Fluoroquinolone antibacterials: A review on chemistry, microbiology and therapeutic prospects

Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research

Volumn 66, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 587-604

  Sharma, Prabodh Chander ^a   Jain, Ankit ^a   Jain, Sandeep ^b  

^a KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Antibacterial; Ciprofloxacin; Fluoroquinolone; Therapeutic

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; ANTACID AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BICARBONATE; CAFFEINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CITRIC ACID; CLINAFLOXACIN; CYCLOPROPANE DERIVATIVE; CYTOCHROME P450; ENOXACIN; FENBUFEN; FLEROXACIN; FLUMEQUINE; GREPAFLOXACIN; ISOENZYME; METHYLXANTHINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; NORFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; OXOLINIC ACID; PEFLOXACIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RANITIDINE; SUCRALFATE; TEMAFLOXACIN; THEOPHYLLINE; TROVAFLOXACIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; CHEMISTRY; CHEMOTHERAPY; DNA SYNTHESIS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BINDING; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; INFECTION; MICROBIOLOGY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; QT INTERVAL; REVIEW; STOMACH PH; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; URINARY EXCRETION; DRUG INTERACTION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; FLUOROQUINOLONES; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 74949119366     PISSN: 00016837     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Dax S.L.: Quinolone antibacterials, in Antibacterial Chemotherapeutic Agents, The R W Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA, p. 298-345, Blackie Academic and Professional, London 1997.
2. Patrick G.L.: Antibacterial agents, in An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, p. 379-435, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2003.
3. Appelbaum P.C., Hunter P.A.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 16, 5 (2000).
4. Abraham D.J.: Quinolone, in Burger's Medicinal Chemistry Drug Discovery, p. 582-587, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2003.
5. Guneysel O., Onur O., Erdede M., Dehizbasi A.: J. Emerg. Med. 36, 338 (2009).
6. Blondeau J.M.: Clin. Ther. 21, 3 (1999).
7. Balkhy H.H., Memish Z.A., Shibl A., Elbashier A., Osoba A.: EMHJ 11, 36 (2005).
8. Dollery C.: Norfloxacin, in Therapeutic Drugs, Churchill Livingstone, p. N137-N140, Harcourt Brace and Co. Ltd., London 1999.
9. Pandey S.N.: Antimicrobial Agents-Sulphonamides and Quinolones, in A Text Book of Medicinal Chemistry (Synthetic and Biochemial Approach), p. 547-585, Mahavir Press, Bhelpur, S.G. Publisher, Varanasi 2003.
10. Sarkozy G.: Vet. Med. Czech. 46, 257 (2001).
11. De Almeida M.V., Saraiva M.F., De Souza M.V.N., Da Costa C.F., Vincente F.R.C., Lourenco M.C.S.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17, 5661 (2007).
12. Anquetin G., Greiner J., Mahmoud N., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 41, 1478 (2006).
13. Scholar E.M.: Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 66, 164 (2003).
14. Moshirfar M., Chew J., Werner L., Meyer J.J., Hunter B., Stevens S., Jensen M., Kleinmann G., Mamalis N.: Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 246, 1455 (2008).
15. Sharma P.C., Jain S.: Acta Pol. Pharm. Drug Res. 65, 551 (2008).
16. Sharma P.C., Jain S.: Acta Pharm. Sci. 50, 35 (2008).
17. Domagala J.M.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 33, 685 (1994).
18. Foroumadi A., Emami S., Hassanzadeh A., Rajaee M., Sokhanavr K., Moshafi M.H., Shafiee A.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15, 4488 (2005).
19. Nagawade R.R., Khanna V.V., Bhagwat S.S., Shinde D.B.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 40, 1325 (2005).
20. Foroumadi A., Oboudiat M., Emami S., Karimollah A., Saghaee L., Moshafi M.H., Shafiee A.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14, 3421 (2005).
21. Sriram D., Yogeeswari P., Basha J.S., Radha D.R., Nagaraja V.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13, 5774 (2003).
22. Foroumadi A., Emami S., Mehni M., Moshafi M.H., Shafiee A.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15, 4536 (2005).
23. Zhao Y.L., Chen Y.L., Sheu J.Y., Chen I.L., Wang T.C., Tzeng C.C.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13, 3921 (2005).
24. Reddy G.V., Kanth S.R., Maitraie D., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44, 1570 (2009).
25. Jazayeri S., Moshafi M.H., Firoozpour L., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44, 1205 (2009).
26. German N., Wei P., Kaatz G.W., Kerns R.J.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 43, 2453 (2008).
27. El-Gazzar A.B.A., Youssef M.M., Youssef A.M.S., Abu-Hashem A.A., Badria F.A.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44, 609 (2009).
28. Winter R.W., Kelly J.X., Smilkstein M.J., Dodean R., Hinrichs D., Riscoe M.K.: Exp. Parasitol. 118, 487 (2008).
29. Vargas F., Zoltan T., Rivas C., et al.: J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biology 92, 83 (2008).
30. Wall M.J., Chen J., Meegalla S., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18, 2097 (2008).
31. Senthilkumar P., Dinakaran M., Yogeeswari P., Sriram D., China A., Nagaraja V.: Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44, 345 (2009).
32. Ball P., Fernald A., Tillotson G.: Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 7, 761 (1998).
33. Radl S.: Pharmacol. Ther. 48, 1 (1990).
34. Stein G.E.: Pharmacotherapy 8, 301 (1988).
35. Tillotson G.: J. Med. Microbiol. 44, 320 (1996).
36. Cozzarelli N.R.: Science 207, 953 (1980).
37. Schmidt F.J., Hofmann B., Hansen B., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41, 481 (1998).
38. Walters J.D., Zhang F., Nakkula R.J.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 2710 (1999).
39. Aydemir S., Tunger A., Cilli F.: West Indian Med. J. 55, 9 (2006).
40. Cassell G.H., Mekalanos J.: JAMA 285, 601 (2001).
41. Rubin J., Walker R.D., Blickenstaff K., Jones S.B., Zhao S.: Vet. Microbiol. 131, 164 (2008).
42. Hooper D.C.: Emerg. Infect. Diseases 7, 337 (2001).
43. Cattoir V., Nectoux J., Lascols C., Deforges L., Delchier J.C., Megraud F., Soussy C.J., Cambau E.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29, 389 (2007).
44. nd ed., p. 97-118, American Society for Microbiology, 1993.
45. Piddock L.J.V.: Drugs 49, 29 (1995).
46. Taba H., Kusano N.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 2193 (1998).
47. Livermore D.M.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9, 1 (2004).
48. Wiedemann B., Heisig P.: Infection 22, S73 (1994).
49. Scheld W.M.: Emerg. Infect. Diseases 9, 1 (2003).
50. Buck M.L.: Pediatr. Pharm. 4, 12 (1998).
51. Efthymiopoulos C., Blum B., Maroli A., Bramer S.L.: Clin. Pharmacokinet. 33, 39 (1997).
52. Jensen M.K., Fiscella R.G., Moshirfar M., Mooney B.: J. Cataract. Refract. Surg. 34, 1460 (2008).
53. Child J., Andrews J.M., Wise R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 513 (1995).
54. Haria M., Lamb H.M.: Drugs 54, 435 (1997).
55. Bron N.J., Dorr M.B., Mant T.G., Webb C.L., Vasso A.B.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 38, 1023 (1996).
56. Nakashima M., Uematsu T., Kosuge K., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 2635 (1995).
57. Chein S.C., Rogge M.C., Gisclon L.G., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2256 (1997).
58. Fish D.N., Chow A.T.: Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32, 101 (1997).
59. Johnson J.H., Wise R. Andrews J.M., Cooper M.A.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 2444 (1992).
60. Teng R., Dogolo L.C., Willavize S.A., Friedman H.L., Vincent J.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39, 87 (1997).
61. Kepa L., Oczko-Grzesik B., Stolarz W., Sobala S.B.: J. Clin. Neurosci. 12, 562 (2005).
62. Cheng D., Xu W.R., Liu C.X.: World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 2496 (2007).
63. Oliphant C.M., Green G.M.: Am. Fam. Physician 65, 455 (2002).
64. Wolfson J.S., Hooper D.C.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10, 267 (1991).
65. Apley M.D., Upson D.W.: Am. J. Vet. Res. 54, 937 (1993).
66. Neu H.C., Kumada T., Chin N.X., Mandell W.: Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 13, 63 (1987).
67. Jacobs M.R., Appelbaum P.C.: Rev. Med. Microbiol. 6, 77 (1995).
68. Klugman K.P.: Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3, 171 (1990).
69. Felmingham D., O'Hare M.D., Robbins M.J., et al.: Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 11, 317 (1985).
70. Gruneberg R.N., Felmingham D., O'Hare M.D.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22, 9 (1988).
71. Ridgway G.L., O'Hare M.D., Felmingham D., Gruneberg R.N.: Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 11, 259 (1985).
72. Bauernfeind A.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 639 (1997).
73. Hoellman D.B., Lin G., Jacobs M.R., Appelbaum P.C.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43, 645 (1999).
74. Visalli M.A., Jacobs M.R., Appelbaum P.C.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2786 (1997).
75. Ho P.L., Que T.L., Tsang D.N.C., Ng T.K., Chow K.H., Seto W.H.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1310 (1999).
76. Chen D.K., McGeer A., De Azaevedo J.C., Low D.E.: New Engl. J. Med. 341, 233 (1999).
77. Nakane T., Iyobe S., Sato K., Mitsuhashi S.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 2822 (1995).
78. Cormican M.G., Jones R.N.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 204 (1997).
79. Woodcock J.M., Andrews J.M., Boswell J.F., Brenwald N.P., Wise R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 101 (1997).
80. Visalli M.A., Bajaksouzain S., Jacobs M.R., Appelbaum P.C.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1475 (1997).
81. Davis R., Markham A., Balfour J.A.: Drugs 51, 1019 (1996).
82. MacGowan A.P., Bowker K.E., Holt H.A., Wootton M., Reeves D.S.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 503 (1997).
83. Prosser B.L.T., Beskid G.: Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 21, 33 (1995).
84. Holden H.E., Barrett J.F., Huntington C.M., Muehlbauer P.A., Wahrenburg M.G.: Environ. Mol. Mutagen 13, 238 (1989).
85. Dalhoff A., Peterson U., Endermann R.: Chemotherapy 42, 410 (1996).
86. Krueger S., Zaccai G., Woldawer A., Lanqowski J., O'Dea M., Maxwell A., Gellert M.: J. Mol. Biol. 211, 211 (1990).
87. Hirai K., Yasue T., Hosaka M., Wakabayashi E., Tomizawa H., Nishino K.: Drugs 45, 182 (1993).
88. Miyashita N., Niki Y., Kishimoto T., Nakajima M., Matsushima T.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1331 (1997).
89. Kenny G.E., Cartwright F.D.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 1726 (1993).
90. Roblin P.M., Montalban G., Hammerschlag M.R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1402 (1994).
91. Ridgway G.L., Salman H., Robbins M.J., Dencer C., Felmingham D.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 31 (1997).
92. Hammerschlag M.R., Hyman C.L., Roblin P.M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 682 (1992).
93. Edelstein P.H., Edelstein M.A., Lehr K.H., Ren J.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37, 117 (1996).
94. Roblin P.M., Hammerschlag M.R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 951 (1998).
95. Kenny G.E., Cartwright F.D.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 587 (1991).
96. Roblin P.M., Kutlin A., Hammerschlag M.R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2033 (1997).
97. Liu L., Guo K., Lu J., et al.: Biomaterials 29, 1509 (2008).
98. Book I.: J. Antimicrob. Agents 20, 320 (2002).
99. Mao Z., Ma L., Gao C., Shen J.: J. Control. Release 104, 193 (2005).
100. Feliciano J., Teper E., Ferrandino M., Macchia R.J., Blank W., Grunberger I., Colon I.: J. Urol. 179, 952 (2008).
101. Lode H., Vogel F., Elies W.: Clin. Ther. 21, 61 (1999).
102. Oneyenwenyi A.J., Winterstein A.G., Hatton R.C.: Pharma World Sci. 30, 544 (2008).
103. Malak K., Naipaul R., Mika Ng, Ruddock B.: CPJ/RPC 140, 327 (2007).
104. Gottberg A.V., Klugman K.P., Cohen C., et al.: Lancet 371, 1108 (2008).
105. Fillastre J.P., Leroy A., Humbert G.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31, 156 (1987).
106. Lipsky B.A., Dorr M.B., Magner D.J., Talbot G.H.: Clin. Ther. 21, 148 (1999).
107. Torriero A.A.J., Ruiz-Diaz J.J.J., Salinas E., Marchevsky E.J., Sanz M.I., Raba J.: Talanta 69, 691 (2006).
108. Prajapati B.S., Prajapati R.B., Patel B.S.: Indian J. Pediatr. 75, 809 (2008).
109. Farhi D., Dupin N.: Swiss Med. Wkly. 138, 223 (2008).
110. Scoper S.V.: Adv. Ther. 25, 979 (2008).
111. Ginsburg A.S., Grosset J.H., Bishai W.R.: Lancet Infect. Dis. 3, 432 (2003).
112. Lee C., Ronald A.R.: Am. J. Med. 82, 27 (1987).
113. Corrado M.L., Struble W.E., Peter C., Hoagland V., Sabbaj J.: Am. J. Med. 82, 22 (1987).
114. Heseltine P.N.R., Corrado M.L.: Am. J. Med. 82, 88 (1987).
115. Kaplowitz L.G., Vishniavsky N., Evans T., Vartivarian S., Dalton H., Simpson M., Gruninger R.P.: Am. J. Med. 82, 35 (1987).
116. Hooper D.C., Wolfson J.S.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28, 716 (1985).
117. Adhami Z.N., Wise R., Weston D., Crump B.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 13, 87 (1984).
118. Lehto P., Kivisto K.T.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 248 (1994).
119. Stone J.W., Andrews J.M., Ashby J.P., Griggs D., Wise R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32, 1508 (1988).
120. Kovarik J.M., Hoepelman A.I., Smit J.M., Sips P.A., Rozenberg A.M., Glerum J.H., Verhoef J.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 2458 (1992).
121. Lubasch A., Keller I., Borner K., Koeppe P., Lode H.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2600 (2000).
122. Boy D., Well M., Kinzig S.M., Sorgel F., Ankel F.D., Naber K.G.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 23, S6 (2004).
123. Yuk J.H., Nightingale C.H., Quintiliani R., Sweeney K.R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 384 (1991).
124. Immanuel C., Hemanthkumar A.K., Gurumurthy P., Venkatesan P.: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 6, 1017 (2002).
125. Hameed A., Iqbal T., Nawaz M., Batool F., Baig T.T., Ali S., Nurjis F.: Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 5, 1098 (2002).
126. Israel D., Gillum J.G., Turik M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 2193 (1993).
127. Lode H. Hoffken G., Olschewski P., Sievers B., Kirch A., Borner K., Koeppe P.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31, 1338 (1987).
128. Teng R., Liston T.E., Harris S.C.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37, 955 (1996).
129. Vincent J., Venitz J., Teng R., Baris B.A., Willavize S.A., Polzer R.J., Friedman H.L.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39, 75 (1997).
130. Wise R., Mortiboy D., Child J., Andrews J.M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 47 (1996).
131. Chein S.C., Rogge M.C., Gisclon L.G., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1562 (1997).
132. Chein S.C., Chow A.T., Natarajan J., Williams R.R., Wong F.A., Rogge M.C., Nayak R.K.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2256 (1997).
133. Struwe M., Greulich K.O., Perentes E., Martus H.J., Suter W., Helbig U.P.: J. Invest. Dermatol. 263, 1 (2008).
134. Johnson J.H., Cooper M.A., Andrews J.M., Wise R.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 2444 (1992).
135. Zix J.A., Geerdes F.H.F., Rau M., Vockler J., Borner K., Koeppe P., Lode H.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1668 (1997).
136. Mody V.D., Panday K.K., Satia M.C., Modi I.A., Modi R.I., Gandhi T.P.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 16, 1289 (1998).
137. Santos A., Cremades R., Rodriguez J.C., Pachon E.G., Ruiz M., Royo G.: J. Infect. Chemother. 14, 262 (2008).
138. Trampuz A., Laifer G., Wenk M., Rajacic Z., Zimmerli W.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 3630 (2002).
139. Lober S., Ziege S., Rau M., Schreiber G., Mignot A., Koeppe P., Lode H.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1067 (1999).
140. Liu X.D., Xie L., Wang J., Liang Y., Li L., Lu L.: Asian J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 5, 71 (2005).
141. Wise R., Andrews J.M., Ashby J.P., Marshall J.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44, 701 (1999).
142. Kozawa O., Uematsu T., Matsuno H., Niwa M., Nagashima S, Kanamaru M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2824 (1996).
143. Efthymiopoulos C.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 35 (1997).
144. Cook J.A., Silverman M.H., Schelling D.J., Nix D.E., Schentag J.J., Brown R.R., Stroshane R.M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34, 974 (1990).
145. Stroshane R.M., Silverman M.H., Sauerschell R., Brown R.R., Boddy A.W., Cook J.A.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34, 751 (1990).
146. Matsuoka M., Banno K., Sato T.: J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Appl. 676, 117 (1996).
147. Granneman G.R., Carpentier P., Morrison P.J., Pernet A.G.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 436 (1991).
148. Granneman G.R., Braeckman R., Kraut J., Shupien S., Craft J.C.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 2345 (1991).
149. Minami R., Inotsume N., Nakamura C., Nakano M.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 45, 489 (1993).
150. Niki Y.: J. Infect. Chemother. 8, 1 (2002).
151. Minami R., Nakamura C., Inotsume N., Nakano M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 453 (1998).
152. Granneman G.R., Snyder K.M., Shu V.S.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 30, 689 (1986).
153. Wagenlehner F.M.E., Naber K.G.: Eur. Urol. 49, 235 (2006).
154. Cada J.D., Levien T., Baker D.E.: Hosp. Pharm. 38, 851 (2003).
155. Chagan L.: Drug Forecast 28, 769 (2003).
156. Allen A., Bygate E., Oliver S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1604 (2000).
157. Gee T., Andrews J.M., Ashby J.P., Marshall G., Wise R.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47, 431 (2001).
158. Allen A., Bygate E., Vousden M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 540 (2001).
159. De Lepeleire I., Van H.A., Verbesselt R., Tjandra M.T.B., De Schepper P.J.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22, 197 (1988).
160. Imbimbo B.P., Broccali G., Cesana M., Crema F., Attardo P.G.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 390 (1991).
161. Wise R., Jhonson J., O'sullivan N., Andrews J.M., Imbimbo B.P.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 28, 905 (1991).
162. Perry G., Mant T.G., Morrison P.J., Sacks S., Woodcock J., Wise R. Imbimbo B.P.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 637 (1993).
163. Kisicki J.C., Griess R.S., Ott C.L., Cohen G.M., McCormack R.J., Troetel W.M., Imbimbo B.P.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 1296 (1992).
164. Randinitis E.J., Bordfuehrer J.I., Eiseman I, Vassos A.B.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 2529 (2001).
165. Randinitis E.J., Koup J.R., Rausch G., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 2536 (2001).
166. Wise R., Jones S., Das I., Andrews J.M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 428 (1998).
167. O'Grady J., Briggs A., Atarashi S., Kobayashi H., Smith R.L., Ward J., Ward C., Milatovic D.: Xenobiotica 31, 811 (2001).
168. Nakashima M., Uematsu T., Kosuge K., Umemura K., Hakusui H., Tanaka M.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 170 (1995).
169. Stass H., Dalhoff A., Kubitza D., Schuhly U.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 2060 (1998).
170. Siefert H.M., Domdey B.A., Henninger K., Hucke F., Kohlsdorfer C., Stass H.H.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43, 69 (1999).