Tick modulation of host immunity: An important factor in pathogen transmission

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 851-859

  Wikel, Stephen K ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti tick immunity; Cytokines; Immunosuppression; Macrophages; Th1 Th2 lymphocytes; Tick feeding; Tick borne pathogens; Tick host pathogen interactions; Ticks

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; VACCINE;

HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; BASOPHIL; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HELPER CELL; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFESTATION; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; SALIVA; SALIVARY GLAND; TICK; TICK BORNE DISEASE;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNITY, ACTIVE; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TICK INFESTATIONS; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TICKS;

ACARI; BORRELIA; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI;

EID: 0032781224     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00042-9     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (65)

1. Gubler D.J. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg Inf Dis. 4:1998;442-450.
2. Molyneux D.H. Vector-borne parasitic diseases - an overview of recent changes. Int J Parasitol. 28:1998;927-934.
3. Balashov Y.S. Bloodsucking ticks (Ixodidae) - vectors of disease of man and animals. Misc Publ Entomol Soc Am. 8:1972;161-376.
4. Centers for disease control and prevention. Lyme disease - United States, 1995. Morbid Mort Weekly Rep 1996;46:481-484.
5. Lane R.S., Piesman J., Burgdorfer W. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Ann Rev Entomol. 36:1991;587-609.
6. Spielman A., Wilson M.L., Levine J.F., Piesman J. Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease. Ann Rev Entomol. 30:1985;439-460.
7. Walker D.H., Dumler J.S. Emergence of the ehrlichioses as human health problems. Emerg Infect Dis. 2:1996;18-29.
8. Telford S.R., Armstrong P.M., Katavolos P. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks Ixodes dammini. Emerg Infect Dis. 3:1997;165-170.
9. Anderson B.E., Dawson J.E., Jones D.C., Wilson K.H. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol. 29:1991;2838-2842.
10. Schwan T.G. Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions. Infect Agents Dis. 5:1996;167-181.
11. Lahdenne P., Porcella S.F., Hagman K.E.et al. Molecular characterization of a 6.6-kilodalton Borrelia burgdorferi outer membrane-associated lipoprotein (lp 6.6) which appears to be downregulated during mammalian infection. Infect Immun. 65:1997;412-421.
12. Schwan T.G., Hinnebusch B.J. Bloodstream-versus tick-associated variants of a relapsing fever bacterium. Science. 280:1998;1938-1940.
13. Ribeiro J.M.C. Blood feeding arthropods: live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists? Infect Agents Dis. 4:1995;143-152.
14. Champagne DE, Valenzuela JG, Pharmacology of haematophagous arthropod saliva. In: Wikel SK, editor. The immunology of host-ectoparasitic arthropod relationships. Wallingford: CAB International, 1996;85-106.
15. Wikel S.K. Host immunity to ticks. Ann Rev Entomol. 41:1996;1-22.
16. Jones CJ. Immune responses to fleas, bugs and sucking lice. In: Wikel SK, editor. The immunology of host-ectoparasitic arthropod relationships. Wallingford: CAB International, 1996;150-174.
17. Sandeman RM. Immune responses to mosquitoes and flies. In: Wikel SK, editor. The immunology of host-ectoparasitic arthropod relationships. Wallingford: CAB International, 1996;175-203.
18. Brossard M, Rutti B, Haug T. Immunological relationships between host and ixodid ticks. In: Toft CA, Aeschliman A, Bolic L, editors. Parasite-host associations: coexistence or conflict. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 1991;177-200.
19. Brossard M., Wikel S.K. Immunology of interactions between ticks and hosts. Med Vet Entomol. 11:1997;270-276.
20. Allen J.R. Tick resistance: basophils in skin reactions of resistant guinea pigs. Int J Parasitol. 3:1973;195-200.
21. Brossard M., Fivaz V. Ixodes ricinus L.: mast cells, basophils and eosinophils in the sequence of cellular events in the skin of infested and reinfested rabbits. Parasitology. 85:1982;583-592.
22. Trager W. Acquired immunity to ticks. J Parasitol. 25:1939;57-81.
23. Ribeiro J.M.C. Role of saliva in tick/host interactions. Exp Appl Acarol. 7:1989;15-20.
24. Dizij A., Kurtenbach K. Clethrionomys glareolus, but not Apodemus flavicollis, acquires resistance to Ixodes ricinus L., the main European vector of Borrelia burgdorferi. Parasite Immunol. 17:1995;177-183.
25. Mbow M. L, Christie M., Rutti B., Brossard M. Absence of acquired resistance to nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks in BALB/c mice developing cutaneous reactions. J Parasitol. 80:1994;81-87.
26. Wikel S.K., Ramachandra R.N., Bergman D.K., Burkot T.R., Piesman J. Infestation with pathogen-free nymphs of the tick Ixodes scapularis induces host resistance to transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by ticks. Infect Immun. 65:1997;335-338.
27. Wikel SK, Immunology of the tick-host interface. In: Wikel SK, editor. The immunology of host-ectoparasitic arthropod relationships. Wallingford: CAB International, 1996;204-231.
28. Nithiuthai S., Allen J.R. Langerhans cells present tick antigens to lymph node cells from tick-sensitized guinea pigs. Immunology. 55:1985;157-163.
29. Brossard M., Girardin P. Passive transfer of resistance in rabbits infested with adult Ixodes ricinus L.: humoral factors influencing feeding and egg laying. Experientia. 35:1979;1395-1396.
30. Christe M., Butti B., Brossard M. Susceptibility of BALB/c mice to nymphs and larvae of Ixodes ricinus after modulation of IgE production with anti-interleukin-4 or anti-interferon-γ monoclonal antibodies. Parasitol Res. 84:1998;388-393.
31. Paine S.H., Kemp D.H., Allen J.R. In vitro feeding of Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles): effects of histamine and other mediators. Parasitology. 86:1983;419-428.
32. Wikel S.K., Allen J.R. Acquired resistance to ticks. III. Cobra venom factor and the resistance response. Immunology. 32:1977;457-465.
33. Mosmann T.R., Coffman R.L. Th1 and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann Rev Immunol. 7:1989;145-173.
34. Mbow M.L., Rutti B., Brossard M. Infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and expression of ICAM-1, Ia antigens, IL-1 α and TNF-α in the skin lesion of BALB/c mice undergoing repeated infestations with nymphal Ixodes ricinus L. ticks. Immunology. 82:1994;596-602.
35. Fresno M., Kopf M., Rivas L. Cytokines and infectious diseases. Immunol Today. 18:1997;56-58.
36. Mbow M.L., Rutti B., Brossard M. IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA expression in the skin and draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice repeatedly infested with nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks. Cell Immunol. 156:1994;254-261.
37. Ganapamo F., Rutti B., Brossard M. In vitro production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ by lymph node cells from BALB/c mice infested with nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks. Immunology. 85:1995;120-124.
38. Ganapamo F., Rutti B., Brossard M. Cytokine production by lymph node cells from mice infested with Ixodes ricinus ticks and the effect of tick salivary gland extracts on IL-2 production. Scand J Immunol. 44:1996;388-393.
39. Dessaint J-P, Capron AR. Survival strategies of parasites in their immunocompetent hosts. In: Warren KS, editor. Immunology and molecular biology of parasitic infections. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993;87-99.
40. Marrack P., Kappler J. Subversion of the immune system by pathogens. Cell. 76:1994;323-332.
41. Kotwal G.J. The great escape. Immune evasion by pathogens. The Immunologist. 4:1996;157-164.
42. Wikel S.K., Bergman D.K. Tick-host immunology: significant advances and challenging opportunities. Parasitol Today. 13:1997;383-389.
43. Wikel SK, Ramachandra RN, Bergman DK. Arthropod modulation of host immune responses. In: Wikel SK, editor. The immunology of host-ectoparasitic arthropod relationships. Wallingford: CAB International, 1996;107-130.
44. Ribeiro J.M.C. Ixodes dammini: salivary anti-complement activity. Exp Parasitol. 64:1987;347-353.
45. Ribeiro J.M.C., Spielman A. Ixodes dammini: salivary anaphylatoxin inactivating activity. Exp Parasitol. 62:1986;292-297.
46. Alexander J.O'D The physiology of itch. Parasitol Today. 2:1986;345-351.
47. Bennett G.F. Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae): experimental infestations on cattle restrained from grooming. Exp Parasitol. 26:1969;323-328.
48. Ribeiro J.M.C., Makoul G.T., Levine J., Robinson D.R., Spielman A. Antihemostatic, antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva of a tick Ixodes dammini. J Exp Med. 161:1985;332-344.
49. Ribeiro J.M.C., Mather T.N. Ixodes scapularis: salivary kininase is a metallo dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase. Exp Parasitol. 89:1998;213-221.
50. Kubes M., Fuchsberger N., Labuda M., Zuffova E., Nuttall P.A. Salivary gland extracts of partially fed Dermacentor reticulatus ticks decrease natural killer cell activity in vitro. Immunology. 82:1994;113-116.
51. Trinchieri G. Biology of natural killer cells. Adv Immunol. 47:1989;187-376.
52. Wikel S.K. Effects of tick infestation on the plaque-forming cell response to a thymic dependent antigen. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 79:1985;195-198.
53. Fivaz B. Immune suppression induced by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901. J Parasitol. 75:1989;946-952.
54. Wikel S.K. Influence of Dermacentor andersoni infestation on lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 76:1982;627-632.
55. 2-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med. 180:1994;1077-1085.
56. Ganapamo F., Rutti B., Brossard M. Immunosuppression and cytokine production in mice infested with Ixodes ricinus ticks: a possible role of laminin and interleukin-10 on the in vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogens. Immunology. 87:1996;259-263.
57. Inokuma H., Kerlin R.L., Kemp D.H., Willadsen P. Effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on the bovine immune system. Vet Parasitol. 47:1993;107-118.
58. Bergman D.K., Ramachandra R.N., Wikel S.K. Dermacentor andersoni: salivary gland proteins suppressing T-lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A in vitro. Exp Parasitol. 81:1995;262-271.
59. Bergman D.K., Ramachandra R.N., Wikel S.K. Characterization of an immunosuppressant protein from Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) salivary glands. J Med Entomol. 35:1998;505-509.
60. Ramachandra R.N., Wikel S.K. Modulation of host immune responses by ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of salivary gland extracts on host macrophages and lymphocyte cytokine production. J Med Entomol. 29:1992;818-826.
61. Fuchsberger N., Kita M., Hajnicka V., Imanishi J., Labuda M., Nuttall P.A. Ixodid tick salivary gland extracts inhibit production of lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA of several different human cytokines. Exp Appl Acarol. 19:1995;671-676.
62. Zeidner N., Dreitz M., Belasco D., Fish D. Suppression of acute Ixodes scapularis-induced Borrelia burgdorferi infection using tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ J Infect Dis. 173:1996;187-195.
63. Bell J.F., Stewart S.J., Wikel S.K. Resistance to tick-borne Francisella tularensis by tick-sensitized rabbits: allergic klendusity. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 28:1979;876-880.
64. Dizij A, Arndt S, Seitz HM, Kurtenbach K. Clethrionomys glareolus acquired resistance to Ixodes ricinus: a mechanism to prevent spirochete inoculation? In: Cevenini R, Sambri V, LaPlaca M, editors. Advances in Lyme borreliosis research. Bologna: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis, 1994;228-231.
65. Nazario S., Das S., deSilva A.M.et al. Prevention of Borrelia burgdorferi transmission in guinea pigs by tick immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 58:1998;780-785.