메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 167, Issue 2-4, 2010, Pages 123-135

Natural history of Ehrlichia ruminantium

Author keywords

Distribution; Ehrlichia ruminantium; Epidemiology; Heartwater; Vaccine development; Virulence

Indexed keywords

INACTIVATED VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; RECOMBINANT VACCINE;

EID: 74449091308     PISSN: 03044017     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (110)

References (142)
  • 1
    • 0034763593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel Ehrlichia genotype detected in dogs in South Africa
    • Allsopp M.T., and Allsopp B.A. Novel Ehrlichia genotype detected in dogs in South Africa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 4204-4207
    • (2001) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.39 , pp. 4204-4207
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Allsopp, B.A.2
  • 2
    • 34547684501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive genetic recombination occurs in the field between different genotypes of Ehrlichia ruminantium
    • Allsopp M.T., and Allsopp B.A. Extensive genetic recombination occurs in the field between different genotypes of Ehrlichia ruminantium. Vet. Microbiol. 124 (2007) 58-65
    • (2007) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.124 , pp. 58-65
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Allsopp, B.A.2
  • 3
    • 0034759582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ehrlichia ruminantium major antigenic protein gene (map1) variants are not geographically constrained and show no evidence of having evolved under positive selection pressure
    • Allsopp M.T., Dorfling C.M., Maillard J.C., Bensaid A., Haydon D.T., van Heerden H., and Allsopp B.A. Ehrlichia ruminantium major antigenic protein gene (map1) variants are not geographically constrained and show no evidence of having evolved under positive selection pressure. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 4200-4203
    • (2001) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.39 , pp. 4200-4203
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Dorfling, C.M.2    Maillard, J.C.3    Bensaid, A.4    Haydon, D.T.5    van Heerden, H.6    Allsopp, B.A.7
  • 4
    • 0031850074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for the detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species in ticks
    • Allsopp M.T., Hattingh C.M., Vogel S.W., and Allsopp B.A. Comparative evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for the detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species in ticks. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 849 (1998) 78-84
    • (1998) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.849 , pp. 78-84
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Hattingh, C.M.2    Vogel, S.W.3    Allsopp, B.A.4
  • 5
    • 0032912531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species
    • Allsopp M.T., Hattingh C.M., Vogel S.W., and Allsopp B.A. Evaluation of 16S, map1 and pCS20 probes for detection of Cowdria and Ehrlichia species. Epidemiol. Infect. 122 (1999) 323-328
    • (1999) Epidemiol. Infect. , vol.122 , pp. 323-328
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Hattingh, C.M.2    Vogel, S.W.3    Allsopp, B.A.4
  • 6
    • 0033181986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of Theileria and Cowdria parasites in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and their associated Amblyomma hebraeum ticks
    • Allsopp M.T., Theron J., Coetzee M.L., Dunsterville M.T., and Allsopp B.A. The occurrence of Theileria and Cowdria parasites in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and their associated Amblyomma hebraeum ticks. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 66 (1999) 245-249
    • (1999) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.66 , pp. 245-249
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Theron, J.2    Coetzee, M.L.3    Dunsterville, M.T.4    Allsopp, B.A.5
  • 7
    • 33745727549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ehrlichia ruminantium: an emerging human pathogen?
    • Allsopp M.T., Louw M., and Meyer E.C. Ehrlichia ruminantium: an emerging human pathogen?. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1063 (2005) 358-360
    • (2005) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.1063 , pp. 358-360
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Louw, M.2    Meyer, E.C.3
  • 9
    • 33846439439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ehrlichia ruminantium variants which do not cause heartwater found in South Africa
    • Allsopp M.T., Van Strijp M.F., Faber E., Josemans A.I., and Allsopp B.A. Ehrlichia ruminantium variants which do not cause heartwater found in South Africa. Vet. Microbiol. 120 (2007) 158-166
    • (2007) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.120 , pp. 158-166
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Van Strijp, M.F.2    Faber, E.3    Josemans, A.I.4    Allsopp, B.A.5
  • 10
    • 0030817638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different organisms associated with heartwater as shown by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences
    • Allsopp M.T., Visser E.S., du Plessis J.L., Vogel S.W., and Allsopp B.A. Different organisms associated with heartwater as shown by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Vet. Parasitol. 71 (1997) 283-300
    • (1997) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.71 , pp. 283-300
    • Allsopp, M.T.1    Visser, E.S.2    du Plessis, J.L.3    Vogel, S.W.4    Allsopp, B.A.5
  • 11
    • 0024834465 scopus 로고
    • The carrier status of sheep, cattle and African buffalo recovered from heartwater
    • Andrew H.R., and Norval R.A.I. The carrier status of sheep, cattle and African buffalo recovered from heartwater. Vet. Parasitol. 34 (1989) 261-266
    • (1989) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.34 , pp. 261-266
    • Andrew, H.R.1    Norval, R.A.I.2
  • 12
    • 0024759432 scopus 로고
    • The role of males of the bont tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) in the transmission of Cowdria ruminantium (heartwater)
    • Andrew H.R., and Norval R.A.I. The role of males of the bont tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) in the transmission of Cowdria ruminantium (heartwater). Vet. Parasitol. 34 (1989) 15-23
    • (1989) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.34 , pp. 15-23
    • Andrew, H.R.1    Norval, R.A.I.2
  • 14
    • 0029367574 scopus 로고
    • Propagation of the tick Amblyomma variegatum in the Caribbean
    • Barré N., Garris G., and Camus E. Propagation of the tick Amblyomma variegatum in the Caribbean. Rev. Sci. Tech. 14 (1995) 841-855
    • (1995) Rev. Sci. Tech. , vol.14 , pp. 841-855
    • Barré, N.1    Garris, G.2    Camus, E.3
  • 15
    • 0023973437 scopus 로고
    • Hosts and population dynamics of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Guadeloupe, French West Indies
    • Barré N., Garris G.I., Borel G., and Camus E. Hosts and population dynamics of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Guadeloupe, French West Indies. J. Med. Entomol. 25 (1988) 111-115
    • (1988) J. Med. Entomol. , vol.25 , pp. 111-115
    • Barré, N.1    Garris, G.I.2    Borel, G.3    Camus, E.4
  • 16
    • 0021018980 scopus 로고
    • Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain
    • Beveridge T.J., and Davies J.A. Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain. J. Bacteriol. 156 (1983) 846-858
    • (1983) J. Bacteriol. , vol.156 , pp. 846-858
    • Beveridge, T.J.1    Davies, J.A.2
  • 19
    • 0037470208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation of Ehrlichia ruminantium challenge material for quantifiable and reproducible challenge in mice and sheep
    • Brayton K.A., Collins N.E., van Strijp F., and Allsopp B.A. Preparation of Ehrlichia ruminantium challenge material for quantifiable and reproducible challenge in mice and sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 112 (2003) 63-73
    • (2003) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.112 , pp. 63-73
    • Brayton, K.A.1    Collins, N.E.2    van Strijp, F.3    Allsopp, B.A.4
  • 20
    • 74449086832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Camus, E., 1987. Contribution à l'étude épidémiologique de la cowdriose (C. ruminantium) en Guadeloupe. D.-es-Sc. Thesis, Université de Paris-Sud, Paris.
    • Camus, E., 1987. Contribution à l'étude épidémiologique de la cowdriose (C. ruminantium) en Guadeloupe. D.-es-Sc. Thesis, Université de Paris-Sud, Paris.
  • 21
    • 0027023470 scopus 로고
    • Le portage asymptomatique de bovins et chèvres Créole guéris de la cowdriose en Guadeloupe
    • Camus E. Le portage asymptomatique de bovins et chèvres Créole guéris de la cowdriose en Guadeloupe. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 45 (1992) 133-135
    • (1992) Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. , vol.45 , pp. 133-135
    • Camus, E.1
  • 22
    • 0023402885 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of heartwater in the live animal: experiences with goats in Guadeloupe
    • Camus E., and Barré N. Diagnosis of heartwater in the live animal: experiences with goats in Guadeloupe. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 291-294
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 291-294
    • Camus, E.1    Barré, N.2
  • 23
    • 0026669427 scopus 로고
    • The role of Amblyomma variegatum in the transmission of heartwater with special reference to Guadeloupe
    • Camus E., and Barré N. The role of Amblyomma variegatum in the transmission of heartwater with special reference to Guadeloupe. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 653 (1992) 33-41
    • (1992) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.653 , pp. 33-41
    • Camus, E.1    Barré, N.2
  • 24
    • 0036407157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are bacterial species?
    • Cohan F.M. What are bacterial species?. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56 (2002) 457-487
    • (2002) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.56 , pp. 457-487
    • Cohan, F.M.1
  • 27
    • 0027690968 scopus 로고
    • Potential role of cattle egrets, Bubulcus ibis (Ciconiformes: Ardeidae), in the dissemination of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in the eastern Caribbean
    • Corn J.L., Barré N., Thiebot B., Creekmore T.E., Garris G.I., and Nettles V.F. Potential role of cattle egrets, Bubulcus ibis (Ciconiformes: Ardeidae), in the dissemination of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in the eastern Caribbean. J. Med. Entomol. 30 (1993) 1029-1037
    • (1993) J. Med. Entomol. , vol.30 , pp. 1029-1037
    • Corn, J.L.1    Barré, N.2    Thiebot, B.3    Creekmore, T.E.4    Garris, G.I.5    Nettles, V.F.6
  • 28
    • 49849086214 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the etiology of heartwater. 1. Observation of a rickettsia, Rickettsia ruminantium (n. sp.), in the tissues of infected animals
    • Cowdry E.V. Studies on the etiology of heartwater. 1. Observation of a rickettsia, Rickettsia ruminantium (n. sp.), in the tissues of infected animals. J. Exp. Med. 42 (1925) 231-252
    • (1925) J. Exp. Med. , vol.42 , pp. 231-252
    • Cowdry, E.V.1
  • 29
    • 84994973887 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the etiology of heartwater. 2. Rickettsia ruminantium (n. sp.) in the tissues of ticks transmitting the disease
    • Cowdry E.V. Studies on the etiology of heartwater. 2. Rickettsia ruminantium (n. sp.) in the tissues of ticks transmitting the disease. J. Exp. Med. 42 (1925) 253-274
    • (1925) J. Exp. Med. , vol.42 , pp. 253-274
    • Cowdry, E.V.1
  • 31
    • 0034534524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the MAP1b ELISA for the diagnosis of heartwater in South Africa
    • De Waal D.T., Matthee O., and Jongejan F. Evaluation of the MAP1b ELISA for the diagnosis of heartwater in South Africa. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 916 (2000) 622-627
    • (2000) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.916 , pp. 622-627
    • De Waal, D.T.1    Matthee, O.2    Jongejan, F.3
  • 32
    • 0032086042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of heartwater and the threat of introduction of Cowdria ruminantium and Amblyomma spp. ticks to the American mainland
    • Deem S.L. A review of heartwater and the threat of introduction of Cowdria ruminantium and Amblyomma spp. ticks to the American mainland. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 29 (1998) 109-113
    • (1998) J. Zoo Wildl. Med. , vol.29 , pp. 109-113
    • Deem, S.L.1
  • 33
    • 0030029207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of vertical transmission of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, from cows to their calves
    • Deem S.L., Norval R.A., Donachie P.L., and Mahan S.M. Demonstration of vertical transmission of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater, from cows to their calves. Vet. Parasitol. 61 (1996) 119-132
    • (1996) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.61 , pp. 119-132
    • Deem, S.L.1    Norval, R.A.2    Donachie, P.L.3    Mahan, S.M.4
  • 34
    • 0014798607 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of heartwater. I. Cowdria ruminantium in the lymph nodes of domestic ruminants
    • Du Plessis J.L. Pathogenesis of heartwater. I. Cowdria ruminantium in the lymph nodes of domestic ruminants. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 37 (1970) 89-95
    • (1970) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 89-95
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1
  • 36
    • 0022071117 scopus 로고
    • A method for determining the Cowdria ruminantium infection rate of Amblyomma hebraeum: effects in mice injected with tick homogenates
    • Du Plessis J.L. A method for determining the Cowdria ruminantium infection rate of Amblyomma hebraeum: effects in mice injected with tick homogenates. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 52 (1985) 55-61
    • (1985) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.52 , pp. 55-61
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1
  • 37
    • 0025580593 scopus 로고
    • Increased pathogenicity of an Ehrlichia-like agent after passage through Amblyomma hebraeum: a preliminary report
    • Du Plessis J.L. Increased pathogenicity of an Ehrlichia-like agent after passage through Amblyomma hebraeum: a preliminary report. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 57 (1990) 233-237
    • (1990) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.57 , pp. 233-237
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1
  • 40
    • 0023402963 scopus 로고
    • The application of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in research on heartwater
    • Du Plessis J.L., and Malan L. The application of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in research on heartwater. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 319-325
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 319-325
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1    Malan, L.2
  • 41
    • 0023402925 scopus 로고
    • The non-specific resistance of cattle to heartwater
    • Du Plessis J.L., and Malan L. The non-specific resistance of cattle to heartwater. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 333-336
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 333-336
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1    Malan, L.2
  • 42
    • 0023402481 scopus 로고
    • Problems with the interpretation of epidemiological data in heartwater: a study on 23 farms
    • Du Plessis J.L., and Malan L. Problems with the interpretation of epidemiological data in heartwater: a study on 23 farms. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 427-433
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 427-433
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1    Malan, L.2
  • 43
    • 0024726675 scopus 로고
    • The heterogenicity of Cowdria ruminantium stocks: cross-immunity and serology in sheep and pathogenicity to mice
    • Du Plessis J.L., Van Gas L., Olivier J.A., and Bezuidenhout J.D. The heterogenicity of Cowdria ruminantium stocks: cross-immunity and serology in sheep and pathogenicity to mice. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 56 (1989) 195-201
    • (1989) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.56 , pp. 195-201
    • Du Plessis, J.L.1    Van Gas, L.2    Olivier, J.A.3    Bezuidenhout, J.D.4
  • 44
    • 0035192367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila
    • Dumler J.S., Barbet A.F., Bekker C.P., Dasch G.A., Palmer G.H., Ray S.C., Rikihisa Y., and Rurangirwa F.R. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (2001) 2145-2165
    • (2001) Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. , vol.51 , pp. 2145-2165
    • Dumler, J.S.1    Barbet, A.F.2    Bekker, C.P.3    Dasch, G.A.4    Palmer, G.H.5    Ray, S.C.6    Rikihisa, Y.7    Rurangirwa, F.R.8
  • 45
    • 3142692027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of Ehrlichia ruminantium-specific T1/T2 responses during vaccination with a protective killed vaccine and challenge of goats
    • Esteves I., Vachiery N., Martinez D., and Totte P. Analysis of Ehrlichia ruminantium-specific T1/T2 responses during vaccination with a protective killed vaccine and challenge of goats. Parasite Immunol. 26 (2004) 95-103
    • (2004) Parasite Immunol. , vol.26 , pp. 95-103
    • Esteves, I.1    Vachiery, N.2    Martinez, D.3    Totte, P.4
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0032584515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saliva of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick impairs T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma-induced macrophage microbicidal activity
    • Ferreira B.R., and Silva J.S. Saliva of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick impairs T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma-induced macrophage microbicidal activity. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 64 (1998) 279-293
    • (1998) Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. , vol.64 , pp. 279-293
    • Ferreira, B.R.1    Silva, J.S.2
  • 49
    • 18244419426 scopus 로고
    • Épidémiologie de la cowdriose au Sénégal. 1. Étude de la transmission et du taux d'infection d'Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) dans la région des Niayes
    • Gueye A., Mbengue M., and Diouf A. Épidémiologie de la cowdriose au Sénégal. 1. Étude de la transmission et du taux d'infection d'Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) dans la région des Niayes. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 46 (1993) 441-447
    • (1993) Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. , vol.46 , pp. 441-447
    • Gueye, A.1    Mbengue, M.2    Diouf, A.3
  • 50
    • 0242578620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood
    • Guindon S., and Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52 (2003) 696-704
    • (2003) Syst. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 696-704
    • Guindon, S.1    Gascuel, O.2
  • 51
    • 0000074760 scopus 로고
    • Note on the use of the white mouse for the transport of strains of heartwater
    • Haig D.A. Note on the use of the white mouse for the transport of strains of heartwater. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 23 (1952) 167-170
    • (1952) J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.23 , pp. 167-170
    • Haig, D.A.1
  • 52
    • 2542438691 scopus 로고
    • The serological relationship between Cowdria ruminantium and certain members of the genus Ehrlichia
    • Holland C.J., Logan L.L., Mebus C.A., and Ristic M. The serological relationship between Cowdria ruminantium and certain members of the genus Ehrlichia. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 331
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 331
    • Holland, C.J.1    Logan, L.L.2    Mebus, C.A.3    Ristic, M.4
  • 53
    • 0024809658 scopus 로고
    • The host status of the striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in relation to the tick vectors of heartwater in South Africa
    • Howell D.J., Petney T.N., and Horak I.G. The host status of the striped mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio, in relation to the tick vectors of heartwater in South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 56 (1989) 289-291
    • (1989) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.56 , pp. 289-291
    • Howell, D.J.1    Petney, T.N.2    Horak, I.G.3
  • 54
    • 0002241107 scopus 로고
    • Some preliminary experiments on the survival of heartwater "virus" in rats
    • Hudson J.R., and Henderson R.M. Some preliminary experiments on the survival of heartwater "virus" in rats. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 12 (1941) 39-49
    • (1941) J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.12 , pp. 39-49
    • Hudson, J.R.1    Henderson, R.M.2
  • 55
    • 0026098865 scopus 로고
    • Protective immunity to heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) is acquired after vaccination with in vitro-attenuated rickettsiae
    • Jongejan F. Protective immunity to heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) is acquired after vaccination with in vitro-attenuated rickettsiae. Infect. Immun. 59 (1991) 729-731
    • (1991) Infect. Immun. , vol.59 , pp. 729-731
    • Jongejan, F.1
  • 58
    • 0031946850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis
    • Katavolos P., Armstrong P.M., Dawson J.E., and Telford III S.R. Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J. Infect. Dis. 177 (1998) 1422-1425
    • (1998) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.177 , pp. 1422-1425
    • Katavolos, P.1    Armstrong, P.M.2    Dawson, J.E.3    Telford III, S.R.4
  • 59
    • 0030180672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A recombinant antigen from the heartwater agent (Cowdria ruminatium) reactive with antibodies in some southeastern United States white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), but not cattle, sera
    • Katz J.B., Barbet A.F., Mahan S.M., Kumbula D., Lockhart J.M., Keel M.K., Dawson J.E., Olson J.G., and Ewing S.A. A recombinant antigen from the heartwater agent (Cowdria ruminatium) reactive with antibodies in some southeastern United States white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), but not cattle, sera. J. Wildl. Dis. 32 (1996) 424-430
    • (1996) J. Wildl. Dis. , vol.32 , pp. 424-430
    • Katz, J.B.1    Barbet, A.F.2    Mahan, S.M.3    Kumbula, D.4    Lockhart, J.M.5    Keel, M.K.6    Dawson, J.E.7    Olson, J.G.8    Ewing, S.A.9
  • 60
    • 0023299385 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural features of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells and salivary glands of nymphal Amblyomma hebraeum
    • Kocan K.M., Bezuidenhout J.D., and Hart A. Ultrastructural features of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells and salivary glands of nymphal Amblyomma hebraeum. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 87-92
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 87-92
    • Kocan, K.M.1    Bezuidenhout, J.D.2    Hart, A.3
  • 61
    • 0023303618 scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of colonies of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells of Amblyomma variegatum
    • Kocan K.M., Morzaria S.P., Voigt W.P., Kiarie J., and Irvin A.D. Demonstration of colonies of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells of Amblyomma variegatum. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 (1987) 356-360
    • (1987) Am. J. Vet. Res. , vol.48 , pp. 356-360
    • Kocan, K.M.1    Morzaria, S.P.2    Voigt, W.P.3    Kiarie, J.4    Irvin, A.D.5
  • 62
    • 14044262978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes
    • Konstantinidis K.T., and Tiedje J.M. Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 2567-2572
    • (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.102 , pp. 2567-2572
    • Konstantinidis, K.T.1    Tiedje, J.M.2
  • 63
    • 47049119369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two USA Ehrlichia spp. cause febrile illness in goats
    • Loftis A.D., Levin M.L., and Spurlock J.P. Two USA Ehrlichia spp. cause febrile illness in goats. Vet. Microbiol. 130 (2008) 398-402
    • (2008) Vet. Microbiol. , vol.130 , pp. 398-402
    • Loftis, A.D.1    Levin, M.L.2    Spurlock, J.P.3
  • 65
    • 33846527061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection of a goat with a tick-transmitted Ehrlichia from Georgia, U.S.A., that is closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium
    • Loftis D.A., Reeves W.K., Spurlock J.P., Mahan S.M., Troughton D.R., Dasch G.A., and Levin M.L. Infection of a goat with a tick-transmitted Ehrlichia from Georgia, U.S.A., that is closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium. J. Vector Ecol. 31 (2006) 213-223
    • (2006) J. Vector Ecol. , vol.31 , pp. 213-223
    • Loftis, D.A.1    Reeves, W.K.2    Spurlock, J.P.3    Mahan, S.M.4    Troughton, D.R.5    Dasch, G.A.6    Levin, M.L.7
  • 68
    • 0036414844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequencing of a 15-kb Ehrlichia ruminantium clone and evaluation of the cpg1 open reading frame for protection against heartwater
    • Louw E., Brayton K.A., Collins N.E., Pretorius A., Van Strijp F., and Allsopp B.A. Sequencing of a 15-kb Ehrlichia ruminantium clone and evaluation of the cpg1 open reading frame for protection against heartwater. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 969 (2002) 147-150
    • (2002) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.969 , pp. 147-150
    • Louw, E.1    Brayton, K.A.2    Collins, N.E.3    Pretorius, A.4    Van Strijp, F.5    Allsopp, B.A.6
  • 69
    • 0023412157 scopus 로고
    • Cowdria ruminantium infection in the mouse: a review
    • MacKenzie P.K., and McHardy N. Cowdria ruminantium infection in the mouse: a review. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 267-269
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 267-269
    • MacKenzie, P.K.1    McHardy, N.2
  • 70
    • 0029193434 scopus 로고
    • Immunisation of sheep against heartwater with inactivated Cowdria ruminantium
    • Mahan S.M., Andrew H.R., Tebele N., Burridge M.J., and Barbet A.F. Immunisation of sheep against heartwater with inactivated Cowdria ruminantium. Res. Vet. Sci. 58 (1995) 46-49
    • (1995) Res. Vet. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 46-49
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Andrew, H.R.2    Tebele, N.3    Burridge, M.J.4    Barbet, A.F.5
  • 71
    • 33845711531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of improved vaccines for heartwater
    • Mahan S.M., Barbet A.F., and Burridge M.J. Development of improved vaccines for heartwater. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 114 (2003) 137-145
    • (2003) Dev. Biol. (Basel) , vol.114 , pp. 137-145
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Barbet, A.F.2    Burridge, M.J.3
  • 72
    • 0031825642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR detection of Cowdria ruminantium infection in ticks and animals from heartwater-endemic regions of Zimbabwe
    • Mahan S.M., Peter T.F., Simbi B.H., and Burridge M.J. PCR detection of Cowdria ruminantium infection in ticks and animals from heartwater-endemic regions of Zimbabwe. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 849 (1998) 85-87
    • (1998) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.849 , pp. 85-87
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Peter, T.F.2    Simbi, B.H.3    Burridge, M.J.4
  • 73
    • 0033998064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of efficacy of American and African Amblyomma ticks as vectors of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) infection by molecular analyses and transmission trials
    • Mahan S.M., Peter T.F., Simbi B.H., Kocan K., Camus E., Barbet A.F., and Burridge M.J. Comparison of efficacy of American and African Amblyomma ticks as vectors of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) infection by molecular analyses and transmission trials. J. Parasitol. 86 (2000) 44-49
    • (2000) J. Parasitol. , vol.86 , pp. 44-49
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Peter, T.F.2    Simbi, B.H.3    Kocan, K.4    Camus, E.5    Barbet, A.F.6    Burridge, M.J.7
  • 74
    • 4444248433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pCS20 PCR assay for Ehrlichia ruminantium does not cross-react with the novel deer ehrlichial agent found in white-tailed deer in the United States of America
    • Mahan S.M., Simbi B.H., and Burridge M.J. The pCS20 PCR assay for Ehrlichia ruminantium does not cross-react with the novel deer ehrlichial agent found in white-tailed deer in the United States of America. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 71 (2004) 99-105
    • (2004) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.71 , pp. 99-105
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Simbi, B.H.2    Burridge, M.J.3
  • 75
    • 0035963611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in mortality from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated vaccine
    • Mahan S.M., Smith G.E., Kumbula D., Burridge M.J., and Barbet A.F. Reduction in mortality from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated vaccine. Vet. Parasitol. 97 (2001) 295-308
    • (2001) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.97 , pp. 295-308
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Smith, G.E.2    Kumbula, D.3    Burridge, M.J.4    Barbet, A.F.5
  • 76
    • 0026557682 scopus 로고
    • A cloned DNA probe for Cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep
    • Mahan S.M., Waghela S.D., McGuire T.C., Rurangirwa F.R., Wassink L.A., and Barbet A.F. A cloned DNA probe for Cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30 (1992) 981-986
    • (1992) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.30 , pp. 981-986
    • Mahan, S.M.1    Waghela, S.D.2    McGuire, T.C.3    Rurangirwa, F.R.4    Wassink, L.A.5    Barbet, A.F.6
  • 77
    • 0009912292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historique du peuplement bovin et de l'introduction de la tique Amblyomma variegatum dans les îles françaises des Antilles: Synthèse bibliographique
    • Maillard J.C., and Maillard N. Historique du peuplement bovin et de l'introduction de la tique Amblyomma variegatum dans les îles françaises des Antilles: Synthèse bibliographique. Ethnozootechnie 1 (1998) 19-36
    • (1998) Ethnozootechnie , vol.1 , pp. 19-36
    • Maillard, J.C.1    Maillard, N.2
  • 78
    • 32544442686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Process development for the mass production of Ehrlichia ruminantium
    • (Epub 2005 Oct 14)
    • Marcelino I., Sousa M.F., Verissimo C., Cunha A.E., Carrondo M.J., and Alves P.M. Process development for the mass production of Ehrlichia ruminantium. Vaccine 24 (2006) 1716-1725 (Epub 2005 Oct 14)
    • (2006) Vaccine , vol.24 , pp. 1716-1725
    • Marcelino, I.1    Sousa, M.F.2    Verissimo, C.3    Cunha, A.E.4    Carrondo, M.J.5    Alves, P.M.6
  • 79
    • 0028282422 scopus 로고
    • Protection of goats against heartwater acquired by immunisation with inactivated elementary bodies of Cowdria ruminantium
    • Martinez D., Maillard J.C., Coisne S., Sheikboudou C., and Bensaid A. Protection of goats against heartwater acquired by immunisation with inactivated elementary bodies of Cowdria ruminantium. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 41 (1994) 153-163
    • (1994) Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. , vol.41 , pp. 153-163
    • Martinez, D.1    Maillard, J.C.2    Coisne, S.3    Sheikboudou, C.4    Bensaid, A.5
  • 81
    • 42449161838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amblyomma variegatum in cattle in Marie Galante, French Antilles: prevalence, control measures, and infection by Ehrlichia ruminantium
    • Molia S., Frebling M., Vachiery N., Pinarello V., Petitclerc M., Rousteau A., Martinez D., and Lefrancois T. Amblyomma variegatum in cattle in Marie Galante, French Antilles: prevalence, control measures, and infection by Ehrlichia ruminantium. Vet. Parasitol. 153 (2008) 338-346
    • (2008) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.153 , pp. 338-346
    • Molia, S.1    Frebling, M.2    Vachiery, N.3    Pinarello, V.4    Petitclerc, M.5    Rousteau, A.6    Martinez, D.7    Lefrancois, T.8
  • 82
    • 0006789995 scopus 로고
    • Comments by readers
    • Moshkovski S.D. Comments by readers. Science 106 (1947) 62
    • (1947) Science , vol.106 , pp. 62
    • Moshkovski, S.D.1
  • 84
    • 0002316522 scopus 로고
    • The blesbuck (Damaliscus albifrons) and the black-wilde beest (Conochaetes gnu) as carriers of heartwater
    • Neitz W.O. The blesbuck (Damaliscus albifrons) and the black-wilde beest (Conochaetes gnu) as carriers of heartwater. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. 5 (1935) 35-40
    • (1935) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Ind. , vol.5 , pp. 35-40
    • Neitz, W.O.1
  • 85
    • 0343751981 scopus 로고
    • Tick-borne diseases as a hazard in the rearing of calves in Africa
    • Neitz W.O. Tick-borne diseases as a hazard in the rearing of calves in Africa. Bull. Off. Int. Épizoot. 62 (1964) 607-625
    • (1964) Bull. Off. Int. Épizoot. , vol.62 , pp. 607-625
    • Neitz, W.O.1
  • 86
    • 74449093935 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiological pattern of viral, protophytal and protozoal zoonoses in relation to game preservation in South Africa
    • Neitz W.O. The epidemiological pattern of viral, protophytal and protozoal zoonoses in relation to game preservation in South Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 38 (1967) 129-141
    • (1967) J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. , vol.38 , pp. 129-141
    • Neitz, W.O.1
  • 88
    • 0037081477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA vaccination with map1 gene followed by protein boost augments protection against challenge with Cowdria ruminantium, the agent of heartwater
    • Nyika A., Barbet A.F., Burridge M.J., and Mahan S.M. DNA vaccination with map1 gene followed by protein boost augments protection against challenge with Cowdria ruminantium, the agent of heartwater. Vaccine 20 (2002) 1215-1225
    • (2002) Vaccine , vol.20 , pp. 1215-1225
    • Nyika, A.1    Barbet, A.F.2    Burridge, M.J.3    Mahan, S.M.4
  • 91
    • 0035081047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of transcriptionally active gene clusters of major outer membrane protein multigene family in Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffeensis
    • Ohashi N., Rikihisa Y., and Unver A. Analysis of transcriptionally active gene clusters of major outer membrane protein multigene family in Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffeensis. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 2083-2091
    • (2001) Infect. Immun. , vol.69 , pp. 2083-2091
    • Ohashi, N.1    Rikihisa, Y.2    Unver, A.3
  • 92
    • 0027505613 scopus 로고
    • Ribosomal RNA: a key to phylogeny
    • Olsen G., and Woese C. Ribosomal RNA: a key to phylogeny. FASEB J. 7 (1993) 113-123
    • (1993) FASEB J. , vol.7 , pp. 113-123
    • Olsen, G.1    Woese, C.2
  • 93
    • 0028106315 scopus 로고
    • The immunoprotective Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 is encoded by a polymorphic multigene family
    • Palmer G.H., Eid G., Barbet A.F., McGuire T.C., and McElwain T.F. The immunoprotective Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 is encoded by a polymorphic multigene family. Infect. Immun. 62 (1994) 3808-3816
    • (1994) Infect. Immun. , vol.62 , pp. 3808-3816
    • Palmer, G.H.1    Eid, G.2    Barbet, A.F.3    McGuire, T.C.4    McElwain, T.F.5
  • 94
    • 0033996997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of the agent of heartwater, Cowdria ruminantium, in Amblyomma ticks by PCR: validation and application of the assay to field ticks
    • Peter T.F., Barbet A.F., Alleman A.R., Simbi B.H., Burridge M.J., and Mahan S.M. Detection of the agent of heartwater, Cowdria ruminantium, in Amblyomma ticks by PCR: validation and application of the assay to field ticks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 1539-1544
    • (2000) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.38 , pp. 1539-1544
    • Peter, T.F.1    Barbet, A.F.2    Alleman, A.R.3    Simbi, B.H.4    Burridge, M.J.5    Mahan, S.M.6
  • 95
    • 0033933448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competence of the African tortoise tick, Amblyomma marmoreum (Acari: Ixodidae), as a vector of the agent of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium)
    • Peter T.F., Burridge M.J., and Mahan S.M. Competence of the African tortoise tick, Amblyomma marmoreum (Acari: Ixodidae), as a vector of the agent of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium). J. Parasitol. 86 (2000) 438-441
    • (2000) J. Parasitol. , vol.86 , pp. 438-441
    • Peter, T.F.1    Burridge, M.J.2    Mahan, S.M.3
  • 97
    • 0032731067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma hebraeum ticks from heartwater-endemic areas of Zimbabwe
    • Peter T.F., Perry B.D., O'Callaghan C.J., Medley G.F., Mlambo G., Barbet A.F., and Mahan S.M. Prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma hebraeum ticks from heartwater-endemic areas of Zimbabwe. Epidemiol. Infect. 123 (1999) 309-316
    • (1999) Epidemiol. Infect. , vol.123 , pp. 309-316
    • Peter, T.F.1    Perry, B.D.2    O'Callaghan, C.J.3    Medley, G.F.4    Mlambo, G.5    Barbet, A.F.6    Mahan, S.M.7
  • 98
    • 0036569608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ehrlichia ruminantium infection (heartwater) in wild animals
    • Peter T.F., Burridge M.J., and Mahan S.M. Ehrlichia ruminantium infection (heartwater) in wild animals. Trends Parasitol. 18 (2002) 214-218
    • (2002) Trends Parasitol. , vol.18 , pp. 214-218
    • Peter, T.F.1    Burridge, M.J.2    Mahan, S.M.3
  • 99
    • 0028961176 scopus 로고
    • Development and evaluation of PCR assay for detection of low levels of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma ticks not detected by DNA probe
    • Peter T.F., Deem S.L., Barbet A.F., Norval R.A., Simbi B.H., Kelly P.J., and Mahan S.M. Development and evaluation of PCR assay for detection of low levels of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma ticks not detected by DNA probe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 (1995) 166-172
    • (1995) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.33 , pp. 166-172
    • Peter, T.F.1    Deem, S.L.2    Barbet, A.F.3    Norval, R.A.4    Simbi, B.H.5    Kelly, P.J.6    Mahan, S.M.7
  • 100
    • 0035958812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of leopard tortoises and helmeted guineafowl to Cowdria ruminantium infection (heartwater)
    • Peter T.F., Mahan S.M., and Burridge M.J. Resistance of leopard tortoises and helmeted guineafowl to Cowdria ruminantium infection (heartwater). Vet. Parasitol. 98 (2001) 299-307
    • (2001) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.98 , pp. 299-307
    • Peter, T.F.1    Mahan, S.M.2    Burridge, M.J.3
  • 101
    • 0023413544 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of the African vectors of heartwater, with particular reference to Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum
    • Petney T.N., Horak I.G., and Rechav Y. The ecology of the African vectors of heartwater, with particular reference to Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 381-395
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 381-395
    • Petney, T.N.1    Horak, I.G.2    Rechav, Y.3
  • 102
    • 0014753890 scopus 로고
    • Electron microscopy of Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) in the endothelial cells of the vertebrate host
    • Pienaar J.G. Electron microscopy of Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) in the endothelial cells of the vertebrate host. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 37 (1970) 67-78
    • (1970) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 67-78
    • Pienaar, J.G.1
  • 103
    • 33846889969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection against heartwater by DNA immunisation with four Ehrlichia ruminantium open reading frames
    • Pretorius A., Collins N.E., Steyn H.C., van Strijp F., van Kleef M., and Allsopp B.A. Protection against heartwater by DNA immunisation with four Ehrlichia ruminantium open reading frames. Vaccine 25 (2007) 2316-2324
    • (2007) Vaccine , vol.25 , pp. 2316-2324
    • Pretorius, A.1    Collins, N.E.2    Steyn, H.C.3    van Strijp, F.4    van Kleef, M.5    Allsopp, B.A.6
  • 104
    • 47649101528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy protects against virulent E. ruminantium Welgevonden needle challenge but not against tick challenge
    • Pretorius A., van Kleef M., Collins N.E., Tshikudo N., Louw E., Faber F.E., van Strijp M.F., and Allsopp B.A. A heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy protects against virulent E. ruminantium Welgevonden needle challenge but not against tick challenge. Vaccine 26 (2008) 4363-4371
    • (2008) Vaccine , vol.26 , pp. 4363-4371
    • Pretorius, A.1    van Kleef, M.2    Collins, N.E.3    Tshikudo, N.4    Louw, E.5    Faber, F.E.6    van Strijp, M.F.7    Allsopp, B.A.8
  • 105
    • 0023402511 scopus 로고
    • The historical background and global importance of heartwater
    • Provost A., and Bezuidenhout J.D. The historical background and global importance of heartwater. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 165-169
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 165-169
    • Provost, A.1    Bezuidenhout, J.D.2
  • 106
    • 0023402433 scopus 로고
    • Heartwater. The morphology of Cowdria ruminantium and its staining characteristics in the vertebrate host and in vitro
    • Prozesky L. Heartwater. The morphology of Cowdria ruminantium and its staining characteristics in the vertebrate host and in vitro. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 173-176
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 173-176
    • Prozesky, L.1
  • 107
    • 0023406116 scopus 로고
    • The pathology of heartwater. III. A review
    • Prozesky L. The pathology of heartwater. III. A review. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 281-286
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 281-286
    • Prozesky, L.1
  • 108
    • 0022778817 scopus 로고
    • Heartwater: an in vitro study of the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminatium
    • Prozesky L., Bezuidenhout J.D., and Paterson C.L. Heartwater: an in vitro study of the ultrastructure of Cowdria ruminatium. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 53 (1986) 153-159
    • (1986) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.53 , pp. 153-159
    • Prozesky, L.1    Bezuidenhout, J.D.2    Paterson, C.L.3
  • 109
    • 0022071065 scopus 로고
    • The pathology of heartwater. I. A study of mice infected with the Welgevonden strain of Cowdria ruminantium
    • Prozesky L., and Du Plessis J.L. The pathology of heartwater. I. A study of mice infected with the Welgevonden strain of Cowdria ruminantium. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 52 (1985) 71-79
    • (1985) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.52 , pp. 71-79
    • Prozesky, L.1    Du Plessis, J.L.2
  • 110
    • 0023402922 scopus 로고
    • Heartwater. The development and life cycle of Cowdria ruminantium in the vertebrate host, ticks and cultured endothelial cells
    • Prozesky L., and Du Plessis J.L. Heartwater. The development and life cycle of Cowdria ruminantium in the vertebrate host, ticks and cultured endothelial cells. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 193-196
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 193-196
    • Prozesky, L.1    Du Plessis, J.L.2
  • 111
    • 0001724976 scopus 로고
    • A simple and rapid method for demonstrating Rickettsia ruminantium (Cowdry, 1925) in heartwater brains
    • Purchase H.S. A simple and rapid method for demonstrating Rickettsia ruminantium (Cowdry, 1925) in heartwater brains. Vet. Rec. 57 (1945) 413-414
    • (1945) Vet. Rec. , vol.57 , pp. 413-414
    • Purchase, H.S.1
  • 113
    • 45249105797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report
    • Reeves W.K., Loftis A.D., Nicholson W.L., and Czarkowski A.G. The first report of human illness associated with the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia species: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 2 (2008) 139
    • (2008) J. Med. Case Rep. , vol.2 , pp. 139
    • Reeves, W.K.1    Loftis, A.D.2    Nicholson, W.L.3    Czarkowski, A.G.4
  • 114
    • 0035108478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody responses to MAP 1B and other Cowdria ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle challenged with tick-transmitted heartwater
    • Semu S.M., Peter T.F., Mukwedeya D., Barbet A.F., Jongejan F., and Mahan S.M. Antibody responses to MAP 1B and other Cowdria ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle challenged with tick-transmitted heartwater. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8 (2001) 388-396
    • (2001) Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 388-396
    • Semu, S.M.1    Peter, T.F.2    Mukwedeya, D.3    Barbet, A.F.4    Jongejan, F.5    Mahan, S.M.6
  • 115
    • 0242329825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the detection of exposure to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection on a heartwater-endemic farm by the pCS20 polymerase chain reaction assay and an indirect MAP1-B enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
    • Simbi B.H., Peter T.F., Burridge M.J., and Mahan S.M. Comparing the detection of exposure to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection on a heartwater-endemic farm by the pCS20 polymerase chain reaction assay and an indirect MAP1-B enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 70 (2003) 231-235
    • (2003) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.70 , pp. 231-235
    • Simbi, B.H.1    Peter, T.F.2    Burridge, M.J.3    Mahan, S.M.4
  • 117
    • 0028028182 scopus 로고
    • Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology
    • Stackebrandt E., and Goebel B. Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 (1994) 846-849
    • (1994) Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. , vol.44 , pp. 846-849
    • Stackebrandt, E.1    Goebel, B.2
  • 119
    • 0005632485 scopus 로고
    • The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)
    • Poole A., and Gill F. (Eds), The Academy of Natural Sciences/The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia/Washington, DC
    • Telfair II R.C. The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis). In: Poole A., and Gill F. (Eds). The Birds of North America 113 (1994), The Academy of Natural Sciences/The American Ornithologists' Union, Philadelphia/Washington, DC
    • (1994) The Birds of North America , vol.113
    • Telfair II, R.C.1
  • 120
    • 0020160909 scopus 로고
    • Experimental transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by the Gulf coast tick Amblyomma maculatum: danger of introducing heartwater and benign African theileriasis onto the American mainland
    • Uilenberg G. Experimental transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by the Gulf coast tick Amblyomma maculatum: danger of introducing heartwater and benign African theileriasis onto the American mainland. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43 (1982) 1279-1282
    • (1982) Am. J. Vet. Res. , vol.43 , pp. 1279-1282
    • Uilenberg, G.1
  • 121
    • 0020984937 scopus 로고
    • Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status
    • Uilenberg G. Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 27 (1983) 427-480
    • (1983) Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. , vol.27 , pp. 427-480
    • Uilenberg, G.1
  • 122
    • 0025583138 scopus 로고
    • Extension de la tique Amblyomma variegetum dans les Antilles: comment expliquer cette grave menace et que faire?
    • Uilenberg G. Extension de la tique Amblyomma variegetum dans les Antilles: comment expliquer cette grave menace et que faire?. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 43 (1990) 297-299
    • (1990) Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. , vol.43 , pp. 297-299
    • Uilenberg, G.1
  • 124
    • 0022239752 scopus 로고
    • Quelques observations sur une souche de Cowdria ruminantium isolée en Guadeloupe (Antilles Françaises)
    • Uilenberg G., Camus E., and Barré N. Quelques observations sur une souche de Cowdria ruminantium isolée en Guadeloupe (Antilles Françaises). Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 38 (1985) 34-42
    • (1985) Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. , vol.38 , pp. 34-42
    • Uilenberg, G.1    Camus, E.2    Barré, N.3
  • 125
    • 0023407199 scopus 로고
    • Heartwater. An overview of the clinical signs, susceptibility and differential diagnoses of the disease in domestic ruminants
    • Van de Pypekamp H.E., and Prozesky L. Heartwater. An overview of the clinical signs, susceptibility and differential diagnoses of the disease in domestic ruminants. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 263-266
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 263-266
    • Van de Pypekamp, H.E.1    Prozesky, L.2
  • 126
    • 0023411644 scopus 로고
    • The infection and treatment method of vaccination against heartwater
    • Van der Merwe L. The infection and treatment method of vaccination against heartwater. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 489-491
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 489-491
    • Van der Merwe, L.1
  • 127
    • 1942456753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a major outer membrane protein multigene family in Ehrlichia ruminantium
    • Van Heerden H., Collins N.E., Brayton K.A., Rademeyer C., and Allsopp B.A. Characterization of a major outer membrane protein multigene family in Ehrlichia ruminantium. Gene 330 (2004) 159-168
    • (2004) Gene , vol.330 , pp. 159-168
    • Van Heerden, H.1    Collins, N.E.2    Brayton, K.A.3    Rademeyer, C.4    Allsopp, B.A.5
  • 129
    • 0027868036 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of antigenic proteins of Cowdria ruminantium
    • Van Kleef M., Neitz A.W., and De Waal D.T. Isolation and characterization of antigenic proteins of Cowdria ruminantium. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. 46 (1993) 157-164
    • (1993) Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop. , vol.46 , pp. 157-164
    • Van Kleef, M.1    Neitz, A.W.2    De Waal, D.T.3
  • 132
    • 0023409896 scopus 로고
    • The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution
    • Walker J.B., and Olwage A. The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54 (1987) 353-379
    • (1987) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 353-379
    • Walker, J.B.1    Olwage, A.2
  • 134
    • 0034875951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma gemma from infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) to sheep
    • Wesonga F.D., Mukolwe S.W., and Grootenhuis J. Transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma gemma from infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) to sheep. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 33 (2001) 379-390
    • (2001) Trop. Anim. Health Prod. , vol.33 , pp. 379-390
    • Wesonga, F.D.1    Mukolwe, S.W.2    Grootenhuis, J.3
  • 135
    • 0032781224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tick modulation of host immunity: an important factor in pathogen transmission
    • Wikel S.K. Tick modulation of host immunity: an important factor in pathogen transmission. Int. J. Parasitol. 29 (1999) 851-859
    • (1999) Int. J. Parasitol. , vol.29 , pp. 851-859
    • Wikel, S.K.1
  • 136
    • 43849083570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural and experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the United States with an Ehrlichia sp. closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium
    • Yabsley M.J., Loftis A.D., and Little S.E. Natural and experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the United States with an Ehrlichia sp. closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium. J. Wildl. Dis. 44 (2008) 381-387
    • (2008) J. Wildl. Dis. , vol.44 , pp. 381-387
    • Yabsley, M.J.1    Loftis, A.D.2    Little, S.E.3
  • 137
    • 0033984293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and characterization of the 120-kilodalton protein gene of Ehrlichia canis and application of the recombinant 120-kilodalton protein for serodiagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis
    • Yu X.J., McBride J.W., Diaz C.M., and Walker D.H. Molecular cloning and characterization of the 120-kilodalton protein gene of Ehrlichia canis and application of the recombinant 120-kilodalton protein for serodiagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 369-374
    • (2000) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.38 , pp. 369-374
    • Yu, X.J.1    McBride, J.W.2    Diaz, C.M.3    Walker, D.H.4
  • 138
    • 0030767838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi on modulation of the host immune response: induction of a TH2 cytokine response in Lyme disease-susceptible (C3H/HeJ) mice but not in disease-resistant (BALB/c) mice
    • Zeidner N., Mbow M.L., Dolan M., Massung R., Baca E., and Piesman J. Effects of Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi on modulation of the host immune response: induction of a TH2 cytokine response in Lyme disease-susceptible (C3H/HeJ) mice but not in disease-resistant (BALB/c) mice. Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 3100-3106
    • (1997) Infect. Immun. , vol.65 , pp. 3100-3106
    • Zeidner, N.1    Mbow, M.L.2    Dolan, M.3    Massung, R.4    Baca, E.5    Piesman, J.6
  • 139
    • 0035263777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chemically defined medium for the growth of Cowdria ruminantium
    • Zweygarth E., and Josemans A.I. A chemically defined medium for the growth of Cowdria ruminantium. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 68 (2001) 37-40
    • (2001) Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. , vol.68 , pp. 37-40
    • Zweygarth, E.1    Josemans, A.I.2
  • 140
    • 13444282308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden stock) vaccine protects small ruminants against virulent heartwater challenge
    • Zweygarth E., Josemans A.I., Van Strijp M.F., Lopez-Rebollar L., Van Kleef M., and Allsopp B.A. An attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden stock) vaccine protects small ruminants against virulent heartwater challenge. Vaccine 23 (2005) 1695-1702
    • (2005) Vaccine , vol.23 , pp. 1695-1702
    • Zweygarth, E.1    Josemans, A.I.2    Van Strijp, M.F.3    Lopez-Rebollar, L.4    Van Kleef, M.5    Allsopp, B.A.6
  • 142
    • 0031218841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro isolation and cultivation of Cowdria ruminantium under serum-free culture conditions
    • Zweygarth E., Vogel S.W., Josemans A.I., and Horn E. In vitro isolation and cultivation of Cowdria ruminantium under serum-free culture conditions. Res. Vet. Sci. 63 (1997) 161-164
    • (1997) Res. Vet. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 161-164
    • Zweygarth, E.1    Vogel, S.W.2    Josemans, A.I.3    Horn, E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.