Uremic toxicity, oxidative stress, and hemodialysis as renal replacement therapy

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 636-643

  Himmelfarb, Jonathan ^a  

^a Kidney Research Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY; ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK FACTOR; UREMIA;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL; MEMBRANES, ARTIFICIAL; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RENAL DIALYSIS; RISK FACTORS; UREMIA;

EID: 71549120440     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2009.00659.x     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Peitzman S : Science, inventors and the introduction of the artificial kidney in the United States. Semin Dial 9 : 276 281, 1996
2. Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Parker TF, Sargent JA : Effect of the hemodialysis prescription of patient morbidity: report from the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. N Engl J Med 305 : 1176 1181, 1981
3. Gotch FA, Sargent JA : A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 28 : 526 534, 1985
4. Peitzman SJ : Chronic dialysis and dialysis doctors in the United States: a nephrologist-historian's perspective. Semin Dial 14 : 200 208, 2001
5. Himmelfarb J : Dialysis at a crossroads: reverse engineering renal replacement therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 : 896 902, 2006
6. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA, Dwyer JT, Levey AS, Levin NW, Milford E, Ornt DB, Rocco MV, Schulman G, Schwab SJ, Teehan BP, Toto R Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study Group : Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 347 : 2010 2019, 2002
7. Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, Mujais S : Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis: ADEMEX, a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 : 1307 1320, 2002
8. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, Ritz E : Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 353 : 238 248, 2005 (Pubitemid 41058323)
9. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, Chae DW, Chevaile A, Cobbe SM, Gronhagen-Riska C, et al. : Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 360 : 1395 1407, 2009
10. Jamison RL, Hartigan P, Kaufman JS, Goldfarb DS, Warren SR, Guarino PD, Gaziano JM : Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298 : 1163 1170, 2007
11. Suki WN, Zabaneh R, Cangiano JL, Reed J, Fischer D, Garrett L, Ling BN, Chasan-Taber S, Dillon MA, Blair AT, et al. : Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72 : 1130 1137, 2007
12. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, Schwab SJ, Goodkin DA : The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 339 : 584 590, 1998
13. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M, Reddan D : Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 355 : 2085 2098, 2006
14. McDonald SP, Craig JC : Long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 350 : 2654 2662, 2004
15. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, Eknoyan G, Foley RN, Kasiske BL, Klag MJ, Mailloux LU, Manske CL, Meyer KB, et al. : Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32 : 853 906, 1998
16. Cheung AK, Sarnak MJ, Yan G, Dwyer JT, Heyka RJ, Rocco MV, Teehan BP, Levey AS : Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 58 : 353 362, 2000
17. Pupim LB, Himmelfarb J, McMonagle E, Shyr Y, Ikizler TA : Influence of initiation of maintenance hemodialysis on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Kidney Int 65 : 2371 2379, 2004
18. Vanholder R, Glorieux G, De Smet R, Lameire N : New insights in uremic toxins. Kidney Int Suppl May(84) : S6 S10, 2003
19. Landray MJ, Wheeler DC, Lip GY, Newman DJ, Blann AD, McGlynn FJ, Ball S, Townend JN, Baigent C : Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet activation in patients with chronic kidney disease: the chronic renal impairment in Birmingham (CRIB) study. Am J Kidney Dis 43 : 244 253, 2004
20. Oberg BP, McMenamin E, Lucas FL, McMonagle E, Morrow J, Ikizler TA, Himmelfarb J : Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 65 : 1009 1016, 2004
21. Shlipak MG, Fried LF, Crump C, Bleyer AJ, Manolio TA, Tracy RP, Furberg CD, Psaty BM : Elevations of inflammatory and procoagulant biomarkers in elderly persons with renal insufficiency. Circulation 107 : 87 92, 2003
22. Annuk M, Zilmer M, Lind L, Linde T, Fellstrom B : Oxidative stress and endothelial function in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 : 2747 2752, 2001
23. Bolton CH, Downs LG, Victory JG, Dwight JF, Tomson CR, Mackness MI, Pinkney JH : Endothelial dysfunction in chronic renal failure: roles of lipoprotein oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 : 1189 1197, 2001
24. Mezzano D, Pais EO, Aranda E, Panes O, Downey P, Ortiz M, Tagle R, Gonzalez F, Quiroga T, Caceres MS, et al. : Inflammation, not hyperhomocysteinemia, is related to oxidative stress and hemostatic and endothelial dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int 60 : 1844 1850, 2001
25. Witko-Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Nguyen Khoa T, Capeillere-Blandin C, Nguyen AT, Canteloup S, Dayer JM, Jungers P, Drueke T, Descamps-Latscha B : Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure. J Immunol 161 : 2524 2532, 1998
26. Simmons EM, Langone A, Sezer MT, Vella JP, Recupero P, Morrow JD, Ikizler TA, Himmelfarb J : Effect of renal transplantation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients. Transplantation 79 : 914 919, 2005
27. Lambeth JD : NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen. Nat Rev Immunol 4 : 181 189, 2004
28. Bedard K, Krause H : The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 87 : 245 313, 2007
29. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA : Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 : 1620 1624, 1990
30. Okamura DM, Lopez-Guisa JM, Koelsch K, Collins S, Eddy AA : Atherogenic scavenger receptor modulation in the tubulointerstitium in response to chronic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293 : F575 F585, 2007
31. Malle E, Woenckhaus C, Waeg G, Esterbauer H, Grone EF, Grone HJ : Immunological evidence for hypochlorite-modified proteins in human kidney. Am J Pathol 150 : 603 615, 1997
32. Djamali A, Vidyasagar A, Adulla M, Hullett D, Reese S : Nox-2 is a modulator of fibrogenesis in kidney allografts. Am J Transplant 9 : 74 82, 2008
33. Himmelfarb J, McMenamin ME, Loseto G, Heinecke JW : Myeloperoxidase- catalyzed 3-chlorotyrosine formation in dialysis patients. Free Radic Biol Med 31 : 1163 1169, 2001
34. Ito K, Chen J, Seshan SV, Khodadadian JJ, Gallagher R, El Chaar M, Vaughan ED Jr., Poppas DP, Felsen D : Dietary arginine supplementation attenuates renal damage after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. Kidney Int 68 : 515 528, 2005
35. Eiserich JP, Hristova M, Cross CE, Jones AD, Freeman BA, Halliwell B, van der Vliet A : Formation of nitric oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature 391 : 393 397, 1998
36. Wang Z, Nicholls SJ, Rodriguez ER, Kummu O, Horkko S, Barnard J, Reynolds WF, Topol EJ, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL : Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking, uremia and atherogenesis. Nat Med 13 : 1176 1184, 2007
37. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Brennan ML, Hazen SL : Serum myeloperoxidase and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 48 : 59 68, 2006
38. Matthijsen RA, Huugen D, Hoebers NT, de Vries B, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Aratani Y, Daha MR, Tervaert JW, Buurman WA, Heeringa P : Myeloperoxidase is critically involved in the induction of organ damage after renal ischemia reperfusion. Am J Pathol 171 : 1743 1752, 2007
39. Porubsky S, Schmid H, Bonrouhi M, Kretzler M, Malle E, Nelson PJ, Grone HJ : Influence of native and hypochlorite-modified low-density lipoprotein on gene expression in human proximal tubular epithelium. Am J Pathol 164 : 2175 2187, 2004
40. Ghezzi P, Bonetto V, Fratelli M : Thiol-disulfide balance: from the concept of oxidative stress to that of redox regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 7 : 964 972, 2005
41. Hamdane D, Kiger L, Dewilde S, Green BN, Pesce A, Uzan J, Burmester T, Hankeln T, Bolognesi M, Moens L, et al. : The redox state of the cell regulates the ligand binding affinity of human neuroglobin and cytoglobin. J Biol Chem 278 : 51713 51721, 2003
42. Jordan PA, Gibbins JM : Extracellular disulfide exchange and the regulation of cellular function. Antioxid Redox Signal 8 : 312 324, 2006
43. Kerblat I, Drouet C, Chesne S, Marche PN : Importance of thioredoxin in the proteolysis of an immunoglobulin G as antigen by lysosomal Cys-proteases. Immunology 97 : 62 68, 1999
44. Reeves JP, Bailey CA, Hale CC : Redox modification of sodium-calcium exchange activity in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles. J Biol Chem 261 : 4948 4955, 1986
45. Yang J, Chen H, Vlahov IR, Cheng JX, Low PS : Evaluation of disulfide reduction during receptor-mediated endocytosis by using FRET imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 : 13872 13877, 2006
46. den Hertog J, Groen A, van der Wijk T : Redox regulation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Arch Biochem Biophys 434 : 11 15, 2005
47. Groen A, Lemeer S, van der Wijk T, Overvoorde J, Heck AJ, Ostman A, Barford D, Slijper M, den Hertog J : Differential oxidation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. J Biol Chem 280 : 10298 10304, 2005
48. Kemp M, Go YM, Jones DP : Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of thiol/disulfide redox systems: a perspective on redox systems biology. Free Radic Biol Med 44 : 921 937, 2008
49. Himmelfarb J, Stenvinkel P, Ikizler TA, Hakim RM : The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. Kidney Int 62 : 1524 1538, 2002
50. Scholze A, Rinder C, Beige J, Riezler R, Zidek W, Tepel M : Acetylcysteine reduces plasma homocysteine concentration and improves pulse pressure and endothelial function in patients with end-stage renal failure. Circulation 109 : 369 374, 2004
51. Van Remmen H, Salvador C, Yang H, Huang TT, Epstein CJ, Richardson A : Characterization of the antioxidant status of the heterozygous manganese superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Arch Biochem Biophys 363 : 91 97, 1999
52. Folz RJ, Guan J, Seldin MF, Oury TD, Enghild JJ, Crapo JD : Mouse extracellular superoxide dismutase: primary structure, tissue-specific gene expression, chromosomal localization, and lung in situ hybridization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 17 : 393 403, 1997
53. Gongora MC, Lob HE, Landmesser U, Guzik TJ, Martin WD, Ozumi K, Wall SM, Wilson DS, Murthy N, Gravanis M, et al. : Loss of extracellular superoxide dismutase leads to acute lung damage in the presence of ambient air: a potential mechanism underlying adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Pathol 173 : 915 926, 2008
54. Wood ZA, Schroder E, Robin Harris J, Poole LB : Structure, mechanism and regulation of peroxiredoxins. Trends Biochem Sci 28 : 32 40, 2003
55. Oberley TD, Verwiebe E, Zhong W, Kang SW, Rhee SG : Localization of the thioredoxin system in normal rat kidney. Free Radic Biol Med 30 : 412 424, 2001
56. Kobayashi M, Sugiyama H, Wang DH, Toda N, Maeshima Y, Yamasaki Y, Masuoka N, Yamada M, Kira S, Makino H : Catalase deficiency renders remnant kidneys more susceptible to oxidant tissue injury and renal fibrosis in mice. Kidney Int 68 : 1018 1031, 2005
57. Sunami R, Sugiyama H, Wang DH, Kobayashi M, Maeshima Y, Yamasaki Y, Masuoka N, Ogawa N, Kira S, Makino H : Acatalasemia sensitizes renal tubular epithelial cells to apoptosis and exacerbates renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286 : F1030 F1038, 2004
58. Pryor WA : Oxidative stress status: OSS, BOSS, and "Wild Bill" Donovan. Free Radic Biol Med 27 : 1135 1136, 1999
59. de Zwart LL, Meerman JH, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP : Biomarkers of free radical damage applications in experimental animals and in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 26 : 202 226, 1999
60. Ramos LF, Shintani A, Ikizler TA, Himmelfarb J : Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with adiposity in moderate to severe CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 19 : 593 599, 2008
61. Baumann M, Caron M, Schmaderer C, Schulte C, Viklicky O, von Weyhern CW, Lutz J, Heemann U : Renal N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine deposition after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 86 : 330 335, 2008
62. Coughlan MT, Mibus AL, Forbes JM : Oxidative stress and advanced glycation in diabetic nephropathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1126 : 190 193, 2008
63. Coskun C, Kural A, Doventas Y, Koldas M, Ozturk H, Inal BB, Gumus A : Hemodialysis and protein oxidation products. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1100 : 404 408, 2007
64. Nakayama M, Nakayama K, Zhu WJ, Shirota Y, Terawaki H, Sato T, Kohno M, Ito S : Polymorphonuclear leukocyte injury by methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide: a possible pathological role for enhanced oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23 : 3096 3102, 2008
65. Orhan H, van Holland B, Krab B, Moeken J, Vermeulen NP, Hollander P, Meerman JH : Evaluation of a multi-parameter biomarker set for oxidative damage in man: increased urinary excretion of lipid, protein and DNA oxidation products after one hour of exercise. Free Radic Res 38 : 1269 1279, 2004
66. Stenvinkel P : Malnutrition and chronic inflammation as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Blood Purif 19 : 143 151, 2001
67. Arici M, Walls J : End-stage renal disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular mortality: is C-reactive protein the missing link? Kidney Int 59 : 407 414, 2001
68. Chertow GM, Soroko SH, Paganini EP, Cho KC, Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, Mehta RL : Mortality after acute renal failure: models for prognostic stratification and risk adjustment. Kidney Int 70 : 1120 1126, 2006
69. Ikizler TA, Wingard RL, Harvell J, Shyr Y, Hakim RM : Association of morbidity with markers of nutrition and inflammation in chronic hemodialysis patients: a prospective study. Kidney Int 55 : 1945 1951, 1999
70. Stenvinkel P, Barany P, Heimburger O, Pecoits-Filho R, Lindholm B : Mortality, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis in ESRD: what is the role of interleukin-6? Kidney Int Suppl 80 : 103 108, 2002
71. Lindholm B, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P : What are the causes of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic renal insufficiency? Am J Kidney Dis 39 : 422 425, 2002
72. Pecoits-Filho R, Barany P, Lindholm B, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P : Interleukin-6 is an independent predictor of mortality in patients starting dialysis treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 : 1684 1688, 2002
73. Chawla LS, Seneff MG, Nelson DR, Williams M, Levy H, Kimmel PL, Macias WL : Elevated plasma concentrations of IL-6 and elevated APACHE II score predict acute kidney injury in patients with severe sepsis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 : 22 30, 2007
74. Kimmel PL, Phillips TM, Simmens SJ, Peterson RA, Weihs KL, Alleyne S, Cruz I, Yanovski JA, Veis JH : Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 54 : 236 244, 1998
75. Bologa RM, Levine DM, Parker TS, Cheigh JS, Serur D, Stenzel KH, Rubin AL : Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 32 : 107 114, 1998
76. Jung HH, Choi DH, Lee SH : Serum malondialdehyde and coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 24 : 537 542, 2004
77. McCullough PA, Li S, Jurkovitz CT, Stevens L, Collins AJ, Chen SC, Norris KC, McFarlane S, Johnson B, Shlipak MG, et al. : Chronic kidney disease, prevalence of premature cardiovascular disease, and relationship to short-term mortality. Am Heart J 156 : 277 283, 2008
78. Handelman GJ, Walter MF, Adhikarla R, Gross J, Dallal GE, Levin NW, Blumberg JB : Elevated plasma F2-isoprostanes in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Kidney Int 59 : 1960 1966, 2001
79. Ikizler TA, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ, Evanson JA, Becker B, Hakim RM, Shyr Y, Himmelfarb J : Plasma F2-isoprostane levels are elevated in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 58 : 190 197, 2002 (Pubitemid 34994045)
80. Anilkumar N, Weber R, Zhang M, Brewer A, Shah AM : Nox4 and nox2 NADPH oxidases mediate distinct cellular redox signaling responses to agonist stimulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 : 1347 1354, 2008
81. Liu RM : Oxidative stress, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and lung fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 10 : 303 319, 2008
82. Vayalil PK, Iles KE, Choi J, Yi AK, Postlethwait EM, Liu RM : Glutathione suppresses TGF-beta-induced PAI-1 expression by inhibiting p38 and JNK MAPK and the binding of AP-1, SP-1, and Smad to the PAI-1 promoter. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293 : L1281 L1292, 2007
83. Vayalil PK, Olman M, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Postlethwait EM, Liu RM : Glutathione restores collagen degradation in TGF-beta-treated fibroblasts by blocking plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activating plasminogen. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289 : L937 L945, 2005
84. Okamura DM, Himmelfarb J : Tipping the redox balance of oxidative stress in fibrogenic pathways in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol, 2009
85. Moore KJ, Freeman MW : Scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis: beyond lipid uptake. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 : 1702 1711, 2006
86. Febbraio M, Hajjar DP, Silverstein RL : CD36: a class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 108 : 785 791, 2001
87. Kunjathoor VV, Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Moore KJ, Andersson L, Koehn S, Rhee JS, Silverstein R, Hoff HF, Freeman MW : Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. J Biol Chem 277 : 49982 49988, 2002
88. Babaev VR, Gleaves LA, Carter KJ, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Fazio S, Linton MF : Reduced atherosclerotic lesions in mice deficient for total or macrophage-specific expression of scavenger receptor-A. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 : 2593 2599, 2000
89. Okamura DM, Pennathur S, Pasichnyk K, Lopez-Guisa JM, Collins S, Febbraio M, Heinecke J, Eddy AA : CD36 regulates oxidative stress and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 20 : 495 505, 2009
90. Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Smith JD, Hajjar DP, Hazen SL, Hoff HF, Sharma K, Silverstein RL : Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest 105 : 1049 1056, 2000
91. Manning-Tobin JJ, Moore KJ, Seimon TA, Bell SA, Sharuk M, Alvarez-Leite JI, de Winther MP, Tabas I, Freeman MW : Loss of SR-A and CD36 activity reduces atherosclerotic lesion complexity without abrogating foam cell formation in hyperlipidemic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29 : 19 26, 2009