A source-sink hypothesis for abyssal biodiversity

American Naturalist

Volumn 165, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 163-178

  Rex, Michael A ^a   McClain, Craig R ^b   Johnson, Nicholas A ^c   Etter, Ron J ^a   Allen, John A ^d   Bouchet, Philippe ^e   Warén, Anders ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION   (United Kingdom)

^e MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

^f SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Allee effects; Bathymetric gradients of species diversity; Benthos; Deep sea; Source sink dynamics

Indexed keywords

ALLEE EFFECT; BATHYMETRY; BIODIVERSITY; CARBON FLUX; DEEP-SEA BENTHOS; SOURCE-SINK DYNAMICS; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

ANIMAL; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOLOGY; BIVALVE; GASTROPOD; LARVA; MARINE BIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION MIGRATION; REVIEW;

ANIMAL MIGRATION; ANIMALS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BIODIVERSITY; BIVALVIA; GASTROPODA; LARVA; MARINE BIOLOGY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; POPULATION DENSITY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); OCEANIC REGIONS; WORLD;

BIVALVIA; GASTROPODA;

EID: 13944272723     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/427226     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Allen, J. A., and F. J. Hannah. 1989. Studies on the deep-sea Protobranchia: the subfamily Ledellinae (Nuculanidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 55:123-171.
2. Allen, J. A., and H. L. Sanders. 1996. The zoogeography, diversity and origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the epilogue. Progress in Oceanography 38:95-153.
3. Beerli, P., and J. Felsenstein 2001. Maximum likelihood estimation of a migration matrix and effective population sizes in n subpopulations by using a coalescent approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98:4563-4568.
4. Billett, D. S. M. 1991. Deep-sea holothurians. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 29:259-317.
5. Billett, D. S. M., B. J. Bett, A. L. Rice, M. H. Thurston, J. Galéron, M. Sibuet, and G. A. Wolff. 2001. Long-term change in the megafauna of the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic). Progress in Oceanography 50:325-348.
6. Bouchet, P., and M. Taviani. 1992. The Mediterranean deep-sea fauna: pseudopopulations of Atlantic species? Deep-Sea Research 39:169-184.
7. Bouchet, P., and A. Warén. 1980. Revision of the north-east Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 8(suppl.):1-119.
8. _. 1985. Revision of the northeast Atlantic bathyal and abyssal Neogastropoda excluding Turridae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bollettino Malacologico 1(suppl.):123-296.
9. _. 1994. Ontogenetic migration and dispersal of deep-sea gastropod larvae. Pages 98-117 in C. M. Young and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
10. Bower, A. S., B. LeCann, T. Rossby, W. Zenk, J. Gould, K. Speer, P. L. Richardson, M. D. Prater, and H.-M. Zhang. 2002. Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean. Science 419:603-607.
11. Bulfinch, D. L., M. T. Ledbetter, B. B. Ellwood, and W. L. Balsam. 1982. The high-velocity core of the Western Boundary Undercurrent at the base of the U.S. continental rise. Science 215:970-973.
12. Chase, M. R., R. J. Etter, M. A. Rex, and J. M. Quattro. 1998a. Bathymetric patterns of genetic variation in a deep-sea proto-branch bivalve, Deminucula atacellana. Marine Biology 131:301-308.
13. _. 1998b. Extraction and amplification of mitochondrial DNA from formalin-fixed deep-sea mollusks. Biotechniques 24:243-247.
14. Cosson-Sarradin, N., M. Sibuet, G. L. J. Paterson, and A. Vangriesheim. 1998. Polychaete diversity at tropical Atlantic sites: environmental effects. Marine Ecology Progress Series 165:173-185.
15. Courchamp, F., T. Clutton-Brock, and B. Grenfell. 1999. Inverse density dependence and the Allee effect. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14:405-410.
16. Etter, R. J., and H. Caswell. 1994. The advantages of dispersal in a patchy environment: effects of disturbance in a cellular automaton model. Pages 284-305 in C. M. Young and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
17. Etter, R. J., and J. F. Grassle. 1992. Patterns of species diversity in the deep sea as a function of sediment particle size diversity. Nature 360:576-578.
18. Etter, R. J., and L. S. Mullineaux. 2001. Deep-sea communities. Pages 367-393 in M. D. Bertness, S. D. Gaines, and M. E. Hay, eds. Marine community ecology. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
19. Etter, R. J., and M. A. Rex. 1990. Population differentiation decreases with depth in deep-sea gastropods. Deep-Sea Research 37:1251-1261.
20. Etter, R. J., M. A. Rex, M. C. Chase, and J. M. Quattro. 1999. A genetic dimension to deep-sea biodiversity. Deep-Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers 46:1095-1099.
21. Flach, E., and C. Heip. 1996. Vertical distribution of macrozoobenthos within the sediment of the continental slope of the Goban Spur area (NE Atlantic). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 141:55-66.
22. France, S. C., and T. D. Kocher. 1996. DNA sequencing of formalin-fixed crustaceans from archival research collections. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 5:304-313.
23. Gage, J. D. 1994. Recruitment ecology and age structure of deep-sea invertebrate populations. Pages 233-242 in C. M. Young and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
24. _. 1997. High benthic species diversity in deep-sea sediments: the importance of hydrodynamics. Pages 148-177 in R. F. G. Ormond, J. D. Gage, and M. V. Angel, eds. Marine biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
25. Gage, J. D., and P. A. Tyler. 1982. Depth-related gradients in size structure and the bathymetric zonation of deep-sea brittle stars. Marine Biology 71:299-308.
26. _. 1991. Deep-sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
27. Gage, J. D., M. Pearson, A. M. Clark, G. L. J. Paterson, and P. A. Tyler. 1983. Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. I. Crinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 45:263-308.
28. Gage, J. D., D. S. M. Billett, M. Jensen, and P. A. Tyler. 1985. Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. II. Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 48:173-213.
29. Gardner, W. D., and L. G. Sullivan. 1981. Benthic storms: temporal variability in a deep-ocean nepheloid layer. Science 213:329-331.
30. Glover, A. G., and C. R. Smith. 2003. The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30:219-241.
31. Glover, A. G., G. Paterson, B. Bett, J. Gage, M. Sibuet, M. Sheader, and L. Hawkins. 2001. Patterns of polychaete abundance and diversity from the Madeira Abyssal Plain, northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I 48:217-236.
32. Glover, A. G., C. R. Smith, G. L. J. Paterson, G. D. F. Wilson, L. Hawkins, and M. S. Sheader. 2002. Polychaete species diversity in the central Pacific abyss: local and regional patterns, and relationships with productivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 240:157-170.
33. Gonzalez, A., and R. D. Holt. 2002. The inflationary effects of environmental fluctuations in source-sink systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99:14872-14877.
34. Grassle, J. F., and N. J. Maciolek. 1992. Deep-sea species richness: regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples. American Naturalist 139:313-341.
35. Haedrich, R. L., and N. R. Merrett. 1988. Summary atlas of deep-living demersal fishes in the North Atlantic Basin. Journal of Natural History 22:1325-1362.
36. Hessler, R. R. 1970. The Desmosomatidae (Isopoda, Asellota) of the Gay Head-Bermuda transect. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 15:1-185.
37. Hessler, R. R., and P. A. Jumars. 1974. Abyssal community analysis from replicate box cores in the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 21:185-209.
38. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., J. R. Welborn, and D. T. Manahan. 1991. Metabolic requirements of antarctic and temperate asteroid larvae. Antarctic Journal 26:163-165.
39. Hollister, C. D., and I. N. McCave. 1984. Sedimentation under deep-sea storms. Nature 309:220-225.
40. Holt, R. D. 1985. Population dynamics in two-patch environments: some anomalous consequences of an optimal habitat distribution. Theoretical Population Biology 28:181-208.
41. Holt, R. D., R. Gomulkiewicz, and M. Barfield. 2002. The phenomenology of niche evolution via quantitative trails in a "black-hole" sink. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270:215-224.
42. Howell, K. L., D. S. M. Billett, and P. A. Tyler. 2002. Depth-related distribution and abundance of seastars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Porcupine Seabight and Porcupine Abyssal Plain, N.E. Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers 49:1901-1920.
43. Jaeckle, W. B., and D. T. Manahan. 1989. Feeding by a "nonfeeding" larva: uptake of dissolved amino acids from seawater by lecithotrophic larvae of the gastropod Haliotis rufescens. Marine Biology 103:87-94.
44. Jumars, P. A. 1976. Deep-sea species diversity: does it have a characteristic scale? Journal of Marine Research 34:217-246.
45. Jumars, P. A., and J. E. Eckman. 1983. Spatial structure within deep-sea benthic communities. Pages 399-451 in G. T. Rowe, ed. Deep-sea biology. Vol. 8. The sea. Wiley, New York.
46. Lemche, H. 1948. Northern and Arctic tectibranch gastropods. I, II. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter 5:1-136.
47. Levin, L. A., and J. D. Gage. 1998. Relationships between oxygen, organic matter and the diversity of bathyal macrofauna. Deep-Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 45:129-163.
48. Levin, L. A., G. R. Plaia, and C. L. Huggett. 1994. The influence of natural organic enhancement on life histories and community structure of bathyal polychaetes. Pages 261-283 in C. M. Young and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
49. Levin, L. A., R. J. Etter, M. A. Rex, A. J. Gooday, C. R. Smith, J. Pineda, C. T. Stuart, R. R. Hessler, and D. Pawson. 2001. Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32:51-93.
50. Maciolek, N., J. F. Grassle, B. Hecker, P. D. Boehm, B. Brown, B. Dade, W. G. Steinhauer, E. Baptiste, R. E. Ruff, and R. Petrecca. 1987a. Study of biological processes on the U.S. mid-Atlantic slope and rise. Final report prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, DC.
51. Maciolek, N. J., J. F. Grassle, B. Hecker, B. Brown, J. A. Blake, P. D. Boehm, R. Petrecca, S. Duffy, E. Baptiste, and R. E. Ruff. 1987b. Study of biological processes on the U.S. North Atlantic slope and rise. Final report prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington, DC.
52. McClain, C. R., N. A. Johnson, and M. A. Rex. 2004. Morphological disparity as a biodiversity metric in lower bathyal and abyssal gastropod assemblages. Evolution 58:338-348.
53. Menard, H. W., and S. M. Smith. 1966. Hypsometry of ocean basin provinces. Journal of Geophysical Research 71:4305-4325.
54. Mileikovsky, S. A. 1968. Some common features in the drift of pelagic larvae and juvenile stages of bottom invertebrates with marine currents in temperate regions. Sarsia 34:209-216.
55. Moran, A. L. 1997. Spawning and larval development of the black turban snail Tegula funebralis (Prosobranchia: Trochidae). Marine Biology 128:107-114.
56. Mullineaux, L. S. 1994. Implications of mesoscale flow for dispersal of deep-sea larvae. Pages 201-222 in C. M. Young and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
57. Pearcy, W. G., D. L. Stein, and R. S. Carney. 1982. The deep-sea benthic fish fauna of the northeastern Pacific Ocean on Cascadia and Tufts Abyssal Plains and adjoining continental slopes. Biological Oceanography 1:375-428.
58. Pineda, J., and H. Caswell. 1998. Bathymetric species-diversity patterns and boundary constraints on vertical range distribution. Deep-Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 45:83-101.
59. Potter, E., and M. A. Rex. 1992. Parallel development-depth trends in deep-sea turrid snails from the eastern and western North Atlantic. Nautilus 106:72-75.
60. Pulliam, H. R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist 132:652-661.
61. Rex, M. A. 1973. Deep-sea species diversity: decreased gastropod diversity at abyssal depths. Science 181:1051-1053.
62. _. 1976. Biological accommodation in the deep-sea benthos: comparative evidence on the importance of predation and productivity. Deep-Sea Research 23:975-987.
63. _. 1977. Zonation in deep-sea gastropods: the importance of biological interactions to rates of zonation. European Symposium on Marine Biology 11:521-530.
64. _. 1981. Community structure in the deep-sea benthos. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12:331-353.
65. Rex, M. A., and A. Warén. 1982. Planktotrophic development in deep-sea prosobranch snails from the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research 29:171-184.
66. Rex, M. A., C. A. Van Ummersen, and R. D. Turner. 1979. Reproductive pattern in the abyssal snail Benthonella tenella (Jeffreys). Pages 173-188 in S. E. Stancyk, ed. Reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates. Columbia University Press, New York.
67. Rex, M. A., R. J. Etter, and P. W. Nimeskern Jr. 1990. Density estimates for deep-sea gastropod assemblages. Deep-Sea Research 37:555-569.
68. Rex, M. A., R. J. Etter, and C. T. Stuart. 1997. Large-scale patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Pages 94-121 in R. F. G. Ormond, J. D. Gage, and M. V. Angel, eds. Marine biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
69. Richardson, M. J., M. Wimbush, and L. Mayer. 1981. Exceptionally strong near-bottom flows on the continental rise of Nova Scotia. Science 213:887-888.
70. Rowe, G. T. 1983. Biomass and production of the deep-sea macrobenthos. Pages 97-122 in G. T. Rowe, ed. Deep-sea biology. Vol. 8. The sea. Wiley, New York.
71. Rowe, G. T., and V. Pariente, eds. 1992. Deep-sea food chains and the global carbon cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
72. Rowe, G. T., P. T. Polloni, and S. G. Horner. 1974. Benthic biomass estimates from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research 21:641-650.
73. Rowe, G. T., P. T. Polloni, and R. L Haedrich. 1982. The deep-sea macrobenthos on the continental margin of the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research 29:257-278.
74. Sanders, H. L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. American Naturalist 102:243-282.
75. _. 1977. Evolutionary ecology and the deep-sea benthos. Pages 223-243 in C. E. Goulden, ed. The changing scenes in natural sciences 1776-1976. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
76. Sanders, H. L., R. R. Hessler, and G. R. Hampson. 1965. An introduction to the study of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages along the Gay Head-Bermuda transect. Deep-Sea Research 12:845-867.
77. Scheltema, R. S. 1989. Planktonic and non-planktonic development among prosobranch gastropods and its relationship to the geographic range of species. European Marine Biology Symposium 23:183-188.
78. Shilling, F. M., and D. T. Manahan. 1991. Nutrient transport capacities and metabolic rates scale differently between larvae of an antarctic and a temperate echinoderm. Antarctic Journal 26:158-160.
79. Shmida, A., and M. V. Wilson. 1985. Biological determinates of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 12:1-20.
80. Sibuet, M., C. Monniot, D. Desbruyères, A. Dinet, A. Khripounoff, G. Rowe, and M. Segonzac. 1984. Peuplements benthiques et caracté ristiques trophiques du milieu dans la plaine abyssale de Demerara. Oceanologica Acta 7:345-358.
81. Smith, C. R., W. Berelson, D. J. DeMaster, F. C. Dobbs, D. Hammond, D. J. Hoover, R. H. Pope, and M. Stephens. 1997. Latitudinal variations in benthic processes in the abyssal equatorial Pacific: controls by biogenic particle flux. Deep-Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 44:2295-2317.
82. Smith, K. L., Jr. 1978. Benthic community respiration in the N.W. Atlantic Ocean: in situ measurements from 40-5200 m. Marine Biology 47:337-347.
83. Smith, K. L., Jr., and R. S. Kaufmann. 1999. Long-term discrepancy between food supply and demand in the deep eastern North Pacific. Science 284:1774-1777.
84. Snelgrove, P. V. R., and C. R. Smith. 2002. A riot of species in an environmental calm: the paradox of the species-rich deep-sea floor. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 40:311-342.
85. Stuart, C. T., and M. A. Rex. 1994. The relationship between development pattern and species diversity in deep-sea prosobranch snails. Pages 119-136 in C. M. Young and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
86. Stuart, C. T., M. A. Rex, and R. J. Etter. 2003. Large-scale spatial and temporal patterns of deep-sea benthic species diversity. Pages 297-313 in P. A. Tyler, ed. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Ecosystems of the world. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
87. Templeton, A. 1998. Nested clade analysis of phylogeographic data: testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history. Molecular Ecology 7:381-397.
88. Thiel, H. 2003. Anthropogenic impacts on the deep sea. Pages 427-471 in P. A. Tyler, ed. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Ecosystems of the world. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
89. 228Ra chronology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 72:2829-2832.
90. Vetter, E. W., and P. K. Dayton. 1998. Macrofaunal communities within and adjacent to a detritus-rich submarine canyon system. Deep-Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 45: 25-54.
91. Wares, J. P., S. D. Gaines, and C. W. Cunningham. 2001. A comparative study of asymmetric migration events across a marine biogeographic boundary. Evolution 55:295-306.
92. Welborn, J. R., and D. T. Manahan. 1991. Seasonal changes in concentrations of amino acids and sugars in seawaters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: uptake of amino acids by asteroid larvae. Antarctic Journal 26:160-162.
93. Wigham, B. D., P. A. Tyler, and D. S. M. Billett. 2003. Reproductive biology of the abyssal holothurian Amperima rosea: an opportunistic response to variable flux of surface derived organic matter. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83:175-188.
94. Worthington, L. V. 1976. On the North Atlantic circulation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
95. Young, C. M. 2003. Reproduction, development and life-history traits. Pages 381-426 in P. A. Tyler, ed. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Ecosystems of the world. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
96. Young, C. M., and K. J. Eckelbarger, eds. 1994. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press, New York.
97. Zardus, J. D. 2002. Protobranch bivalves. Advances in Marine Biology 42:1-65.