Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 365, Issue 1537, 2010, Pages 111-132

  Cavalier Smith, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Classification; Kingdoms of life; Lateral gene transfer; Protozoa; Symbiogenesis

Indexed keywords

CLADISTICS; CYANOBACTERIUM; DIVERGENCE; GENE TRANSFER; PHYLOGENY; PROTOZOAN; TAXONOMY;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CHROMALVEOLATA; CHROMISTA; CYANOBACTERIA; EOBACTERIA; EUKARYOTA; GLYCOBACTERIA; NEGIBACTERIA; NEOMURA; POSIBACTERIA; PROTEOBACTERIA; PROTOZOA; UNIBACTERIA;

EID: 75449103540     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0161     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Ashlock, P. D. 1971 Monophyly and associated terms. Syst. Zool. 20, 63-69. (doi:10.2307/2412223)
2. Baker, J. R. 1953 The cell theory; a restatement, history and critique. Part IV The multiplication of cells. Q. J. Micr. Sci. 94, 407-440.
3. Barry, M. 1843 On fissiparous generation. Edinb. New Philos. J. 35, 205-221.
4. Baumel, A., Ainouche, M. L. & Levasseur, J. E. 2001 Molecular investigations in populations of Spartina anglica C. E. Hubbard (Poaceae) invading coastal Brittany (France). Mol. Ecol. 10, 1689-1701. (doi:10. 1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01299.X) (Pubitemid 32667725)
5. Blobel, G. 1980 Intracellular protein topogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1496-1500. (doi:10.1073/pnas.77.3. 1496)
6. Bousseau, B., Guéguen, L. & Gouy, M. 2008 Accounting for horizontal gene transfers explains conflicting hypotheses regarding the position of Aquificales in the phytogeny of Bacteria. BMC Evol. Biol. 8, 272.
7. Butterfield, N. J. 2005 Probable Proterozoic fungi. Paleobiology 31, 165-182. (doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0165: PPF>2.0.CO;2)
8. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1975 The origin of nuclei and of eukaryotic cells. Nature 256, 463-468. (doi:10.1038/256463a0)
9. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1980 Cell compartmentation and the origin of eukaryote membranous organelles. In Endocytobiology: endosymbiosis and cell biology, a synthesis of recent research (eds W. Schwemmler & H. E. A. Schenk), pp. 893-916. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
10. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981 The origin and early evolution of the eukaryotic cell. In Molecular and cellular aspects of microbial evolution (eds M. J. Carlile, J. F. Collins & B. E. B. Moseley), pp. 33-84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
11. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1982 The origins of plastids. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 17, 289-306. (doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312. 1982.tb02023.x)
12. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1986 The kingdom Chromista: origin and systematics. In Progress in phycological research, vol.4 (eds F. E. Round & D. J. Chapman), pp. 309-347. Bristol, UK: Biopress.
13. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1987a The origin of eukaryotic and archaebacterial cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 503, 17-54. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x)
14. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1987b The origin of cells: a symbiosis between genes, catalysts, and membranes. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 52, 805-824. (Pubitemid 18262390)
15. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1991a The evolution of cells. In Evolution of life (eds S. Osawa & T. Honjo), pp. 271-304. Tokyo, Japan: Springer.
16. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1991b The evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In Fundamentals of medical cell biology, vol.I (ed. G. E. Bittar), pp. 217-272. Greenwich, CT: J.A.I. Press.
17. Cavalier-Smith, T 1998 A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 73, 203-266.
18. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2000 Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. Trends Plant Sci. 5, 174-182. (doi:10. 1016/S1360-1385(00)01598-3) (Pubitemid 30192275)
19. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2001 Obcells as proto-organisms: membrane heredity, lithophosphorylation, and the origins of the genetic code, the first cells, and photosynthesis. J. Mol. Evol. 53, 555-595. (doi:10.1007/s002390010245) (Pubitemid 32889563)
20. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002a The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 7-76. (Pubitemid 34105691)
21. Cavalier-Smith, T. 20026 The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 297-354.
22. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2003 Genomic reduction and evolution of novel genetic membranes and protein-targeting machinery in eukaryote-eukaryote chimaeras (metaalgae). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 358, 109-134. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2002. 1194)
23. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2004 The membranome and membrane heredity in development and evolution. In Organelles, genomes and eukaryote phylogeny (eds R. P. Hirt & D. S. Horner), pp. 335-351. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
24. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2006a Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 361, 969-1006. (doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1842) (Pubitemid 46126779)
25. Cavalier-Smith, T. 20066 Origin of mitochondria by intracellular enslavement of a photosynthetic purple bacterium. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 1943-1952. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2006.3531)
26. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2006c Rooting the tree of life by transition analysis. Biol. Direct 1, 19. (doi: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-19)
27. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2007a The chimaeric origin of mitochondria: photosynthetic cell enslavement, gene-transfer pressure, and compartmentation efficiency. In Origin of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes (eds W. F. Martin & M. Müller), pp. 161-199. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
28. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2007b Concept of a bacterium still valid in prokaryote debate. Nature 446, 257. (doi:10.1038/ 446257c) (Pubitemid 46426134)
29. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2007c Evolution and relationships of algae: major branches of the tree of life. In Unravelling the algae (eds J. Brodie & J. Lewis), pp. 21-55. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
30. Cavalier-Smith, T 2009a Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. J. Eukaryot Microbiol. 56, 26-33. (doi: 10. 1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.X)
31. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2009b Predation and eukaryote cell origins: a coevolutionary perspective. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41, 307-322. (doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.10.002)
32. Cavalier-Smith, T In press. Intracellular coevolution and the origin of the cell nucleus and sex. Biol. Direct.
33. Cavalier-Smith, T. Submitted a. Mutationism and the reproductive struggle: a fresh evolutionary synthesis beyond Neodarwinism.
34. Cavalier-Smith, T. Submitted b. Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett.
35. Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E. E. 2006 Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). J. Mol. Evol. 62, 388-420. (doi: 10.1007/ S00239-004-0353-358)
36. Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E., Stechmann, A., Oates, B. & Nikolaev, S. 2008 Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Pianomonas gen. nov. Protist 159, 535-562.
37. Chambers, R. A. 1844 Vestiges of the natural history of creation. London, UK: Churchill.
38. Cohn, F. 1875 Untersuchungen über Bakterien II Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen. 1, 141-207.
39. Copeland, H. F. 1956 Classification of the lower organisms. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books.
40. Cox, C. J., Foster, P. G., Hirt, R. P., Harris, S. R. & Embley, T. M. 2008 The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes. Proc. Nad Acad. Sci. USA 105, 20356-20361. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas.0810647105)
41. Darwin, E. 1794 Zoonomia; or, the laws of organic life. vol.I. London, UK: Johnson.
42. Darwin, C. 1859 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London, UK: Murray.
43. De Maillet, B. 1748 Telliamed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: L'Honore.
44. de Maupertuis, P. L. M. 1745 Venus physique. Paris, France: La Haye.
45. de Maupertuis, P. L. M. (under pseudonym Dr Baumann) 1751 Disertatio inauguralis metaphysica de universali naturae systemate. Erlangen, Germany.
46. Doolittle, W. F. 1998 You are what you eat: a gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic nuclear genomes. Trends Genet. 14, 307-311.
47. Doolittle, W. F., Boucher, Y., Nesbo, C. L., Douady, C. J., Andersson, J. O. & Roger, A. J. 2003 How big is the iceberg of which organellar genes in nuclear genomes are but the tip? PM. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 358, 39-57; discussion 57-58. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1185)
48. Dujardin, F. 1841 Histoire naturelle des zoophytes infusoires. Paris, France: Roret.
49. Enderlein, G. 1925 Bakterien-Cyclogenie. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
50. Gogarten, J. P. et al. 1989 Evolution of the vacuolar ATPase: implications for the origin of eukaryotes. Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 86, 6661-6665.
51. Goldfuss, G. A. 1820 Handbuch der Zoologie, vol.1. Nuremburg, Germany: Schrag.
52. Haeckel, E. 1866 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
53. Haeckel, E. 1868 Naturliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
54. Haldane, J. B. S. 1932 The causes of evolution. London, UK: Longman Green.
55. Halstead, L. B. 1978 The cladistic revolution-can it make the grade? Nature 116, 759-760. (doi:10.1038/ 276759a0)
56. Hennig, W. 1966 Phylogenetic systematics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
57. Hennig, W. 1974 'Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification?': a reply to Ernst Mayr. Syst. Zool. 24, 244-256. (doi:10.2307/2412765)
58. Hooke, R. 1664 Micrographia. London, UK: Royal Society
59. Huxley, J. S. 1957 The three types of evolutionary process. Nature 180, 454-455.
60. Huxley, J. S. 1959 Clades and grades. In Function and taxonomie importance (ed. A. J. Cain), pp. 21-22. London, UK: The Systematics Association.
61. Iwabe, N., Kuma, K., Hosegawa, M., Osawa, S. & Mujata, T. 1989 Evolutionary relationship of archaebacteria, eubacteria and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9355-9359. (Pubitemid 20010424)
62. Keeling, P. J. & Palmer, J. D. 2008 Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9, 605-618. (doi:10.1038/nrg2386)
63. Kirschvink, J. L. & Kopp, R. E. 2008 Palaeoproterozoic ice houses and the evolution of oxygen-mediating enzymes: the case for a late origin of photosystem II. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 2755-2765.
64. Kirschvink, J. L., Gaidos, E. J., Bertani, L. E., Beukes, N. J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L. N. & Steinberger, R. E. 2000 Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1400-1405. (doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1400) (Pubitemid 30118452)
65. Kittelmann, S. & Friedrich, M. W. 2008 Novel uncultured Chloroflexi dechlorinate perchloroethene to transdichloroethene in tidal flat sediments. Environ. Microbiol. 10, 1557-1570. (doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920. 2008.01571.x) (Pubitemid 351670254)
66. Kopp, R. E., Kirschvink, J. L., Hilburn, I. A. & Nash, C. Z. 2005 The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc. NaU Acad. Sci. USA 102, 11131-11136. (doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504878102)
67. Lamarck, J. B. 1809 Zoological philosophy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [Translated by Hugh Elliot 1984.]
68. Lemery, N. 1675 Cours de chymie contenant la manière de faire les operations qui sont en usage dans la medecine, par une methode facile avec les raisonements chaque operation, pour l'instruction de ceux qui veulent s'appliquer à cette science Paris, France: Lemery.
69. Mann, D. G. & Evans, K. M. 2007 Molecular genetics and the neglected art of diatomics. In Unravelling the algae: the past, present and future of algal systematics (eds J. Brodie & J. Lewis), pp. 231-265. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
70. Martin, M. W., Grazhdankin, D. V., Bowring, S. A., Evans, D. A., Fedonkin, M. A. & Kirschvink, J. L. 2000 Age of Neoproterozoic bilaterian body and trace fossils, White Sea, Russia: implications for metazoan evolution. Science 288, 841-845. (doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.841)
71. Mayr, E. 1942 Systematics and the origin of species. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
72. Mayr, E. 1974 Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification? Z. Zool. Syst. Evolforsch. 12, 94-128.
73. Mayr, E. & Ashlock, P. D. 1991 Principles of systematic zoology, 2nd edn. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
74. Mereschkovsky, C. 1905 Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol Zentralbl. 25, 593-604.
75. Mereschkovsky, C. 1910 Theorie der Zwei Plasmaarte als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neue Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen. Biol. Zentralbl. 30, 278-303, 321-347, 353-367.
76. Meyen, F. J. F. 1839 Einige Bemerkungen über den Verdauungs-Apparat der Infusorian. Archiv. Anat. Physiol Wiss. Med. 74-79.
77. Necker, N. J. D. 1783 Traité sur la mycitologie ou discours historique sur les champignons en general, dans lequel on demontre leur veritable origine et leur génération: d'oudependent les effets pernicieux et funestes de ceux que l'on mange avec les moyens de les éviter. Mannheim, Germany: Mattias Fontaine.
78. Nesbo, C. L. & Doolittle, W. F. 2003 Targeting clusters of transferred genes in Thermotoga maritima. Environ. Microbiol. 5, 1144-1154. (doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920. 2003.00515.x)
79. Nesbo, C. L., L'Haridon, S., Stetter, K. O. & Doolittle, W. F. 2001 Phylogenetic analyses of two 'archaeal' genes in Thermotoga maritima reveal multiple transfers between archaea and bacteria. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 362-375.
80. Owen, R. 1858 Paleontology. In Encyclopedia Britannka, vol.17 (ed. T. S. Trail), pp. 91-176, 8th edn. Edinburgh, UK: A & C Black.
81. Patron, N. J., Waller, R. F. & Keeling, P. J. 2006 A tertiary plastid uses genes from two endosymbionts. J. Mol. Biol. 357, 1373-1382. (doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.084)
82. Pond, J. L., Langworthy, T. A. & Holzer, G. 1986 Longchain diols: a new class of membrane lipids from a thermophilic bacterium. Science 231, 1134-1136. (doi:10.1126/science.231.4742.1134) (Pubitemid 16016310)
83. Porter, S. M. & Knoll, A. H. 2000 Testate amoebae of the Chuar Group, Grand Canyon. Paleobiology 11, 345-370.
84. Porter, S. M., Meisterfeld, R. & Knoll, A. H. 2003 Vase-shaped microfossils from the Neoproterozoic Chuar Group, Grand Canyon: a classification guided by modern testate amoebae. J. Paleontol. 11, 409-429. (doi: 10.1666/0022-3360(2003)0770409: VMFTNC > 2. 0.CO;2)
85. Raff, R. A. 1996 The shape of life: genes, development, and the evolution of animal form. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
86. Rashby, S. E., Sessions, A. L., Summons, R. E. & Newman, D. K. 2007 Biosynthesis of 2-methylbacteriohopanepolyols by an anoxygenic phototroph. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15 099-15 104. (doi:10.1073/pnas. 0704912104)
87. Rasmussen, B., Fletcher, I. R., Brocks, J. J. & Kilburn, M. R. 2008 Reassessing the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria. Nature 455, 1101-1104. (doi:10.1038/ nature07381)
88. Redfield, R. J., Findlay, W. A., Bosse, J., Kroll, J. S., Cameron, A. D. & Nash, J. H. 2006 Evolution of competence and DNA uptake specificity in the Pasteurellaceae. BMC Evol. Biol. 6, 82. (doi: 10.1186/ 1471-2148-6-82)
89. Richards, T. A., Dacks, J. B., Jenkinson, J. M., Thornton, C. R. & Talbot, N. J. 2006 Evolution of filamentous plant pathogens: gene exchange across eukaryotic kingdoms. Curr. Biol. 16, 1857-1864. (Pubitemid 44354141)
90. Roux, J. & Robinson-Rechavi, M. 2008 Developmental constraints on vertebrate genome evolution. PLoS Genet. 4, e1000311. (doi: 10.1371/joumal.pgen. 1000311)
91. Salmon, A., Ainouche, M. L. & Wendel, J. F. 2005 Genetic and epigenetic consequences of recent hybridization and polyploidy in Spartina (Poaceae). Mol. Ecol. 14, 1163-1175. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005. 02488.x) (Pubitemid 40466242)
92. Schleiden, M. J. 1838 Beiträge zur Phytogenesis. Archiv. Anat Physiol. Wiss. Med. 137-176.
93. Schmalhausen, I. I. 1949 Factors of evolution: the theory of stabilizing selectkn. New York, NY: Blakiston (McGraw Hill).
94. Schopf, J. W. & Klein, C. 1992 The Proterozoic biosphere: a multidisciplinary study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
95. Schwann, T. 1839 Mikroscopische Untersuchungen über die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin, Germany: Reimer.
96. Seshadri, R. et al. 2005 Genome sequence of the PCEdechlorinating bacterium Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Science 301, 105-108. (doi: 10.1126/science. 1102226)
97. Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., Minge, M. A., Espelund, M., Orr, R., Rüden, T, Jakobsen, K. S. & Cavalier-Smith, T. 2008 Multigene phylogeny of Choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLoS ONE 3, e2098. (doi:10.1371/journal. pone. 0002098)
98. Siebold, C. T. E. v. 1845 Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbellossen Thiere. In Lehrbuch der WgIeichenden Anatomu (eds C. T. E. v. Siebold & H. Stannius). Berlin, Germany: von Veit.
99. Simpson, G. C. 1944 Tempo and mode in evolution. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
100. Simpson, G. L. 1961 Principles of animal taxonomy. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
101. Stanier, R. Y. 1970 Some aspects of the biology of cells and their possible evolutionary significance. In 20th Symp. of the Society for General Micwbiobgy: organization and control in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (eds H. P. Charles & J. G. Knight), pp. 1-38. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
102. Stanier, R. Y. & Van Niel, C. B. 1962 The concept of a bacterium. Arch. Mikrobiol. 42, 17-35. (doi:10.1007/ BF00425185)
103. Stanier, R. Y., Doudoroff, M. & Adelberg, E. A. 1963 General microbiohgy, 2nd edn. London, UK: Macmillan.
104. Valas, R. E. & Bourne, P. E. 2009 Structural analysis of polarizing indels: an emerging consensus on the root of the tree of life. Biol. Direct. A, 30.
105. Van Leeuwenhoek, A. 1677 Concerning little animals by him observed in rain- well- sea- and snow-water; as also in water wherein pepper has lain infused. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 12, 821-831. (doi:10.1098/rstl.1677.0003)
106. Van Valen, L. M. & Maiorana, V. C. 1980 The archaebacteria and eukaryotic origins. Nature 287, 248-250. (doi:10.1038/287248a0)
107. Virchow, R. L. K. 1859 Cellular pathology. 1978 edn. London, UK: John Churchill.
108. Wait, R., Carreto, L., Nobre, M. F., Ferreira, A. M. & da Costa, M. S. 1997 Characterization of novel long-chain 1,2-diols in Thermus species and demonstration that Thermus strains contain both glycerol-linked and diol-linked glycolipids. J. Bacteriol. 179, 6154-6162. (Pubitemid 27419043)
109. Wallace, A. R. 1858 On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type. J Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 3, 53-61.
110. Wallace, A. R. 1889 Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London, UK: Macmillan.
111. Wallace, A. R. 1911 The world of life, a manifestation of creative power, directive mind and ultimate purpose, 5th edn. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
112. Weismann, A. 1889 Essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
113. Whatley, J. M., John, P. & Whatley, F. R. 1979 From extracellular to intracellular: the establishment of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond B 204, 165-187. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.1979.0020) (Pubitemid 9154578)
114. Whittaker, R. H. 1969 New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms. Science 163, 150-160. (doi:10.1126/science.163.3863. 150)
115. Whyte, L. L. 1965 Internal factors in evolution. London, UK: Tavistock Publications.
116. Williams, D. M. 2007 Classification and diatom systematics; the past, the present, and the future. In Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics (eds J. Brodie & J. Lewis), pp. 57-91. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
117. Woese, C. R. 1987 Bacterial evolution. Mkrobiol. Rev. 51, 221-271.
118. Woese, C. R. & Fox, G. E. 1977 The concept of cellular evolution. J. Mol. Evol. 10, 1-6.
119. Woese, C. R., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M. L. 1990 Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4576-4579. (doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576) (Pubitemid 20204145)
120. Wu, D. et al. 2009 Complete genome sequence of the aerobic CO-oxidizing thermophile Thermomkrobium roseum. PLoS ONE A, e4207. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0004207)
121. Yutin, N., Makarova, K. S., Mekhedov, S. L., Wolf, Y. I. & Koonin, E. V. 2008 The deep archaeal roots of eukaryotes. Mol. BioI. Evol. 25, 1619-1630. (doi:10.1093/ molbev/msn108)
122. 2-fixing cyanobacteria lack oxygenic photosystem II. Science 322, 1110-1112. (doi: 10.1126/science.1165340)