Angiogenesis: An update and potential drug approaches (Review)

International Journal of Oncology

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 5-18

  Abdelrahim, Maen ^a,b   Konduri, Santhi ^a   Basha, Md Riyaz ^a   Philip, Philip A ^c   Baker, Cheryl H ^a,b  

^a M D ANDERSON CANCER CENTER ORLANDO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti angiogenesis; Cancer therapy; Tumor endothelium; Vascular disrupting agents

Indexed keywords

3 (4 BROMO 2,6 DIFLUOROBENZYLOXY) 5 [3 [4 (1 PYRROLIDINYL)BUTYL]UREIDO] 4 ISOTHIAZOLECARBOXAMIDE; 5,6 DIMETHYLXANTHENONE 4 ACETIC ACID; 5,6,7,13 TETRAHYDRO 12 (3 HYDROXYPROPYL) 9 ISOPROPOXYMETHYLINDENO[2,1 A]PYRROLO[3,4 C]CARBAZOL 5(12H) ONE; 5,6,7,13 TETRAHYDRO 12 (3 HYDROXYPROPYL) 9 ISOPROPOXYMETHYLINDENO[2,1 A]PYRROLO[3,4 C]CARBAZOL 5(12H) ONE DIMETHYLGLYCINE ESTER; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; CCEP 7055; CEDIRANIB; DENIBULIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; EXHEDRIN; FLUOROURACIL; HUMV 833; IMC 1121; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G2A; IRINOTECAN; KRN 633; LIGAND; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY LM 609; N ACETYLCOLCHINOL PHOSPHATE; PACLITAXEL; PERTUZUMAB; PKT 787; PLACENTAL GROWTH FACTOR; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SERINE 2 METHOXY 5 [2 (3,4,5 TRIMETHOXYPHENYL)VINYL]ANILIDE; SOBLIDOTIN; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TRASTUZUMAB; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANDETANIB; VASCULAR TARGETING AGENT; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN B; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 1; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 3; VATALANIB; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR;

ADVANCED CANCER; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERANCE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MOLECULAR LIBRARY; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; TUMOR VOLUME; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BLOOD VESSELS; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; DRUG DESIGN; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC;

EID: 74549121563     PISSN: 10196439     EISSN: 17912423     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/ijo-00000470     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Shibuya M and Claesson-Welsh L: Signal transduction by VEGF receptors in regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 312: 549-560, 2006.
2. Shibuya M: Vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent and -independent regulation of angiogenesis. BMB Rep 41: 278-286, 2008.
3. Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 285: 1182-1186, 1971.
4. Holash J, Wiegand SJ and Yancopoulos GD: New model of tumor angiogenesis: dynamic balance between vessel regression and growth mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Oncogene 18: 5356-5362, 1999.
5. Pugh CW and Ratcliffe PJ: Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF system. Nat Med 9: 677-684, 2003.
6. Carmeliet P: Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med 9: 653-660, 2003.
7. Chang DK, Chiu CY, Kuo SY, Lin WC, Lo A, Wang YP, Li PC and Wu HC: Antiangiogenic targeting liposomes increase therapeutic efficacy for solid tumors. J Biol Chem 284: 12905-12916, 2009.
8. Kerbel R and Folkman J: Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 727-739, 2002.
9. Kim DK, Kinne DW and Fortner JG: Occlusion of the hepatic artery in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet 136: 966-968, 1973.
10. Marme D: The impact of anti-angiogenic agents on cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 129: 607-620, 2003.
11. Sridhar SS and Shepherd FA: Targeting angiogenesis: a review of angiogenesis inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 42: 81-91, 2003.
12. Eskens FA: Angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical development; where are we now and where are we going? Br J Cancer 90: 1-7, 2004.
13. Ellis LM, Liu W, Ahmad SA, Fan F, Jung YD, Shaheen RM and Reinmuth N: Overview of angiogenesis: biologic implications for antiangiogenic therapy. Semin Oncol 28: 94-104, 2001.
14. Ruoslahti E: Specialization of tumour vasculature. Nat Rev Cancer 2: 83-90, 2002.
15. Thorpe PE: Vascular targeting agents as cancer therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 10: 415-427, 2004.
16. Denekamp J: The tumour microcirculation as a target in cancer therapy: a clearer perspective. Eur J Clin Invest 29: 733-736, 1999.
17. Siemann DW, Mercer E, Lepler S and Rojiani AM: Vascular targeting agents enhance chemotherapeutic agent activities in solid tumor therapy. Int J Cancer 99: 1-6, 2002.
18. Chaplin DJ and Dougherty GJ: Tumour vasculature as a target for cancer therapy. Br J Cancer 80: 57-64, 1999.
19. Siemann DW, Chaplin DJ and Horsman MR: Vascular-targeting therapies for treatment of malignant disease. Cancer 100: 2491-2499, 2004.
20. Baguley BC: Antivascular therapy of cancer: DMXAA. Lancet Oncol 4: 141-148, 2003.
21. Liekens S, De Clercq E and Neyts J: Angiogenesis: regulators and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 61: 253-270, 2001.
22. Vaupel P and Harrison L: Tumor hypoxia: causative factors, compensatory mechanisms, and cellular response. Oncologist 9: 4-9, 2004.
23. Risau W: Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature 386: 671-674, 1997.
24. Ferrara N, Gerber HP and Le Couter J: The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 9: 669-676, 2003.
25. Ignoffo RJ: Overview of bevacizumab: a new cancer therapeutic strategy targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. Am J Health Syst Pharm 61: 21-26, 2004.
26. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, Berlin J, Baron A, Griffing S, Holmgren E, Ferrara N, Fyfe G, Rogers B, Ross R and Kabbinavar F: Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350: 2335-2342, 2004.
27. Rugo HS: Bevacizumab in the treatment of breast cancer: rationale and current data. Oncologist 9: 43-49, 2004.
28. Ferrara N, Hillan KJ, Gerber HP and Novotny W: Discovery and development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3: 391-400, 2004.
29. Rini BI: VEGF-targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Oncologist 10: 191-197, 2005.
30. Cabebe E and Wakelee H: Role of anti-angiogenesis agents in treating NSCLC: focus on bevacizumab and VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 8: 15-27, 2007.
31. Johnson DH, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny WF, Herbst RS, Nemunaitis JJ, Jablons DM, Langer CJ, De Vore RF III, Gaudreault J, Damico LA, Holmgren E and Kabbinavar F: Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22: 2184-2191, 2004.
32. Jayson GC, Zweit J, Jackson A, Mulatero C, Julyan P, Ranson M, Broughton L, Wagstaff J, Hakannson L, Groenewegen G, Bailey J, Smith N, Hastings D, Lawrance J, Haroon H, Ward T, McGown AT, Tang M, Levitt D, Marreaud S, Lehmann FF, Herold M and Zwierzina H: Molecular imaging and biological evaluation of HuMV833 anti-VEGF antibody: implications for trial design of antiangiogenic antibodies. J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 1484-1493, 2002.
33. Jayson GC, Mulatero C, Ranson M, Zweit J, Jackson A, Broughton L, Wagstaff J, Hakansson L, Groenewegen G, Lawrance J, Tang M, Wauk L, Levitt D, Marreaud S, Lehmann FF, Herold M and Zwierzina H: Phase I investigation of recombinant anti-human vascular endothelial growth factor antibody in patients with advanced cancer. Eur J Cancer 41: 555-563, 2005.
34. Zhang W, Ran S, Sambade M, Huang X and Thorpe PE: A monoclonal antibody that blocks VEGF binding to VEGFR2 (KDR/Flk-1) inhibits vascular expression of Flk-1 and tumor growth in an orthotopic human breast cancer model. Angiogenesis 5: 35-44, 2002.
35. Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, Croll SD, Ho L, Russell M, Boland P, Leidich R, Hylton D, Burova E, Ioffe E, Huang T, Radziejewski C, Bailey K, Fandl JP, Daly T, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD and Rudge JS: VEGF-Trap: a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 11393-11398, 2002.
36. Fukasawa M and Korc M: Vascular endothelial growth factortrap suppresses tumorigenicity of multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 10: 3327-3332, 2004.
37. Jain RK: Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307: 58-62, 2005.
38. Hood JD and Cheresh DA: Building a better Trap. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 8624-8625, 2003.
39. Lu D, Jimenez X, Zhang H, Bohlen P, Witte L and Zhu Z: Selection of high affinity human neutralizing antibodies to VEGFR2 from a large antibody phage display library for antiangiogenesis therapy. Int J Cancer 97: 393-399, 2002.
40. Zhu Z, Hattori K, Zhang H, Jimenez X, Ludwig DL, Dias S, Kussie P, Koo H, Kim HJ, Lu D, Liu M, Tejada R, Friedrich M, Bohlen P, Witte L and Rafii S: Inhibition of human leukemia in an animal model with human antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Correlation between antibody affinity and biological activity. Leukemia 17: 604-611, 2003.
41. Goldenberg MM: Trastuzumab, a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody, a novel agent for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Clin Ther 21: 309-318, 1999.
42. Rabindran SK: Antitumor activity of HER-2 inhibitors. Cancer Lett 227: 9-23, 2005.
43. Kumar R and Yarmand-Bagheri R: The role of HER2 in angiogenesis. Semin Oncol 28: 27-32, 2001.
44. Fendly BM, Winget M, Hudziak RM, Lipari MT, Napier MA and Ullrich A: Characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive to either the human epidermal growth factor receptor or HER2/neu gene product. Cancer Res 50: 1550-1558, 1990.
45. HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 4285-4289, 1992.
46. Fischer OM, Streit S, Hart S and Ullrich A: Beyond Herceptin and Gleevec. Curr Opin Chem Biol 7: 490-495, 2003.
47. Petit AM, Rak J, Hung MC, Rockwell P, Goldstein N, Fendly B and Kerbel RS: Neutralizing antibodies against epidermal growth factor and ErbB-2/neu receptor tyrosine kinases downregulate vascular endothelial growth factor production by tumor cells in vitro and in vivo: angiogenic implications for signal transduction therapy of solid tumors. Am J Pathol 151: 1523-1530, 1997.
48. Yokoi A, McCrudden KW, Huang J, Kim ES, Soffer SZ, Frischer JS, Serur A, New T, Yuan J, Mansukhani M, O'Toole K, Yamashiro DJ and Kandel JJ: Blockade of her2/neu decreases VEGF expression but does not alter HIF-1 distribution in experimental Wilms tumor. Oncol Rep 10: 1271-1274, 2003.
49. Izumi Y, Xu L, Di Tomaso E, Fukumura D and Jain RK: Tumour biology: herceptin acts as an anti-angiogenic cocktail. Nature 416: 279-280, 2002.
50. Li J, Ji J, Holmes LM, Burgin KE, Barton LB, Yu X, Wagner TE and Wei Y: Fusion protein from RGD peptide and Fc fragment of mouse immunoglobulin G inhibits angiogenesis in tumor. Cancer Gene Ther 11: 363-370, 2004.
51. Nahta R, Hung MC and Esteva FJ: The HER-2-targeting antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab synergistically inhibit the survival of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 64: 2343-2346, 2004.
52. Widakowich C, Dinh P, De Azambuja E, Awada A and Piccart-Gebhart M: HER-2 positive breast cancer: what else beyond trastuzumab-based therapy? Anticancer Agents Med Chem 8: 488-496, 2008.
53. Yamamoto N, Yamada Y, Fujiwara Y, Yamada K, Fujisaka Y, Shimizu T and Tamura T: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of HER2-targeted rhuMAb 2C4 (Pertuzumab, RO4368451) in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 39: 260-266, 2009.
54. Hynes RO: A reevaluation of integrins as regulators of angiogenesis. Nat Med 8: 918-921, 2002.
55. Sipkins DA, Cheresh DA, Kazemi MR, Nevin LM, Bednarski MD and Li KC: Detection of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by alphaV beta3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Med 4: 623-626, 1998.
56. Brooks PC, Stromblad S, Klemke R, Visscher D, Sarkar FH and Cheresh DA: Antiintegrin alpha v beta 3 blocks human breast cancer growth and angiogenesis in human skin. J Clin Invest 96: 1815-1822, 1995.
57. Pasqualini R, Koivunen E and Ruoslahti E: Alpha v integrins as receptors for tumor targeting by circulating ligands. Nat Biotechnol 15: 542-546, 1997.
58. Arap W, Pasqualini R and Ruoslahti E: Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science 279: 377-380, 1998.
59. Hicklin DJ and Ellis LM: Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol 23: 1011-1027, 2005.
60. Pekala P, Marlow M, Heuvelman D and Connolly D: Regulation of hexose transport in aortic endothelial cells by vascular permeability factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not by insulin. J Biol Chem 265: 18051-18054, 1990.
61. Ferrara N: Molecular and biological properties of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Mol Med 77: 527-543, 1999.
62. Wedge SR, Kendrew J, Hennequin LF, Valentine PJ, Barry ST, Brave SR, Smith NR, James NH, Dukes M, Curwen JO, Chester R, Jackson JA, Boffey SJ, Kilburn LL, Barnett S, Richmond GH, Wadsworth PF, Walker M, Bigley AL, Taylor ST, Cooper L, Beck S, Jurgensmeier JM and Ogilvie DJ: AZD2171: a highly potent, orally bioavailable, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Res 65: 4389-4400, 2005.
63. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, Rong H, Chen C, Zhang X, Vincent P, McHugh M, Cao Y, Shujath J, Gawlak S, Eveleigh D, Rowley B, Liu L, Adnane L, Lynch M, Auclair D, Taylor I, Gedrich R, Voznesensky A, Riedl B, Post LE, Bollag G and Trail PA: BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 64: 7099-7109, 2004.
64. Beebe JS, Jani JP, Knauth E, Goodwin P, Higdon C, Rossi AM, Emerson E, Finkelstein M, Floyd E, Harriman S, Atherton J, Hillerman S, Soderstrom C, Kou K, Gant T, Noe MC, Foster B, Rastinejad F, Marx MA, Schaeffer T, Whalen PM and Roberts WG: Pharmacological characterization of CP-547,632, a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 63: 7301-7309, 2003.
65. Ruggeri B, Singh J, Gingrich D, Angeles T, Albom M, Yang S, Chang H, Robinson C, Hunter K, Dobrzanski P, Jones-Bolin S, Pritchard S, Aimone L, Klein-Szanto A, Herbert JM, Bono F, Schaeffer P, Casellas P, Bourie B, Pili R, Isaacs J, Ator M, Hudkins R, Vaught J, Mallamo J and Dionne C: CEP-7055: a novel, orally active pan inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases with potent antiangiogenic activity and antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Cancer Res 63: 5978-5991, 2003.
66. Wood JM, Bold G, Buchdunger E, Cozens R, Ferrari S, Frei J, Hofmann F, Mestan J, Mett H, O'Reilly T, Persohn E, Rosel J, Schnell C, Stover D, Theuer A, Towbin H, Wenger F, Woods-Cook K, Menrad A, Siemeister G, Schirner M, Thierauch KH, Schneider MR, Drevs J, Martiny-Baron G and Totzke F: PTK787/ZK 222584, a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res 60: 2178-2189, 2000.
67. Nakamura K, Yamamoto A, Kamishohara M, Takahashi K, Taguchi E, Miura T, Kubo K, Shibuya M and Isoe T: KRN633: a selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase that suppresses tumor angiogenesis and growth. Mol Cancer Ther 3: 1639-1649, 2004.
68. Mendel DB, Laird AD, Xin X, Louie SG, Christensen JG, Li G, Schreck RE, Abrams TJ, Ngai TJ, Lee LB, Murray LJ, Carver J, Chan E, Moss KG, Haznedar JO, Sukbuntherng J, Blake RA, Sun L, Tang C, Miller T, Shirazian S, McMahon G and Cherrington JM: In vivo antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors: determination of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. Clin Cancer Res 9: 327-337, 2003.
69. Carlomagno F, Vitagliano D, Guida T, Ciardiello F, Tortora G, Vecchio G, Ryan AJ, Fontanini G, Fusco A and Santoro M: ZD6474, an orally available inhibitor of KDR tyrosine kinase activity, efficiently blocks oncogenic RET kinases. Cancer Res 62: 7284-7290, 2002.
70. Ciardiello F, Caputo R, Damiano V, Caputo R, Troiani T, Vitagliano D, Carlomagno F, Veneziani BM, Fontanini G, Bianco AR and Tortora G: Antitumor effects of ZD6474, a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with additional activity against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Clin Cancer Res 9: 1546-1556, 2003.
71. Wedge SR, Ogilvie DJ, Dukes M, Kendrew J, Chester R, Jackson JA, Boffey SJ, Valentine PJ, Curwen JO, Musgrove HL, Graham GA, Hughes GD, Thomas AP, Stokes ES, Curry B, Richmond GH, Wadsworth PF, Bigley AL and Hennequin LF: ZD6474 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, angiogenesis, and tumor growth following oral administration. Cancer Res 62: 4645-4655, 2002.
72. Bates D: ZD-6474. AstraZeneca. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4: 1468-1472, 2003.
73. Miller KD, Trigo JM, Wheeler C, Barge A, Rowbottom J, Sledge G and Baselga J: A multicenter phase II trial of ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11: 3369-3376, 2005.
74. Brazelle WD, Shi W and Siemann DW: VEGF-associated tyrosine kinase inhibition increases the tumor response to single and fractionated dose radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65: 836-841, 2006.
75. Rich JN, Sathornsumetee S, Keir ST, Kieran MW, Laforme A, Kaipainen A, McLendon RE, Graner MW, Rasheed BK, Wang L, Reardon DA, Ryan AJ, Wheeler C, Dimery I, Bigner DD and Friedman HS: ZD6474, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor, inhibits tumor growth of multiple nervous system tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11: 8145-8157, 2005.
76. Vogelzang NJ: Treatment options in metastatic renal carcinoma: an embarrassment of riches. J Clin Oncol 24: 1-3, 2006.
77. Ferrara N and Kerbel RS: Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target. Nature 438: 967-974, 2005.
78. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D and Keshet E: Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843-845, 1992.
79. Rossler J, Breit S, Havers W and Schweigerer L: Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human neuroblastoma: up-regulation by hypoxia. Int J Cancer 81: 113-117, 1999.
80. Ziemer LS, Koch CJ, Maity A, Magarelli DP, Horan AM and Evans SM: Hypoxia and VEGF mRNA expression in human tumors. Neoplasia 3: 500-508, 2001.
81. Finkenzeller G, Sparacio A, Technau A, Marme D and Siemeister G: Sp1 recognition sites in the proximal promoter of the human vascular endothelial growth factor gene are essential for platelet-derived growth factor-induced gene expression. Oncogene 15: 669-676, 1997.
82. Milanini J, Vinals F, Pouyssegur J and Pages G: p42/p44 MAP kinase module plays a key role in the transcriptional regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 273: 18165-18172, 1998.
83. Fukuda R, Kelly B and Semenza GL: Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in colon cancer cells exposed to prostaglandin E2 is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Cancer Res 63: 2330-2334, 2003.
84. Schafer G, Cramer T, Suske G, Kemmner W, Wiedenmann B and Hocker M: Oxidative stress regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-A gene transcription through Sp1- and Sp3-dependent activation of two proximal GC-rich promoter elements. J Biol Chem 278: 8190-8198, 2003.
85. Stoner M, Wormke M, Saville B, Samudio I, Qin C, Abdelrahim M and Safe S: Estrogen regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in ZR-75 breast cancer cells through interaction of estrogen receptor alpha and SP proteins. Oncogene 23: 1052-1063, 2004.
86. Abdelrahim M, Smith R III, Burghardt R and Safe S: Role of Sp proteins in regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 64: 6740-6749, 2004.
87. Ishibashi H, Nakagawa K, Onimaru M, Castellanous EJ, Kaneda Y, Nakashima Y, Shirasuna K and Sueishi K: Sp1 decoy transfected to carcinoma cells suppresses the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor beta1, and tissue factor and also cell growth and invasion activities. Cancer Res 60: 6531-6536, 2000.
88. Gately S and Li WW: Multiple roles of COX-2 in tumor angiogenesis: a target for antiangiogenic therapy. Semin Oncol 31: 2-11, 2004.
89. Taketo MM: COX-2 and colon cancer. Inflamm Res 47 (Suppl. 2): S112-S116, 1998.
90. Wei D, Wang L, He Y, Xiong HQ, Abbruzzese JL and Xie K: Celecoxib inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor expression in and reduces angiogenesis and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer via suppression of Sp1 transcription factor activity. Cancer Res 64: 2030-2038, 2004.
91. Abdelrahim M and Safe S: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors decrease vascular endothelial growth factor expression in colon cancer cells by enhanced degradation of Sp1 and Sp4 proteins. Mol Pharmacol 68: 317-329, 2005.
92. Abdelrahim M, Baker CH, Abbruzzese JL and Safe S: Tolfenamic acid and pancreatic cancer growth, angiogenesis, and Sp protein degradation. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 855-868, 2006.
93. Konduri S, Colon J, Baker CH, Safe S, Abbruzzese JL, Abudayyeh A, Basha MR and Abdelrahim M: Tolfenamic acid enhances pancreatic cancer cell and tumor response to radiation therapy by inhibiting survivin protein expression. Mol Cancer Ther 8: 533-542, 2009.
94. Benjamin LE, Golijanin D, Itin A, Pode D and Keshet E: Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal. J Clin Invest 103: 159-165, 1999.
95. Pluda JM: Tumor-associated angiogenesis: mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies. Semin Oncol 24: 203-218, 1997.
96. Jain RK: Molecular regulation of vessel maturation. Nat Med 9: 685-693, 2003.
97. Neri D and Bicknell R: Tumour vascular targeting. Nat Rev Cancer 5: 436-446, 2005.
98. Matsumura Y and Maeda H: A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res 46: 6387-6392, 1986.
99. Darland DC and D'Amore PA: Blood vessel maturation: vascular development comes of age. J Clin Invest 103: 157-158, 1999.
100. Morikawa S, Baluk P, Kaidoh T, Haskell A, Jain RK and McDonald DM: Abnormalities in pericytes on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors. Am J Pathol 160: 985-1000, 2002.
101. Kakolyris S, Fox SB, Koukourakis M, Giatromanolaki A, Brown N, Leek RD, Taylor M, Leigh IM, Gatter KC and Harris AL: Relationship of vascular maturation in breast cancer blood vessels to vascular density and metastasis, assessed by expression of a novel basement membrane component, LH39. Br J Cancer 82: 844-851, 2000.
102. Schnitzer JE: Vascular targeting as a strategy for cancer therapy. N Engl J Med 339: 472-474, 1998.
103. Griggs J, Metcalfe JC and Hesketh R: Targeting tumour vasculature: the development of combretastatin A4. Lancet Oncol 2: 82-87, 2001.
104. Tozer GM, Kanthou C, Parkins CS and Hill SA: The biology of the combretastatins as tumour vascular targeting agents. Int J Exp Pathol 83: 21-38, 2002.
105. Huang X, Molema G, King S, Watkins L, Edgington TS and Thorpe PE: Tumor infarction in mice by antibody-directed targeting of tissue factor to tumor vasculature. Science 275: 547-550, 1997.
106. Blakey DC, Westwood FR, Walker M, Hughes GD, Davis PD, Ashton SE and Ryan AJ: Antitumor activity of the novel vascular targeting agent ZD6126 in a panel of tumor models. Clin Cancer Res 8: 1974-1983, 2002.
107. Ching LM, Goldsmith D, Joseph WR, Korner H, Sedgwick JD and Baguley BC: Induction of intratumoral tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis and hemorrhagic necrosis by 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) in TNF knockout mice. Cancer Res 59: 3304-3307, 1999.
108. Thorpe PE, Chaplin DJ and Blakey DC: The first international conference on vascular targeting: meeting overview. Cancer Res 63: 1144-1147, 2003.
109. Pasqualini R and Arap W: Translation of vascular diversity into targeted therapeutics. Ann Hematol 81: 66-67, 2002.
110. Trepel M, Arap W and Pasqualini R: Exploring vascular heterogeneity for gene therapy targeting. Gene Ther 7: 2059-2060, 2000.
111. Nilsson F, Kosmehl H, Zardi L and Neri D: Targeted delivery of tissue factor to the ED-B domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, mediates the infarction of solid tumors in mice. Cancer Res 61: 711-716, 2001.
112. Huang X, Bennett M and Thorpe PE: A monoclonal antibody that binds anionic phospholipids on tumor blood vessels enhances the antitumor effect of docetaxel on human breast tumors in mice. Cancer Res 65: 4408-4416, 2005.
113. Arap W, Kolonin MG, Trepel M, Lahdenranta J, Cardo-Vila M, Giordano RJ, Mintz PJ, Ardelt PU, Yao VJ, Vidal CI, Chen L, Flamm A, Valtanen H, Weavind LM, Hicks ME, Pollock RE, Botz GH, Bucana CD, Koivunen E, Cahill D, Troncoso P, Baggerly KA, Pentz RD, Do KA, Logothetis CJ and Pasqualini R: Steps toward mapping the human vasculature by phage display. Nat Med 8: 121-127, 2002.
114. Chaplin DJ, Pettit GR, Parkins CS and Hill SA: Antivascular approaches to solid tumour therapy: evaluation of tubulin binding agents. Br J Cancer (Suppl) 27: 86-88, 1996.
115. Hill SA, Sampson LE and Chaplin DJ: Anti-vascular approaches to solid tumour therapy: evaluation of vinblastine and flavone acetic acid. Int J Cancer 63: 119-123, 1995.
116. Kerr DJ and Kaye SB: Flavone acetic acid - preclinical and clinical activity. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25: 1271-1272, 1989.
117. Chabot GG, Branellec D, Sassi A, Armand JP, Gouyette A and Chouaib S: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha plasma levels after flavone acetic acid administration in man and mouse. Eur J Cancer 29: 729-733, 1993.
118. Hill SA, Toze GM, Pettit GR and Chaplin DJ: Preclinical evaluation of the antitumour activity of the novel vascular targeting agent Oxi 4503. Anticancer Res 22: 1453-1458, 2002.
119. Baguley BC, Holdaway KM, Thomsen LL, Zhuang L and Zwi LJ: Inhibition of growth of colon 38 adenocarcinoma by vinblastine and colchicine: evidence for a vascular mechanism. Eur J Cancer 27: 482-487, 1991.
120. Hill SA, Lonergan SJ, Denekamp J and Chaplin DJ: Vinca alkaloids: anti-vascular effects in a murine tumour. Eur J Cancer 29: 1320-1324, 1993.
121. Bibby MC, Double JA, Loadman PM and Duke CV: Reduction of tumor blood flow by flavone acetic acid: a possible component of therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 216-220, 1989.
122. Kallinowski F, Schaefer C, Tyler G and Vaupel P: In vivo targets of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-alpha: blood flow, oxygen consumption and growth of isotransplanted rat tumours. Br J Cancer 60: 555-560, 1989.
123. Zwi LJ, Baguley BC, Gavin JB and Wilson WR: Blood flow failure as a major determinant in the antitumor action of flavone acetic acid. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 1005-1013, 1989.
124. Dark GG, Hill SA, Prise VE, Tozer GM, Pettit GR and Chaplin DJ: Combretastatin A-4, an agent that displays potent and selective toxicity toward tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 57: 1829-1834, 1997.
125. Chaplin DJ, Pettit GR and Hill SA: Anti-vascular approaches to solid tumour therapy: evaluation of combretastatin A4 phosphate. Anticancer Res 19: 189-195, 1999.
126. 3H]mebendazole binding to tubulin by structurally diverse microtubule inhibitors which interact at the colchicine binding site. Biochem Mol Biol Int 35: 1153-1159, 1995.
127. James C, Pettit GR, Nielsen OF, Jayakumar VS and Joe IH: Vibrational spectra and ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the novel anti-cancer drug combretastatin A-4 prodrug. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 70: 1208-1216, 2008.
128. Siemann DW, Chaplin DJ and Walicke PA: A review and update of the current status of the vasculature-disabling agent combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA4P). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 18: 189-197, 2009.
129. Vincent L, Kermani P, Young LM, Cheng J, Zhang F, Shido K, Lam G, Bompais-Vincent H, Zhu Z, Hicklin DJ, Bohlen P, Chaplin DJ, May C and Rafii S: Combretastatin A4 phosphate induces rapid regression of tumor neovessels and growth through interference with vascular endothelial-cadherin signaling. J Clin Invest 115: 2992-3006, 2005.
130. Dowlati A, Robertson K, Cooney M, Petros WP, Stratford M, Jesberger J, Rafie N, Overmoyer B, Makkar V, Stambler B, Taylor A, Waas J, Lewin JS, McCrae KR and Remick SC: A phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res 62: 3408-3416, 2002.
131. Anderson HL, Yap JT, Miller MP, Robbins A, Jones T and Price PM: Assessment of pharmacodynamic vascular response in a phase I trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate. J Clin Oncol 21: 2823-2830, 2003.
132. Otani M, Natsume T, Watanabe JI, Kobayashi M, Murakoshi M, Mikami T and Nakayama T: TZT-1027, an antimicrotubule agent, attacks tumor vasculature and induces tumor cell death. Jpn J Cancer Res 91: 837-844, 2000.
133. Schoffski P, Riggert S, Fumoleau P, Campone M, Bolte O, Marreaud S, Lacombe D, Baron B, Herold M, Zwierzina H, Wilhelm-Ogunbiyi K, Lentzen H and Twelves C: Phase I trial of intravenous aviscumine (rViscumin) in patients with solid tumors: a study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer New Drug Development Group. Ann Oncol 15: 1816-1824, 2004.
134. De Jonge MJ, van der Gaast A, Planting AS, van Doorn L, Lems A, Boot I, Wanders J, Satomi M and Verweij J: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the dolastatin 10 analogue TZT-1027, given on days 1 and 8 of a 3-week cycle in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11: 3806-3813, 2005.
135. Davis PD, Dougherty GJ, Blakey DC, Galbraith SM, Tozer GM, Holder AL, Naylor MA, Nolan J, Stratford MR, Chaplin DJ and Hill SA: ZD6126: a novel vascular-targeting agent that causes selective destruction of tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 62: 7247-7253, 2002.
136. Baguley BC and Ching LM: DMXAA: an antivascular agent with multiple host responses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54: 1503-1511, 2002.
137. Mahadevan V, Malik ST, Meager A, Fiers W, Lewis GP and Hart IR: Role of tumor necrosis factor in flavone acetic acidinduced tumor vasculature shutdown. Cancer Res 50: 5537-5542, 1990.
138. Philpott M, Baguley BC and Ching LM: Induction of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by single and repeated doses of the antitumour agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 36: 143-148, 1995.
139. Zhou S, Kestell P, Baguley BC and Paxton JW: 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4- acetic acid (DMXAA): a new biological response modifier for cancer therapy. Invest New Drugs 20: 281-295, 2002.
140. McPhail LD, McIntyre DJ, Ludwig C, Kestell P, Griffiths JR, Kelland LR and Robinson SP: Rat tumor response to the vascular-disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid as measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels, and tumor necrosis. Neoplasia 8: 199-206, 2006.
141. Galbraith SM, Rustin GJ, Lodge MA, Taylor NJ, Stirling JJ, Jameson M, Thompson P, Hough D, Gumbrell L and Padhani AR: Effects of 5,6- dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid on human tumor microcirculation assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol 20: 3826-3840, 2002.
142. Jameson MB, Thompson PI, Baguley BC, Evans BD, Harvey VJ, Porter DJ, McCrystal MR, Small M, Bellenger K, Gumbrell L, Halbert GW and Kestell P: Clinical aspects of a phase I trial of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a novel antivascular agent. Br J Cancer 88: 1844-1850, 2003.
143. Griffin RJ, Monzen H, Williams BW, Park H, Lee SH and Song CW: Arsenic trioxide induces selective tumour vascular damage via oxidative stress and increases thermosensitivity of tumours. Int J Hyperthermia 19: 575-589, 2003.
144. Maroun JA, Jonker D, Seymour L, Goel R, Vincent M, Kocha W, Cripps C, Fisher B, Lister D, Malpage A and Chiritescu G: A National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study-IND.135: phase I/II study of irinotecan (camptosar), oxaliplatin and raltitrexed (tomudex) (COT) in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 42: 193-199, 2006.
145. Siemann DW, Bibby MC, Dark GG, Dicker AP, Eskens FA, Horsman MR, Marme D and Lorusso PM: Differentiation and definition of vascular-targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res 11: 416-420, 2005.
146. Siemann DW and Shi W: Efficacy of combined antiangiogenic and vascular disrupting agents in treatment of solid tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60: 1233-1240, 2004.
147. Cooney MM, Ortiz J, Bukowski RM and Remick SC: Novel vascular targeting/disrupting agents: combretastatin A4 phosphate and related compounds. Curr Oncol Rep 7: 90-95, 2005.
148. Belleri M, Ribatti D, Nicoli S, Cotelli F, Forti L, Vannini V, Stivala LA and Presta M: Antiangiogenic and vasculartargeting activity of the microtubule-destabilizing transresveratrol derivative 3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene. Mol Pharmacol 67: 1451-1459, 2005.
149. Kruczynski A, Poli M, Dossi R, Chazottes E, Berrichon G, Ricome C, Giavazzi R, Hill BT and Taraboletti G: Antiangiogenic, vascular-disrupting and anti-metastatic activities of vinflunine, the latest vinca alkaloid in clinical development. Eur J Cancer 42: 2821-2832, 2006.
150. Ren X, Dai M, Lin LP, Li PK and Ding J: Anti-angiogenic and vascular disrupting effects of C9, a new microtubuledepolymerizing agent. Br J Pharmacol (In press).