Malaria control insecticide residues in breast milk: The need to consider infant health risks

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 117, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1477-1480

  Bouwman, Hindrik ^a   Kylin, Henrik ^b,c  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

DDT; IRS; Pyrethroid; Vector control; WHOPES

Indexed keywords

BENDIOCARB; BIFENTHRIN; CHLORPHENOTANE; CYFLUTHRIN; CYHALOTHRIN; DELTAMETHRIN; FENITROTHION; INSECTICIDE; MALATHION; PERMETHRIN; PROPOXUR; PYRETHROID;

BREAST FEEDING; BREAST MILK; CHILD HEALTH; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INHALATION; INSECT CONTROL; MALARIA; NEUROTOXICITY; NOTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; SAFETY; WATER CONTAMINATION;

BREAST FEEDING; DDT; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INSECT CONTROL; INSECTICIDES; MALARIA; MILK, HUMAN; PYRETHRINS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 70449585408     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900605     Document Type: Note

References (46)

1. Anderson HA, Wolff MS. 2000. Environmental contaminants in human milk. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 10:755-760.
2. Barlow SM, Sullivan FM, Lines J. 2001. Risk assessment of the use of deltamethrin on bednets for the prevention of malaria. Food Chem Toxicol 39:407-422. (Pubitemid 32323974)
3. Bateson TF, Schwatz J. 2008. Children's response to air pollutants. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71:238-243.
4. Bouwman H, Becker PJ, Cooppan RM, Reinecke AJ. 1992. Transfer of DDT used in malaria control to infants via breast milk. Bull WHO 70:241-250.
5. Bouwman H, Sereda B, Meinhardt HM. 2006. Simultaneous presence of DDT and pyrethroid residues in human breast milk from a malaria endemic area in South Africa. Environ Pollut 144:902-917. (Pubitemid 44344880)
6. Cedergreen N, Christenses AM, Kamper A, Kudsk P, Mathiassen SK, Streibig JC, et al. 2008. A review of independent action compared to concentration addition as reference models for mixtures of compounds with different molecular target sites. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:1621-1632. (Pubitemid 351961989)
7. Clewell RA, Gearhardt JM. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of toxic chemicals in breast milk: use of PBPK models to predict exposure. Environ Health Perspect 110:333-337.
8. Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Goldman Rosas L, Anderson AA, Bornman MS, Bouwman H, et al. 2009. The Pine River Statement: human health consequences of DDT use. Environ Health Perspect 117:1359-1367.
9. Firestone M, Sonawane B, Barone S, Salmon AG, Brown JP, Hattis D. et al. 2008. Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting potential new approaches for children's inhalation risk assessment. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71:208-217.
10. Food and Agricultural Organization. 2005. Codex Alimentarius Homepage. Available: http://www.codexalimentarius.net [accessed 30 October 2008].
11. Johri A, Yadav S, Singh RL, Dhawan A, Ali M, Parmar D. 2006. Long lasting effects of prenatal exposure to deltamethrin on cerebral and hepatic cytochrome P450s and behavioral activity in rat offspring. Eur J Pharmacol 544:58-68. (Pubitemid 44148581)
12. Kelly BC, Ikonomou MG, Blair JD, Morin AE, Gobas FAPC. 2007. Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. Science 317:236-239.
13. Killian E, Delport R, Bornman MS, De Jager C. 2007. Simultaneous exposure to low concentrations of dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane, deltamethrin, nonylphenyl and phyto estrogens has negative effects on the reproductive parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Andrologia 39:128-135.
14. Kolaczinski JH, Curtis CF. 2004. Chronic illness as a result of low-level exposure to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a review of the debate. Food Chem Toxicol 42:697-706.
15. Landrigan PJ, Sonawane B, Mattison D, McCally M, Garg A. 2002. Chemical contaminants in breast milk and their impact on children's health: an overview. Environ Health Perspect 110:313-315.
16. Lee GL. 2007. Lactation and drugs. Paediatr Child Health 17:68-71.
17. McGraw JE, Waller DP. 2009. Fish ingestion and congener specific polychlorinated biphenyl and p,p′-dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene sperm concentrations in a Great Lakes cohort of pregnant African American women. Environ Int 35:557-565.
18. McKinlay R, Plant JA, Bell JNB, Voulvoulis N. 2008. Calculating human exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides via agricultural and non-agricultural exposure routes. Sci Total Environ 398:1-12.
19. Mead MN. 2008. Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding. Environ Health Perspect 116:A427-A434.
20. Najera JA, Zaim M. 2001. Malaria Vector Control: Insecticides for Indoor Residual Spraying. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2001.3. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. Geneva:World Health Organization.
21. Najera JA, Zaim M. 2002. Malaria Vector Control: Decision Making Criteria and Procedures for Judicious Use of Insecticides. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/202.5 Rev.1. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. Geneva:World Health Organization.
22. Perry MJ, Venners SA, Barr DB, Xu X. 2007. Environmental pyrethroid and organophosphorous insecticide exposure and sperm concentration. Reprod Toxicol 23:113-118. (Pubitemid 46027538)
23. Pohl HR, Abadin HG. 2008. Chemical mixtures: evaluation of risk for child-specific exposures in a multi-stressor environment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233:116-125.
24. Pronczuk J, Akre J, Moy G, Vallenas C. 2002. Global perspectives in breast milk contamination: infectious and toxic hazards. Environ Health Perspect 110:349-351. (Pubitemid 34661937)
25. Ray DE, Forshaw PJ. 2000. Pyrethroid insecticides: poisoning syndromes, synergies and therapy. Clin Toxicol 38:95-101.
26. Rother H-A, Hall RH, London L. 2008. Pesticide use among emerging farmers in South Africa: contributing factors and stakeholders perspectives. Dev South Afr 25:399-424.
27. Rudel RA, Perovich LJ. 2009. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Atmos Environ 43:170-181.
28. Sereda B, Bouwman H, Kylin H. 2009. Comparing water, bovine milk, and indoor residual spraying as possible sources of DDT and pyrethroid residues in breast milk. J Toxicol Environ Health A 72(13):842-851.
29. Soderlund DM, Clark JM, Sheets LP, Mullin LS, Piccirillo VJ, Sargent D, et al. 2002. Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicology 171:3-59. (Pubitemid 34102445)
30. Solomon GM, Weiss PM. 2002. Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability. Environ Health Perspect 110:339-347.
31. Timchalk C, Poet TS. 2008. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to determine dosimetry and cholinesterase inhibition for a binary mixture of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the rat. Neurotoxicology 29:428-443.
32. Trapp ST, Bomholtz LM, Legind CN. 2008. Coupled mother-child model for bioaacumulation of POPs in nursing infants. Environ Pollut 156:90-98.
33. Verner MA, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Charbonneau M, Haddad S. 2009. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the assessment of infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants in epidemiologic studies. Environ Health Perspect 117:481-487.
34. Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. 2008. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments. Atmos Environ 42:9018-9040.
35. WHO. 2005. Safety of Pyrethroids for Public Health Use. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.10. Geneva:World Health Organization.
36. WHO. 2006a. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. First Addendum to Third Edition, Vol 1 - Recommendations. Geneva:World Health Organization.
37. WHO. 2006b. Indoor Residual Spraying: Use of Indoor Residual Spraying for Scaling up Global Malaria Control and Elimination. WHO/HTM/MAL/2006:1112. Geneva:World Health Organization.
38. WHO. 2006c. Pesticides and Their Application for the Control of Vectors of Public Health Importance. 6th ed. WHO/CDS/NTD/WHOPES/GCDPP/2006.1. Geneva:World Health Organization.
39. WHO. 2006d. Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria 237. Geneva:World Health Organization.
40. WHO. 2007a. Malaria Elimination: A Field Manual for Low and Moderate Endemic Countries. Geneva:World Health Organization.
41. WHO. 2007b. The Use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control: WHO Position Statement. Geneva:World Health Organization.
42. WHO (World Health Organization). 2008. WHO Pesticides Evaluation Scheme. Available: http://www.who.int/whopes/en/ [accessed 30 October 2008].
43. WHO and UNICEF 2005. World Malaria Report 2005. WHO/HTM/MAL/2005.1102: Geneva:World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund.
44. WHOPES (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme). 2002. Report of the Sixth WHOPES Working Group Meeting. Deltamethrin 25% WG & WP and Agnique MMF. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2002.6. Geneva:World Health Organization.
45. WHOPES (WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme). 2004. A Generic Risk Assessment Model for Insecticide Treatment and Subsequent Use of Mosquito Nets. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2004.6. Geneva:World Health Organization.
46. Williams MK, Rundle A, Holmes D, Reyes M, Hoepner LA, Barr DB, et al. 2008. Changes in pest infestation levels, self-reported pesticide use, and permethrin exposure during pregnancy and after 2000-2001 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency restriction on organophosphates. Environ Health Perspect 116:1681-1688.