Mathai M.L., May C.N., McAllen R.M., et al. The brain renin-angiotensin system: location and physiological roles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003, 35:901-918.
49. Velasco I.T., Baena R.C., Rocha e Silva M., Loureiro M.I. Central angiotensinergic system and hypertonic resuscitation from severe hemorrhage. Am J Physiol 1990, 259:H1752-H1758.
50. Frithiof R., Eriksson S., Bayard F., Svensson T., Rundgren M. Intravenous hypertonic NaCl acts via cerebral sodium-sensitive and angiotensinergic mechanisms to improve cardiac function in haemorrhaged conscious sheep. J Physiol 2007, 583:1129-1143.
51. Hasser E.M., DiCarlo S.E., Applegate R.J., Bishop V.S. Osmotically released vasopressin augments cardiopulmonary reflex inhibition of the circulation. Am J Physiol 1988, 254:R815-R820.
52. Grinevich V., Ma X.M., Jirikowski G., Verbalis J., Aguilera G. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin potentiates the effect of osmotic stimulation on vasopressin synthesis and secretion in the rat hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2003, 15:141-149.
53. Giusti-Paiva A., Martinez M.R., Bispo-da-Silva L.B., Salgado M.C., Elias L.L., Antunes-Rodrigues J. Vasopressin mediates the pressor effect of hypertonic saline solution in endotoxic shock. Shock 2007, 27:416-421.
54. Shih C.C., Chen S.J., Chen A., Wu J.Y., Liaw W.J., Wu C.C. Therapeutic effects of hypertonic saline on peritonitis-induced septic shock with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in rats. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:1864-1872.
55. Ing R.D., Nazeeri M.N., Zeldes S., Dulchavsky S.A., Diebel L.N. Hypertonic saline/dextran improves septic myocardial performance. Am Surg 1994, 60:505-507.
56. Horton J.W., Maass D.L., White D.J. Hypertonic saline dextran after burn injury decreases inflammatory cytokine responses to subsequent pneumonia-related sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 290:H1642-H1650.
57. Mouren S., Delayance S., Mion G., Souktani R., Fellahi J.L., Arthaud M., et al. Mechanisms of increased myocardial contractility with hypertonic saline solutions in isolated blood-perfused rabbit hearts. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:777-782.
58. Horton J.W., White D.J., Baxter C.R. Hypertonic saline dextran resuscitation of thermal injury. Ann Surg 1990, 211:301-311.
59. Beyer T., Jepsen L.S., Lüllmann H., Ravens U. Responses to hypertonic solutions in guinea-pig atria: changes in action potentials, force of contraction and calcium content. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1986, 18:81-89.
60. Wildenthal K., Skelton C.L., Coleman H.N. 3rd Cardiac muscle mechanics in hyperosmotic solutions. Am J Physiol 1969, 217:302-306.
61. Kien N., Kramer G., White D. Acute hypotension caused by rapid hypertonic infusion in anesthetized dogs. Anesth Analg 1991, 73:597-602.
62. Crystal G., Gurevicious J., Kim S., Eckel P., Ismail E., Salem M. Effects of hypertonic saline solutions in the coronary circulation. Circ Shock 1994, 42:27-38.
63. Piagnerelli M., Zouaoui Boudjeltia K., Vanhaeverbeek M., Vincent J.-L. Red blood cell rheology in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29:1052-1061.
64. De Backer D., Creteur J., Preiser J.C., Dubois M.J., Vincent J.L. Microvascular blood flow is altered in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 166:98-104.
65. Vincent J.-L., De Backer D. Microvascular dysfunction as a cause of organ dysfunction in severe sepsis. Crit Care 2005, 9(Suppl. 4). [S9-S1.2].
66. Pascual J.L., Khwaja K.A., Chaudhury P., Christou N.V. Hypertonic saline and the microcirculation. J Trauma 2003, 54:S133-S140.
67. Mazzoni M.C., Borgstrom P., Intaglietta M., Arfors K.E. Capillary narrowing in hemorragic shock is rectified by hyperosmotic saline-dextran reinfusion. Circ Shock 1990, 31:407-418.
68. Kreimeier U., Brueckner U.B., Schmidt J., Messmer K. Instantaneous restoration of regional organ blood flow after severe hemorrhage: effect of small-volume resuscitation with hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions. J Surg Res 1990, 49:493-503.
69. Hartl R., Medary M.B., Ruge M. Hypertonic/hyperoncotic saline attenuates microcirculatory disturbances after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 1997, 42(5 Suppl.):S41-S47.
70. Behrman S.W., Fabian T.C., Kudsk K.A., Proctor K.G. Microcirculatory flow changes after initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with 7.5 % hypertonic saline/6 % dextran 70. J Trauma 1991, 31:589-600.
71. Diebel L.N., Robinson S.L., Wilson R.F., Dulchavsky S.A. Splanchnic mucosal perfusion effects of hypertonic versus isotonic resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. Am Surg 1993, 59:495-499.
72. Victorino G.P., Newton C.R., Curran B. Effect of hypertonic saline on microvascular permeability in the activated endothelium. J Surg Res 2003, 112:79-83.
73. Mazzoni M.C., Borgstrom P., Arfors K.E. Dynamic fluid redistribution in hyperosmotic resuscitation of hypovolemic hemorrhage. Am J Physiol 1988, 255(3 Pt 2):H629-H637.
74. Vachharajani V., Vital S., Russell J., Granger D.N. Hypertonic saline and the cerebral microcirculation in obese septic mice. Microcirculation 2007, 14:223-231.
75. Luh E.H., Shackford S.R., Shatos M.A., Pietropaoli J.A. The effects of hyperosmolarity on the viability and function of endothelial cells. J Surg Res 1996, 60:122-128.
76. Chappell D., Jacob M., Hofmann-Kiefer K., Conzen P., Rehm M. A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology 2008, 109:723-740.
77. Corso C.O., Okamoto S., Leiderer R., Messmer K. Resuscitation with hypertonic saline dextran reduces endothelial cell swelling and improves hepatic microvascular perfusion and function after hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 1998, 80:210-220.
78. Toung T.J., Chen C.H., Lin C., Bhardwaj A. Osmotherapy with hypertonic saline attenuates water content in brain and extracerebral organs. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:526-531.
79. Shackford S.R., Sise M.J., Fridlund P.H., Rowley W.R., Peters R.M., Virgilio R.W., et al. Hypertonic sodium lactate versus lactated Ringer's solution for intravenous fluid therapy in operations on the abdominal aorta. Surgery 1983, 94:41-51.
80. Gurfinkel V., Poggetti R.S., Fontes B., da Costa Ferreira Novo F., Birolini D. Hypertonic saline improves tissue oxygenation and reduces systemic and pulmonary inflammatory response caused by hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2003, 54:1137-1145.
81. Schroth M., Plank C., Meissner U., Eberle K.P., Weyand M., Cesnjevar R., et al. Hypertonic-hyperoncotic solutions improve cardiac function in children after open-heart surgery. Pediatrics 2006, 118:76-84.
82. Pascual J.L., Khwaja K.A., Ferri L.E., Giannias B., Evans D.C., Razek T., et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation attenuates neutrophil lung sequestration and transmigration by diminishing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in a two-hit model of hemorrhagic shock and infection. J Trauma 2003, 54:121-130.
83. de Carvalho H., Matos J.A., Bouskela E., Svensjö E. Vascular permeability increase and plasma volume loss induced by endotoxin was attenuated by hypertonic saline with or without dextran. Shock 1999, 12:75-80.
84. Lindbom L. Regulation of vascular permeability by neutrophils in acute inflammation. Chem Immunol Allergy 2003, 83:146-166.
85. Zeynalov E., Chen C.H., Froehner S.C., Adams M.E., Ottersen O.P., Amiry-Moghaddam M., et al. The perivascular pool of aquaporin-4 mediates the effect of osmotherapy in postischemic cerebral edema. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:2634-2640.
86. Akira S., Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004, 4:499-511.
87. Bevilacqua M.P., Nelson R.M. Selectins. J Clin Invest 1993, 91:379-387.
88. Etzioni A. Integrins: the glue of life. Lancet 1999, 353:341-343.
89. Ahmed N., Christou N. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome: interactions between immune cells and the endothelium. Shock 1996, 6:S39-S42.
90. Weiss S.J. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:365-376.
91. Windsor A.C., Mullen P.G., Fowler A.A., Sugerman H.J. Role of the neutrophil in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Br J Surg 1993, 80:10-17.
92. Brown K.A., Treacher D.F. Neutrophils as potential therapeutic targets in sepsis. Discov Med 2006, 6:118-122.
93. Junger W.G., Hoyt D.B., Davis R.E., Herdon-Remelius C., Namiki S., Junger H., et al. Hypertonicity regulates the function of human neutrophils by modulating chemoattractant receptor signaling and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. J Clin Invest 1998, 101:2768-2779.
94. Nahm O., Woo S.K., Handler J.S., Kwon H.M. Involvement of multiple kinase pathways in stimulation of gene transcription by hypertonicity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002, 282:C49-C58.
95. Raingeaud J., Gupta S., Rogers J.S., Dickens M., Han J., Ulevitch R.J., et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:7420-7426.
96. Staudenmayer K.L., Maier R.V., Jelacic S., Bulger E.M. Hypertonic saline modulates innate immunity in a model of systemic inflammation. Shock 2005, 23:459-463.
97. Zu Y.L., Qi J., Gilchrist A., Fernandez G.A., Vazquez-Abad D., Kreutzer D.L., et al. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is required for human neutrophil function triggered by TNF-alpha or FMLP stimulation. J Immunol 1998, 160:1982-1989.
98. Cuenda A., Rousseau S. p38 MAP-kinases pathway regulation, function and role in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1773:1358-1375.
99. Shields C.J., O'Sullivan A.W., Wang J.H., Winter D.C., Kirwan W.O., Redmond HP Hypertonic saline enhances host response to bacterial challenge by augmenting receptor-independent neutrophil intracellular superoxide formation. Ann Surg 2003, 238:249-257.
100. Partrick D.A., Moore E.E., Offner P.J., Johnson J.L., Tamura D.Y., Silliman C.C. Hypertonic saline activates lipid-primed human neutrophils for enhanced elastase release. J Trauma 1998, 44:592-597.
101. Inoue Y., Chen Y., Pauzenberger R., Hirsh M.I., Junger W.G. Hypertonic saline up-regulates A3 adenosine receptor expression of activated neutrophils and increases acute lung injury after sepsis. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:2569-2575.
102. Rizoli S.B., Rotstein O.D., Parodo J., Phillips M.J., Kapus A. Hypertonic inhibition of exocytosis in neutrophils: central role for osmotic actin skeleton remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000, 279:C619-C633.
103. Ciesla D.J., Moore E.E., Musters R.J., Biffl W.L., Silliman C.A. Hypertonic saline alteration of the PMN cytoskeleton: implications for signal transduction and the cytotoxic response. J Trauma 2001, 50:206-212.
104. Nakayama S., Kramer G.C., Carlsen R.C., Holcroft J.W. Infusion of very hypertonic saline to bled rats: Membrane potentials and fluid shifts. J Surg Res 1985, 38:180-186.
105. Junger W.G., Coimbra R., Liu F.C., Herdon-Remelius C., Junger W., Junger H., et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation, a tool to modulate imune function in trauma patients? Shock 1997, 8:235-241.
106. Loomis W.H., Namiki S., Ostrom R.S., Insel P.A., Junger W.G. Hypertonic stress increases T cell interleukin-2 expression through a mechanism that involves ATP release. P2 receptor, and p38 MAPK activation. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:4590-4596.
107. Loomis W.H., Namiki S., Hoyt D.B., Junger W.G. Hypertonicity rescues T cells from suppression by trauma-induced anti-inflammatory mediators. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001, 281:C840-C848.
108. Yip L., Cheung C.W., Corriden R., Chen Y., Insel P.A., Junger W.G. Hypertonic stress regulates T-Cell function by the opposing actions of extracellular adenosine triphosphate and adenosine. Shock 2007, 27:242-250.
109. Oreopoulos G.D., Bradwell S., Lu Z., Fan J., Khadaroo R., Marshall J.C., et al. Synergistic induction of IL-10 by hypertonic saline solution and lipopolysaccharides in murine peritoneal macrophages. Surgery 2001, 130:157-165.
110. Kølsen-Petersen J.A. Immune effect of hypertonic saline: fact or fiction? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004, 48:667-678.
111. Hatanaka E., Shimomi F.M., Curi R., Campa A. Sodium chloride inhibits cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulatedhuman neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Shock 2007, 27:32-35.
112. Rotstein O.D. Novel strategies for immunomodulation after trauma: revisiting hypertonic saline as a resuscitation strategy for hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2000, 49:580-583.
113. Fernandes T.R., Pontieri V., Moretti A.I., Teixeira D.O., Abatepaulo F., Soriano F.G., et al. Hypertonic saline solution increases the expression of heat shock protein 70 and improves lung inflammation early after reperfusion in a rodent model of controlled hemorrhage. Shock 2007, 27:172-178.
114. Ciesla D.J., Moore E.E., Biffl W.L., Gonzalez R.J., Silliman C.C. Hypertonic saline attenuation of the neutrophil cytotoxic response is reversed upon restoration of normotonicity and reestablished by repeated hypertonic challenge. Surgery 2001, 129:567-575.
115. Rhee P., Wang D., Ruff P., Austin B., DeBraux S., Wolcott K., et al. Human neutrophil activation and increased adhesion by various resuscitation fluids. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:74-78.
116. Oreopoulos G.D., Hamilton J., Rizoli S.B., Fan J., Lu Z., Li Y.H., et al. In vivo and in vitro modulation of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression by hypertonicity. Shock 2000, 14:409-414.
117. Deitch E.A., Shi H.P., Feketeova E., Hauser C.J., Xu D.Z. Hypertonic saline resuscitation limits neutrophil activation after trauma-hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2003, 19:328-333.
118. Rizoli S.B., Kapus A., Parodo J., Fan J., Rotstein O.D. Hypertonic immunomodulation is reversible and accompanied by changes in CD11b expression. J Surg Res 1999, 15(83):130-135.
119. Rizoli S.B., Kapus A., Parodo J., Rotstein O.D. Hypertonicity prevents lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD11b/CD18 expression in human neutrophils in vitro: role for p38 inhibition. J Trauma 1999, 46:794-798.
120. Chen L.W., Huang H.L., Lee I.T., Hsu C.M., Lu P.J. Hypertonic saline enhances host defense to bacterial challenge by augmenting Toll-like receptors. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1758-1768.
121. de Felippe J., Timoner J., Velasco I.T., Lopes O.U., Rocha-e-Silva M. Treatment of refractory hypovolaemic shock by 7.5 % sodium chloride injections. Lancet 1980, 2:1002-1004.
122. Hannemann L., Reinhart K., Korell R., Spies C., Bredle D.L. Hypertonic saline in stabilized hyperdynamic sepsis. Shock 1996, 5:130-134.
123. Muller L., Lefrant J.Y., Jaber S., Louart G., Mahamat A., Ripart J., et al. Effets hémodynamiques et biologiques du sérum salé hypertonique au cours du choc septique et du sepsis sévère. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2004, 23:575-580.
124. Oliveira R.P., Weingartner R., Ribas E.O., Moraes R.S., Friedman G. Acute haemodynamic effects of a hypertonic saline/dextran solution in stable patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28:1574-1581.
125. Fang Z.X., Li Y.F., Zhou X.Q., Zhang Z., Zhang J.S., Xia H.M., et al. Effects of resuscitation with crystalloid fluids on cardiac function in patients with severe sepsis. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8:50.