Molecular Bases of Methamphetamine-Induced Neurodegeneration

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 88, Issue C, 2009, Pages 101-119

  Cadet, Jean Lud ^a   Krasnova, Irina N ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Methamphetamine; Microgliosis; Neurotoxicity; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

8 CHLORO 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 3 METHYL 5 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPIN 7 OL HYDROGEN MALEATE; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); ASCORBIC ACID; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; BROMOCRIPTINE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; DIZOCILPINE; DNA; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE; KETOPROFEN; METHAMPHETAMINE; PEROXYNITRITE; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN C FOS; PROTEIN C JUN; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR JUNB; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR JUND; UNINDEXED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; ASTROCYTE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DEATH; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA DAMAGE; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXCITOTOXICITY; GENE ACTIVATION; HUMAN; MEMBRANE DAMAGE; MEMORY DISORDER; MICROGLIA; MITOCHONDRION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL LESION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; HUMANS; METHAMPHETAMINE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURONS; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 71749099611     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88005-7     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Abekawa T., Ohmori T., and Koyama T. Effects of repeated administration of a high dose of methamphetamine on dopamine and glutamate release in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 643 (1994) 276-281
2. Albertson T.E., Derlet R.W., and Van Hoozen B.E. Methamphetamine and the expanding complications of amphetamines. West. J. Med. 170 (1999) 214-219
3. Ali S.F., and Itzhak Y. Effects of 7-nitroindazole, an NOS inhibitor on methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity in mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 844 (1998) 122-130
4. Angulo J.A., Angulo N., and Yu J. Antagonists of the neurokinin-1 or dopamine D1 receptors confer protection from methamphetamine on dopamine terminals of the mouse striatum. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1025 (2004) 171-180
5. Appel E., Kolman O., Kazimirsky G., Blumberg P.M., and Brodie C. Regulation of GDNF expression in cultured astrocytes by inflammatory stimuli. Neuroreport 8 (1997) 3309-3312
6. Asanuma M., Tsuji T., Miyazaki I., Miyoshi K., and Ogawa N. Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in mouse brain is attenuated by ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Neurosci. Lett. 352 (2003) 13-16
7. Baldwin H.A., Colado M.I., Murray T.K., De Souza R.J., and Green A.R. Striatal dopamine release in vivo following neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine and effect of the neuroprotective drugs, chlormethiazole and dizocilpine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108 (1993) 590-596
8. Battaglia G., Fornai F., Busceti C.L., Aloisi G., Cerrito F., De Blasi A., Melchiorri D., and Nicoletti F. Selective blockade of mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors is protective against methamphetamine neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 2135-2141
9. Betts E.S., Krasnova I.N., McCoy M.T., Ladenheim B., and Cadet J.L. Analysis of methamphetamine-induced changes in the expression of integrin family members in the cortex of wild-type and c-fos knockout mice. Neurotox. Res. 4 (2002) 617-623
10. Block M.L., Zecca L., and Hong J.S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (2007) 57-69
11. Bourque M., Liu B., Dluzen D.E., and Di Paolo T. Tamoxifen protects male mice nigrostriatal dopamine against methamphetamine-induced toxicity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 74 (2007) 1413-1423
12. Bowyer J.F., and Ali S. High doses of methamphetamine that cause disruption of the blood-brain barrier in limbic regions produce extensive neuronal degeneration in mouse hippocampus. Synapse 60 (2006) 521-532
13. Bowyer J.F., Robinson B., Ali S., and Schmued L.C. Neurotoxic-related changes in tyrosine hydroxylase, microglia, myelin, and the blood-brain barrier in the caudate-putamen from acute methamphetamine exposure. Synapse 62 (2008) 193-204
14. Cadet J.L., and Brannock C. Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems. Neurochem. Int. 32 (1998) 117-131
15. Cadet J.L., Ali S., and Epstein C. Involvement of oxygen-based radicals in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: Evidence from the use of CuZnSOD transgenic mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 738 (1994) 388-391
16. Cadet J.L., Ordonez S.V., and Ordonez J.V. Methamphetamine induces apoptosis in immortalized neural cells: Protection by the proto-oncogene, bcl-2. Synapse 25 (1997) 176-184
17. Cadet J.L., Jayanthi S., McCoy M.T., Vawter M., and Ladenheim B. Temporal profiling of methamphetamine-induced changes in gene expression in the mouse brain: Evidence from cDNA array. Synapse 41 (2001) 40-48
18. Cadet J.L., McCoy M.T., and Ladenheim B. Distinct gene expression signatures in the striata of wild-type and heterozygous c-fos knockout mice following methamphetamine administration: Evidence from cDNA array analyses. Synapse 44 (2002) 211-226
19. Cadet J.L., Jayanthi S., and Deng X. Methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis involves the activation of multiple death pathways. Rev. Neurotox. Res. 8 (2005) 199-206
20. Cadet J.L., Krasnova I.N., Jayanthi S., and Lyles J. Neurotoxicity of substituted amphetamines: Molecular and cellular mechanisms. Neurotox. Res. 11 (2007) 183-202
21. Cass W.A. GDNF selectively protects dopamine neurons over serotonin neurons against the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 8132-8139
22. Cass W.A., Manning M.W., and Bailey S.L. Restorative effects of GDNF on striatal dopamine release in rats treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 914 (2000) 127-136
23. Cass W.A., Peters L.E., Harned M.E., and Seroogy K.B. Protection by GDNF and other trophic factors against the dopamine-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1074 (2006) 272-281
24. Chen Z., Duan R.S., Quezada H.C., Mix E., Nennesmo I., Adem A., Winblad B., and Zhu J. Increased microglial activation and astrogliosis after intranasal administration of kainic acid in C57BL/6 mice. J. Neurobiol. 62 (2005) 207-218
25. Chou J., Luo Y., Kuo C.C., Powers K., Shen H., Harvey B.K., Hoffer B.J., and Wang Y. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 reduces toxicity induced by high doses of methamphetamine in rodents. Neuroscience 151 (2008) 92-103
26. Chung K.K., Dawson T.M., and Dawson V.L. Nitric oxide, S-nitrosylation and neurodegeneration. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand) 51 (2005) 247-254
27. D'Astous M., Gajjar T.M., Dluzen D.E., and Di Paolo T. Dopamine transporter as a marker of neuroprotection in methamphetamine-lesioned mice treated acutely with estradiol. Neuroendocrinology 79 (2004) 296-304
28. D'Astous M., Mickley K.R., Dluzen D.E., and Di Paolo T. Differential protective properties of estradiol and tamoxifen against methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity in mice. Neuroendocrinology 82 (2005) 111-120
29. Dalton T.P., Shertzer H.G., and Puga A. Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 39 (1999) 67-101
30. Deng X., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine administration causes overexpression of nNOS in the mouse striatum. Brain Res. 851 (1999) 254-257
31. Deng X., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine-induced apoptosis is attenuated in the striata of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 83 (2000) 121-124
32. Deng X., Ladenheim B., Tsao L.I., and Cadet J.L. Null mutation of c-fos causes exacerbation of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 10107-10115
33. Deng X., Wang Y., Chou J., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine causes widespread apoptosis in the mouse brain: Evidence from using an improved TUNEL histochemical method. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 93 (2001) 64-69
34. Deng X., Cai N.S., McCoy M.T., Chen W., Trush M.A., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine induces apoptosis in an immortalized rat striatal cell line by activating the mitochondrial cell death pathway. Neuropharmacology 42 (2002) 837-845
35. Deng X., Jayanthi S., Ladenheim B., Krasnova I.N., and Cadet J.L. Mice with partial deficiency of c-Jun show attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis. Mol. Pharmacol. 62 (2002) 993-1000
36. De Vito M.J., and Wagner G.C. Methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage: A possible role for free radicals. Neuropharmacology 28 (1989) 1145-1150
37. Di Monte D.A., Royland J.E., Jakowec M.W., and Langston J.W. Role of nitric oxide in methamphetamine neurotoxicity: Protection by 7-nitroindazole, an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J. Neurochem. 67 (1996) 2443-2450
38. Dluzen D.E., and McDermott J.L. Estrogen, testosterone, and methamphetamine toxicity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1074 (2006) 282-294
39. Dluzen D.E., McDermott J.L., and Anderson L.I. Tamoxifen diminishes methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion in intact female and male mice. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13 (2001) 618-624
40. Dluzen D.E., Anderson L.I., and Pilati C.F. Methamphetamine-gonadal steroid hormonal interactions: Effects upon acute toxicity and striatal dopamine concentrations. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 24 (2002) 267-273
41. Eisch A.J., Schmued L.C., and Marshall J.F. Characterizing cortical neuron injury with Fluoro-Jade labeling after a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine. Synapse 30 (1998) 329-333
42. Flora G., Lee Y.W., Nath A., Maragos W., Hennig B., and Toborek M. Methamphetamine-induced TNF-alpha gene expression and activation of AP-1 in discrete regions of mouse brain: Potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation. Neuromolecular Med. 2 (2002) 71-85
43. Fukami G., Hashimoto K., Koike K., Okamura N., Shimizu E., and Iyo M. Effect of antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in rats after administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res. 1016 (2004) 90-95
44. Gao H.M., Jiang J., Wilson B., Zhang W., Hong J.S., and Liu B. Microglial activation-mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 81 (2002) 1285-1297
45. Gettig J.P., Grady S.E., and Nowosadzka I. Methamphetamine: Putting the brakes on speed. J. Sch. Nurs. 22 (2006) 66-73
46. Gilcrease M.Z. Integrin signaling in epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 247 (2006) 1-25
47. Gluck M.R., Moy L.Y., Jayatilleke E., Hogan K.A., Manzino L., and Sonsalla P.K. Parallel increases in lipid and protein oxidative markers in several mouse brain regions after methamphetamine treatment. J. Neurochem. 79 (2001) 152-160
48. Gonzalez R., Rippeth J.D., Carey C.L., Heaton R.K., Moore D.J., Schweinsburg B.C., Cherner M., and Grant I. Neurocognitive performance of methamphetamine users discordant for history of marijuana exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 76 (2004) 181-190
49. Gonzalez-Scarano F., and Martin-Garcia J. The neuropathogenesis of AIDS. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (2005) 69-81
50. Gorlach A., Klappa P., and Kietzmann T. The endoplasmic reticulum: Folding, calcium homeostasis, signaling, and redox control. Antioxid. Redox Signal 8 (2006) 1391-1418
51. Harold C., Wallace T., Friedman R., Gudelsky G., and Yamamoto B. Methamphetamine selectively alters brain glutathione. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 400 (2000) 99-102
52. Hirata H., Ladenheim B., Carlson E., Epstein C., and Cadet J.L. Autoradiographic evidence for methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic loss in mouse brain: Attenuation in CuZn-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Brain Res. 714 (1996) 95-103
53. Hozumi H., Asanuma M., Miyazaki I., Fukuoka S., Kikkawa Y., Kimoto N., Kitamura Y., Sendo T., Kita T., and Gomita Y. Protective effects of interferon-gamma against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 177 (2008) 123-129
54. Imam S.Z., el-Yazal J., Newport G.D., Itzhak Y., Cadet J.L., Slikker Jr. W., and Ali S.F. Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Role of peroxynitrite and neuroprotective role of antioxidants and peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 939 (2001) 366-380
55. Imam S.Z., Newport G.D., Itzhak Y., Cadet J.L., Islam F., Slikker Jr. W., and Ali S.F. Peroxynitrite plays a role in methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Evidence from mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene or overexpressing copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. J. Neurochem. 76 (2001) 745-749
56. Itzhak Y., and Ali S.F. The neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. J. Neurochem. 67 (1996) 1770-1773
57. Itzhak Y., and Ali S.F. Role of nitrergic system in behavioral and neurotoxic effects of amphetamine analogs. Pharmacol. Ther. 109 (2006) 246-262
58. Itzhak Y., Gandia C., Huang P.L., and Ali S.F. Resistance of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice to methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284 (1998) 1040-1047
59. Itzhak Y., Martin J.L., and Ail S.F. nNOS inhibitors attenuate methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity but not hyperthermia in mice. Neuroreport 11 (2000) 2943-2946
60. Iversen L. Neurotransmitter transporters and their impact on the development of psychopharmacology. Br. J. Pharmacol. 147 Suppl. 1 (2006) S82-S88
61. Jayanthi S., Ladenheim B., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 844 (1998) 92-102
62. Jayanthi S., Ladenheim B., Andrews A.M., and Cadet J.L. Overexpression of human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in transgenic mice attenuates oxidative stress caused by methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy). Neuroscience 91 (1999) 1379-1387
63. Jayanthi S., Deng X., Bordelon M., McCoy M.T., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine causes differential regulation of pro-death and anti-death Bcl-2 genes in the mouse neocortex. FASEB J. 15 (2001) 1745-1752
64. Jayanthi S., Deng X., Noailles P.A., Ladenheim B., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine induces neuronal apoptosis via cross-talks between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-dependent death cascades. FASEB J. 18 (2004) 238-251
65. Jayanthi S., Deng X., Ladenheim B., McCoy M.T., Cluster A., Cai N.S., and Cadet J.L. Calcineurin/NFAT-induced up-regulation of the Fas ligand/Fas death pathway is involved in methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 868-873
66. Kawasaki T., Ishihara K., Ago Y., Nakamura S., Itoh S., Baba A., and Matsuda T. Protective effect of the radical scavenger edaravone against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mouse striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 542 (2006) 92-99
67. Kim Y.S., and Joh T.H. Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: Their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Exp. Mol. Med. 38 (2006) 333-347
68. Kiyatkin E.A., Brown P.L., and Sharma H.S. Brain edema and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier during methamphetamine intoxication: Critical role of brain hyperthermia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 26 (2007) 1242-1253
69. Kondo T., Ito T., and Sugita Y. Bromocriptine scavenges methamphetamine-induced hydroxyl radicals and attenuates dopamine depletion in mouse striatum. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 738 (1994) 222-229
70. Krasnova I.N., Ladenheim B., and Cadet J.L. Amphetamine induces apoptosis of medium spiny striatal projection neurons via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. FASEB J. 19 (2005) 851-853
71. Kroemer G., Galluzzi L., and Brenner C. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol. Rev. 87 (2007) 99-163
72. Kuhn D.M., Francescutti-Verbeem D.M., and Thomas D.M. Dopamine quinones activate microglia and induce a neurotoxic gene expression profile: Relationship to methamphetamine-induced nerve ending damage. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1074 (2006) 31-41
73. Ladenheim B., Krasnova I.N., Deng X., Oyler J.M., Polettini A., Moran T.H., Huestis M.A., and Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity is attenuated in transgenic mice with a null mutation for interleukin-6. Mol. Pharmacol. 58 (2000) 1247-1256
74. LaVoie M.J., and Hastings T.G. Dopamine quinone formation and protein modification associated with the striatal neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: Evidence against a role for extracellular dopamine. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 1484-1491
75. LaVoie M.J., Card J.P., and Hastings T.G. Microglial activation precedes dopamine terminal pathology in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Exp. Neurol. 187 (2004) 47-57
76. Liu B., and Dluzen D.E. Effect of estrogen upon methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity within the impaired nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Synapse 60 (2006) 354-361
77. Li Y., and Trush M.A. DNA damage resulting from the oxidation of hydroquinone by copper: Role for a Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycle and reactive oxygen generation. Carcinogenesis 14 (1993) 1303-1311
78. Lynch J., and House M.A. Cardiovascular effects of methamphetamine. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 6 (1992) 12-18
79. Mamounas L.A., Blue M.E., Siuciak J.A., and Altar C.A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 7929-7939
80. Maragos W.F., Jakel R., Chesnut D., Pocernich C.B., Butterfield D.A., St Clair D., and Cass W.A. Methamphetamine toxicity is attenuated in mice that overexpress human manganese superoxide dismutase. Brain Res. 878 (2000) 218-222
81. Marciniak S.J., and Ron D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in disease. Physiol. Rev. 86 (2006) 1133-1149
82. Marek G.J., Vosmer G., and Seiden L.S. Dopamine uptake inhibitors block long-term neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine upon dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 513 (1990) 274-279
83. Mark K.A., Soghomonian J.J., and Yamamoto B.K. High-dose methamphetamine acutely activates the striatonigral pathway to increase striatal glutamate and mediate long-term dopamine toxicity. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 11449-11456
84. Marshall J.F., O'Dell S.J., and Weihmuller F.B. Dopamine-glutamate interactions in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neural. Transm. Gen. Sect. 91 (1993) 241-254
85. Matsuzaki H., Namikawa K., Kiyama H., Mori N., and Sato K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor rescues neuronal death induced by methamphetamine. Biol. Psychiatry 55 (2004) 52-60
86. Mattson M.P., Goodman Y., Luo H., Fu W., and Furukawa K. Activation of NF-kappaB protects hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: Evidence for induction of manganese superoxide dismutase and suppression of peroxynitrite production and protein tyrosine nitration. J. Neurosci. Res. 49 (1997) 681-697
87. Melega W.P., Lacan G., Desalles A.A., and Phelps M.E. Long-term methamphetamine-induced decreases of [(11)C]WIN 35,428 binding in striatum are reduced by GDNF: PET studies in the vervet monkey. Synapse 35 (2000) 243-249
88. Moszczynska A., Fitzmaurice P., Ang L., Kalasinsky K.S., Schmunk G.A., Peretti F.J., Aiken S.S., Wickham D.J., and Kish S.J. Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?. Brain 127 (2004) 363-370
89. Murray J.B. Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. J. Psychol. 132 (1998) 227-237
90. Nakagawa T., and Yuan J. Cross-talk between two cysteine protease families. Activation of caspase-12 by calpain in apoptosis. J. Cell. Biol. 150 (2000) 887-894
91. Nakajima A., Yamada K., Nagai T., Uchiyama T., Miyamoto Y., Mamiya T., He J., Nitta A., Mizuno M., Tran M.H., Seto A., Yoshimura M., et al. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in methamphetamine-induced drug dependence and neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 2212-2225
92. Nash Jr. J.F., Meltzer H.Y., and Gudelsky G.A. Elevation of serum prolactin and corticosterone concentrations in the rat after the administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245 (1988) 873-879
93. O'Callaghan J.P., and Sriram K. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and related glial proteins as biomarkers of neurotoxicity. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 4 (2005) 433-442
94. O'Callaghan J.P., Jensen K.F., and Miller D.B. Quantitative aspects of drug and toxicant-induced astrogliosis. Neurochem. Int. 26 (1995) 115-124
95. O'Dell S.J., and Marshall J.F. Repeated administration of methamphetamine damages cells in the somatosensory cortex: Overlap with cytochrome oxidase-rich barrels. Synapse 37 (2000) 32-37
96. O'Dell S.J., Weihmuller F.B., and Marshall J.F. Methamphetamine-induced dopamine overflow and injury to striatal dopamine terminals: Attenuation by dopamine D1 or D2 antagonists. J. Neurochem. 60 (1993) 1792-1799
97. Pacher P., Beckman J.S., and Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 87 (2007) 315-424
98. Perez Jr. J.A., Arsura E.L., and Strategos S. Methamphetamine-related stroke: Four cases. J. Emerg. Med. 17 (1999) 469-471
99. Perry V.H., Cunningham C., and Holmes C. Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7 (2007) 161-167
100. Potashkin J.A., and Meredith G.E. The role of oxidative stress in the dysregulation of gene expression and protein metabolism in neurodegenerative disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal 8 (2006) 144-151
101. Raivich G. Like cops on the beat: The active role of resting microglia. Trends Neurosci. 28 (2005) 571-573
102. Rawson R.A., and Condon T.P. Why do we need an Addiction supplement focused on methamphetamine?. Addiction 102 Suppl. 1 (2007) 1-4
103. Ricaurte G.A., Schuster C.R., and Seiden L.S. Long-term effects of repeated methylamphetamine administration on dopamine and serotonin neurons in the rat brain: A regional study. Brain Res. 193 (1980) 153-163
104. Rippeth J.D., Heaton R.K., Carey C.L., Marcotte T.D., Moore D.J., Gonzalez R., Wolfson T., and Grant I. Methamphetamine dependence increases risk of neuropsychological impairment in HIV infected persons. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 10 (2004) 1-14
105. Roehr B. Half a million Americans use methamphetamine every week. BMJ 331 (2005) 476
106. Romanelli F., and Smith K.M. Clinical effects and management of methamphetamine abuse. Pharmacotherapy 26 (2006) 1148-1156
107. Salo R., Nordahl T.E., Possin K., Leamon M., Gibson D.R., Galloway G.P., Flynn N.M., Henik A., Pfefferbaum A., and Sullivan E.V. Preliminary evidence of reduced cognitive inhibition in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Res. 111 (2002) 65-74
108. Samantaray S., Ray S.K., Ali S.F., and Banik N.L. Calpain activation in apoptosis of motoneurons in cell culture models of experimental parkinsonism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1074 (2006) 349-356
109. Sanchez V., Zeini M., Camarero J., O'Shea E., Bosca L., Green A.R., and Colado M.I. The nNOS inhibitor, AR-R17477AR, prevents the loss of NF68 immunoreactivity induced by methamphetamine in the mouse striatum. J. Neurochem. 85 (2003) 515-524
110. Sapp E., Kegel K.B., Aronin N., Hashikawa T., Uchiyama Y., Tohyama K., Bhide P.G., Vonsattel J.P., and DiFiglia M. Early and progressive accumulation of reactive microglia in the Huntington disease brain. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60 (2001) 161-172
111. Schmidt C.J., and Gibb J.W. Role of the dopamine uptake carrier in the neurochemical response to methamphetamine: Effects of amfonelic acid. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 109 (1985) 73-80
112. Sekine Y., Minabe Y., Ouchi Y., Takei N., Iyo M., Nakamura K., Suzuki K., Tsukada H., Okada H., Yoshikawa E., Futatsubashi M., and Mori N. Association of dopamine transporter loss in the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1699-1701
113. Sekine Y., Ouchi Y., Takei N., Yoshikawa E., Nakamura K., Futatsubashi M., Okada H., Minabe Y., Suzuki K., Iwata Y., Tsuchiya K.J., Tsukada H., et al. Brain serotonin transporter density and aggression in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 (2006) 90-100
114. Sharma H.S., and Ali S.F. Alterations in blood-brain barrier function by morphine and methamphetamine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1074 (2006) 198-224
115. Sharma H.S., Sjoquist P.O., and Ali S.F. Drugs of abuse-induced hyperthermia, blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neurotoxicity: Neuroprotective effects of a new antioxidant compound H-290/51. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 (2007) 1903-1923
116. Shoptaw S. Methamphetamine use in urban gay and bisexual populations. Top. HIV Med. 14 (2006) 84-87
117. Shy H., Malaiyandi L., and Timiras P.S. Protective action of 17beta-estradiol and tamoxifen on glutamate toxicity in glial cells. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 18 (2000) 289-297
118. Simon S.L., Domier C.P., Sim T., Richardson K., Rawson R.A., and Ling W. Cognitive performance of current methamphetamine and cocaine abusers. J. Addict. Dis. 21 (2002) 61-74
119. Simon S.L., Dacey J., Glynn S., Rawson R., and Ling W. The effect of relapse on cognition in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. J. Subst. Abuse. Treat. 27 (2004) 59-66
120. Sim T., Simon S.L., Domier C.P., Richardson K., Rawson R.A., and Ling W. Cognitive deficits among methamphetamine users with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. J. Addict. Dis. 21 (2002) 75-89
121. Smith L.M., LaGasse L.L., Derauf C., Grant P., Shah R., Arria A., Huestis M., Haning W., Strauss A., Grotta S.D., Liu J., Lester B.M., et al. The infant development, environment, and lifestyle study: Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure, polydrug exposure, and poverty on intrauterine growth. Pediatrics 118 (2006) 1149-1156
122. Sonsalla P.K., Gibb J.W., and Hanson G.R. Roles of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes in mediating the methamphetamine-induced changes in monoamine systems. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238 (1986) 932-937
123. Sonsalla P.K., Nicklas W.J., and Heikkila R.E. Role for excitatory amino acids in methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity. Science 243 (1989) 398-400
124. Sriram K., and O'Callaghan J.P. Divergent roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2 (2007) 140-153
125. Sriram K., Matheson J.M., Benkovic S.A., Miller D.B., Luster M.I., and O'Callaghan J.P. Deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity: Role of TNF-alpha. FASEB J. 20 (2006) 670-682
126. Sriram K., Miller D.B., and O'Callaghan J.P. Minocycline attenuates microglial activation but fails to mitigate striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Neurochem. 96 (2006) 706-718
127. Staszewski R.D., and Yamamoto B.K. Methamphetamine-induced spectrin proteolysis in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 96 (2006) 1267-1276
128. Stumm G., Schlegel J., Schafer T., Wurz C., Mennel H.D., Krieg J.C., and Vedder H. Amphetamines induce apoptosis and regulation of bcl-x splice variants in neocortical neurons. FASEB J. 13 (1999) 1065-1072
129. Sulzer D., Sonders M.S., Poulsen N.W., and Galli A. Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: A review. Prog. Neurobiol. 75 (2005) 406-433
130. Suuronen T., Nuutinen T., Huuskonen J., Ojala J., Thornell A., and Salminen A. Anti-inflammatory effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in microglial cells. Inflamm. Res. 54 (2005) 194-203
131. Thomas D.M., and Kuhn D.M. Attenuated microglial activation mediates tolerance to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. J. Neurochem. 92 (2005) 790-797
132. Thomas D.M., Dowgiert J., Geddes T.J., Francescutti-Verbeem D., Liu X., and Kuhn D.M. Microglial activation is a pharmacologically specific marker for the neurotoxic amphetamines. Neurosci. Lett. 367 (2004) 349-354
133. Thomas D.M., Walker P.D., Benjamins J.A., Geddes T.J., and Kuhn D.M. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity in dopamine nerve endings of the striatum is associated with microglial activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311 (2004) 1-7
134. Topolski J.M. Epidemiology of methamphetamine abuse in Missouri. Mol. Med. 104 (2007) 82-88
135. Volkow N.D., Chang L., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Leonido-Yee M., Franceschi D., Sedler M.J., Gatley S.J., Hitzemann R., Ding Y.S., Logan J., Wong C., et al. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 377-382
136. Wagner G.C., Ricaurte G.A., Seiden L.S., Schuster C.R., Miller R.J., and Westley J. Long-lasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res. 181 (1980) 151-160
137. Wagner G.C., Carelli R.M., and Jarvis M.F. Pretreatment with ascorbic acid attenuates the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 47 (1985) 221-228
138. Warren M.W., Kobeissy F.H., Liu M.C., Hayes R.L., Gold M.S., and Wang K.K. Concurrent calpain and caspase-3 mediated proteolysis of alpha II-spectrin and tau in rat brain after methamphetamine exposure: A similar profile to traumatic brain injury. Life Sci. 78 (2005) 301-309
139. Warren M.W., Zheng W., Kobeissy F.H., Cheng Liu M., Hayes R.L., Gold M.S., Larner S.F., and Wang K.K. Calpain- and caspase-mediated alphaII-spectrin and tau proteolysis in rat cerebrocortical neuronal cultures after ecstasy or methamphetamine exposure. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 10 (2007) 479-489
140. Wilson J.M., Kalasinsky K.S., Levey A.I., Bergeron C., Reiber G., Anthony R.M., Schmunk G.A., Shannak K., Haycock J.W., and Kish S.J. Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nat. Med. 2 (1996) 699-703
141. Woods S.P., Rippeth J.D., Conover E., Gongvatana A., Gonzalez R., Carey C.L., Cherner M., Heaton R.K., and Grant I. Deficient strategic control of verbal encoding and retrieval in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. Neuropsychology 19 (2005) 35-43
142. Xiang Z., Haroutunian V., Ho L., Purohit D., and Pasinetti G.M. Microglia activation in the brain as inflammatory biomarker of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and clinical dementia. Dis. Markers 22 (2006) 95-102
143. Xu W., Zhu J.P., and Angulo J.A. Induction of striatal pre- and postsynaptic damage by methamphetamine requires the dopamine receptors. Synapse 58 (2005) 110-121
144. Zhou J.L., Liang J.H., Zheng J.W., and Li C.L. Nerve growth factor protects R2 cells against neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine. Toxicol. Lett. 150 (2004) 221-227
145. Zhu J.P., Xu W., and Angulo J.A. Methamphetamine-induced cell death: Selective vulnerability in neuronal subpopulations of the striatum in mice. Neuroscience 140 (2006) 607-622