Impact of caspase activation in human spermatozoa

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 72, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 878-888

  Grunewald, Sonja ^a   Sharma, Rakesh ^b   Paasch, Uwe ^a   Glander, Hans Juergen ^a   Agarwal, Ashok ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Caspase assays; Sperm cryopreservation; Sperm maturation; Sperm separation

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; CHEMICAL ACTIVATION;

CASPASE ACTIVATION; CASPASE ASSAY; CASPASES; CENTRAL COMPONENT; CRYO-PRESERVATION; HUMAN SPERMATOZOA; SIGNALING CASCADES; SPERM CRYOPRESERVATION; SPERM MATURATION; SPERM SEPARATION;

CELL DEATH;

CASPASE;

APOPTOSIS; COLORIMETRY; CRYOPRESERVATION; DNA FRAGMENTATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FLUOROMETRY; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPERMATOZOON; SPERMATOZOON PENETRATION; TESTIS; WESTERN BLOTTING;

EID: 70350561770     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: 10970029     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20732     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Almeida C, Cardoso MF, Sousa M, Viana P, Goncalves A, Silva J, Barros A. 2005. Quantitative study of caspase-3 activity in semen and after swim-up preparation in relation to sperm quality. Hum Reprod 20:1307-1313. (Pubitemid 40790257)
2. Amstad PA, Yu G, Johnson GL, Lee BW, Dhawan S, Phelps DJ (2001) Detection of caspase activation in situ by fluorochrome-labeled caspase inhibitors. Biotechniques, 31:608-610, 612, 614, passim. (Pubitemid 32852643)
3. Aziz N, Buchan I, Taylor C, Kingsland CR, Lewis-Jones I. 1996. The sperm deformity index: a reliable predictor of the outcome of oocyte fertilization in vitro. Fertil Steril 66:1000-1008. (Pubitemid 26423687)
4. Aziz N, Said T, Paasch U, Agarwal A. 2007. The relationship between human sperm apoptosis, morphology and the sperm deformity index. Hum Reprod 22:1413-1419. (Pubitemid 47062814)
5. Bedner E, Smolewski P, Amstad P, Darzynkiewicz Z. 2000. Activation of caspases measured in situ by binding of fluorochrome-labeled inhibitors of caspases (FLICA): Correlation with DNA fragmentation. Exp Cell Res 259:308-313. (Pubitemid 30681536)
6. Benchaib M, Braun V, Lornage J, Hadj S, Salle B, Lejeune H, Guerin JF. 2003. Sperm DNA fragmentation decreases the pregnancy rate in an assisted reproductive technique. Hum Reprod 18:1023-1028. (Pubitemid 36592045)
7. Billig H, Furuta I, Rivier C, Tapanainen J, Parvinen M, Hsueh AJ. 1995. Apoptosis in testis germ cells: Developmental changes in gonadotropin dependence and localization to selective tubule stages. Endocrinology 136:5-12.
8. Blanc-Layrac G, Bringuier AF, Guillot R, Feldmann G. 2000. Morphological and biochemical analysis of cell death in human ejaculated spermatozoa. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 46:187-197.
9. Brugnon F, Ouchchane L, Verheyen G, Communal Y, Van der EJ, Tournaye H, Janny L, Grizard G. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in measuring activated caspases in human spermatozoa. Int J Androl, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2605. 2007.00847.
10. Brugnon F, Janny L, Artonne C, Sion B, Pouly JL, Grizard G. Activated caspases in thawed epididymal and testicular spermatozoa of patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Fertil Steril, DOI:10.1016/j.fertnsert.2008.07.1712.
11. Brum AM, Sabeur K, Ball BA. 2008. Apoptotic-like changes in equine spermatozoa separated by density-gradient centrifugation or after cryopreservation. Theriogenology 69:1041-1055.
12. Cayli S, Sakkas D, Vigue L, Demir R, Huszar G. 2004. Cellular maturity and apoptosis in human sperm: Creatine kinase, caspase-3 and Bcl-XL levels in mature and diminished maturity sperm 1. Mol Hum Reprod 10:365-372. (Pubitemid 38714368)
13. Chen Z, Hauser R, Trbovich AM, Shifren JL, Dorer DJ, Godfrey-Bailey L, Singh NP. 2006. The relationship between human semen characteristics and spermapoptosis: A pilot study. J Androl 27:112-120. (Pubitemid 43106743)
14. Cohen GM. 1997. Caspases: The executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J, 326 (Part 1):1-16.
15. Cohen JJ, Duke RC, Fadok VA, Sellins KS. 1992. Apoptosis and programmed cell death in immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 10:267-293.
16. Cryns V, Yuan J. 1998. Proteases to die for. Genes Dev 12:1551-1570.
17. De Vries KJ, Wiedmer T, Sims PJ, Gadella BM. 2003. Caspase-independent exposure of aminophospholipids and tyrosine phosphorylation in bicarbonate responsive human sperm cells. Biol Reprod 68:2122-2134. (Pubitemid 36687004)
18. Dominguez LA, Burgos MH, Fornes MW. 1999. Morphometrical comparison of human spermatozoa obtained from semen and swim-up methodology. Andrologia 31:23-26.
19. Earnshaw WC, Martins LM, Kaufmann SH. 1999. Mammalian caspases: Structure, activation, substrates, and functions during apoptosis. Annu Rev Biochem 68:383-424.
20. Ekert PG, Silke J, Vaux DL. 1999. Caspase inhibitors. Cell Death Differ 6:1081-1086.
21. Eley A, Hosseinzadeh S, Hakimi H, Geary I, Pacey AA. 2005. Apoptosis of ejaculated human sperm is induced by co-incubation with Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide. Hum Reprod 20:2601-2607. (Pubitemid 41222516)
22. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Frasch SC, Warner ML, Henson PM. 1998. The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 5:551-562. (Pubitemid 28356576)
23. Fuentes-Prior P, Salvesen GS. 2004. The protein structures that shape caspase activity, specificity, activation and inhibition. Biochem J 384:201-232. (Pubitemid 39656233)
24. Gadella BM, Harrison RA. 2002. Capacitation induces cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent, but apoptosis-unrelated, exposure of aminophospholipids at the apical head plasma membrane of boar sperm cells. Biol Reprod 67:340-350.
25. Gandini L, Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Pacifici R, Dondero F. 1999. Immature germ cell separation using a modified discontinuous Percoll gradient technique in human semen. Hum Reprod 14:1022-1027. (Pubitemid 29176483)
26. Gandini L, Lombardo F, Paoli D, Caponecchia L, Familiari G, Verlengia C, Dondero F, Lenzi A. 2000. Study of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 15:830-839. (Pubitemid 30192731)
27. Giampietri C, Petrungaro S, Coluccia P, D'Alessio A, Starace D, Riccioli A, Padula F, Palombi F, Ziparo E, Filippini A, De Cesaris P. 2005. Germ cell apoptosis control during spermatogenesis. Contraception 72:298-302. (Pubitemid 41338112)
28. Green DR, Amarante-Mendes GP. 1998. The point of no return: Mitochondria, caspases, and the commitment to cell death. Results Probl Cell Differ 24:45-61.
29. Grunewald S, Paasch U, Glander HJ. 2001. Enrichment of non-apoptotic human spermatozoa after cryopreservation by immunomagnetic cell sorting. Cell Tissue Bank 2:127-133.
30. Grunewald S, Paasch U, Baumann T, Kriegel C, Glander HJ. 2005a. Capacitation related inactivation of caspase signaling cascade in human spermatozoa. In: Kim S-C, Grootegoed JA, Chemes H, editors. Eighth International Congress of Andrology, Medimond, Seoul, South Korea, June 12-16, 2005, pp. 63-66.
31. Grunewald S, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Anderegg U. 2005b. Mature human spermatozoa do not transcribe novel RNA. Andrologia 37:69-71. (Pubitemid 43073066)
32. Grunewald S, Paasch U, Said TM, Sharma RK, Glander HJ, Agarwal A. 2005c. Caspase activation in human spermatozoa in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Fertil Steril, 83 (Suppl 4):1106-1112.
33. Grunewald S, Paasch U, Wuendrich K, Glander HJ. 2005d. Sperm caspases become more activated in infertility patients than in healthy donors during cryopreservation. Arch Androl 51:449-460.
34. Grunewald S, Baumann T, Paasch U, Glander HJ. 2006a. Capacitation and acrosome reaction in nonapoptotic human spermatozoa. Ann N YAcad Sci 1090:138-146. (Pubitemid 47092117)
35. Grunewald S, Paasch U, Said TM, Rasch M, Agarwal A, Glander HJ. 2006b. Magnetic-activated cell sorting before cryopreservation preserves mitochondrial integrity in human spermatozoa. Cell Tissue Bank 7:99-104. (Pubitemid 43792852)
36. Grunewald S, Miska W, Miska G, Rasch M, Reinhardt M, Glander HJ, Paasch U. 2007. Molecular glass wool filtration as a new tool for sperm preparation. Hum Reprod 22:1405-1412. (Pubitemid 47062813)
37. Grunewald S, Rasch M, Reinhardt M, Baumann T, Paasch U, Glander HJ. 2008a. Stability of fluorochrome based assays to measure subcellular sperm functions. Asian J Androl 10:455-459. (Pubitemid 351584122)
38. Grunewald S, Said TM, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Agarwal A. 2008b. Relationship between sperm apoptosis signalling and oocyte penetration capacity. Int J Androl 31:325-330. (Pubitemid 351652027)
39. Grunewald S, Reinhardt M, Blumenauer V, Said TM, Agarwal A, Hmeidan FA, Glander HJ, Paasch U. Increased sperm chromatin decondensation in selected non-apoptotic spermatozoa of patients with male infertility. Fertil Steril, DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1705.
40. Helfer B, Boswell BC, Finlay D, Cipres A, Vuori K, Bong KT, Wallach D, Dorfleutner A, Lahti JM, Flynn DC, et al. 2006. Caspase-8 promotes cell motility and calpain activity under nonapoptotic conditions. Cancer Res 66:4273-4278.
41. Henkel RR, Schill WB. 2003. Sperm preparation for ART. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1:108.
42. Hikim AP, Lue Y, Yamamoto CM, Vera Y, Rodriguez S, Yen PH, Soeng K, Wang C, Swerdloff RS. 2003. Key apoptotic pathways for heatinduced programmed germ cell death in the testis. Endocrinol 144:3167-3175. (Pubitemid 36819919)
43. Kim SK, Yoon YD, Park YS, Seo JT, Kim JH. 2007. Involvement of the Fas-Fas ligand system and active caspase-3 in abnormal apoptosis in human testes with maturation arrest and Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Fertil Steril 87:547-553.
44. Kotwicka M, Filipiak K, Jedrzejczak P, Warchol JB. 2008. Caspase-3 activation and phosphatidylserine membrane translocation in human spermatozoa: Is there a relationship? Reprod Biomed Online 16:657-663.
45. Kruger TF, Acosta AA, Simmons KF, Swanson RJ, Matta JF, Oehninger S. 1988. Predictive value of abnormal sperm morphology in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 49:112-117. (Pubitemid 18033902)
46. Kumar S. 2004. Migrate, differentiate, proliferate, or die: Pleiotropic functions of an apical "apoptotic caspase." Sci STKE 2004:e49.
47. Li J, Yuan J. 2008. Caspases in apoptosis and beyond. Oncogene 27:6194-6206.
48. Mahfouz RZ, Sharma RK, Poenicke K, Jha R, Paasch U, Grunewald S, Agarwal A. Evaluation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage (cPARP) in ejaculated human sperm fractions after induction of apoptosis. Fertil Steril, DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.173.
49. Marchetti C, Gallego MA, Defossez A, Formstecher P, Marchetti P. 2004. Staining of human sperm with fluorochrome-labeled inhibitor of caspases to detect activated caspases: Correlation with apoptosis and sperm parameters. Hum Reprod 19:1127-1134. (Pubitemid 38618494)
50. Martí E, Pérez-Pé R, Muino-Blanco T, Cebrián-Pérez JA. 2006. Comparative studies of four different sperm washing methods using apoptosis markers in ram spermatozoa. J Androl 27:746-753.
51. Martin G, Sabido O, Durand P, Levy R. 2004. Cryopreservation induces an apoptosis-like mechanismin bull sperm. Biol Reprod 71:28-37. (Pubitemid 38915305)
52. Martin G, Sabido O, Durand P, Levy R. 2005. Phosphatidylserine externalization in human sperm induced by calcium ionophore A23187: Relationship with apoptosis, membrane scrambling and the acrosome reaction. Hum Reprod 20:3459-3468. (Pubitemid 41742528)
53. Martin G, Cagnon N, Sabido O, Sion B, Grizard G, Durand P, Levy R. 2007. Kinetics of occurrence of some features of apoptosis during the cryopreservation process of bovine spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 22:380-388. (Pubitemid 46152556)
54. Martinez-Pastor F, Aisen E, Fernandez-Santos MD, Esteso M, Maroto- Morales A, Garcia-Alvarez O, Garde J. 2009. ROS generators affect quality parameters and apoptosis markers differently in red deer spermatozoa. Reproduction 137:225-235.
55. Moran JM, Madejon L, Ortega FC, Pena FJ. 2008. Nitric oxide induces caspase activity in boar spermatozoa. Theriogenology 70:91-96.
56. Muratori M, Maggi M, Spinelli S, Filimberti E, Forti G, Baldi E. 2003. Spontaneous DNA fragmentation in swim-up selected human spermatozoa during long term incubation. J Androl 24:253-262.
57. Muratori M, Porazzi I, Luconi M, Marchiani S, Forti G, Baldi E. 2004. AnnexinV binding and merocyanine staining fail to detect human sperm capacitation. J Androl 25:797-810. (Pubitemid 39096317)
58. Muratori M, Marchiani S, Maggi M, Forti G, Baldi E. 2006. Origin and biological significance of DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa. Frontiers Biosci 11:1491-1499. (Pubitemid 43253436)
59. Nicholson DW. 1999. Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates, and function during apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 6:1028-1042.
60. Oehninger S, Morshedi M, Weng SL, Taylor S, Duran H, Beebe S. 2003. Presence and significance of somatic cell apoptosis markers in human ejaculated spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online 7:469-476. (Pubitemid 37441706)
61. Ortega-Ferrusola C, Sotillo-Galan Y, Varela-Fernandez E, Gallardo- Bolanos JM, Muriel A, Gonzalez-Fernandez L, Tapia JA, Pena FJ. 2008. Detection of "apoptosis-like" changes during the cryopreservation process in equine sperm. J Androl 29:213-221. (Pubitemid 351345719)
62. Ostermeier GC, Miller D, Huntriss JD, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA. 2004. Reproductive biology: Delivering spermatozoan RNA to the oocyte. Nature 429:154.
63. Paasch U, Agarwal A, Gupta AK, Sharma RK, Grunewald S, Thomas AJ Jr, Glander HJ. 2003. Apoptosis signal transduction and the maturity status of human spermatozoa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1010:486-489. (Pubitemid 38265030)
64. Paasch U, Grunewald S, Fitzl G, Glander HJ. 2003. Deterioration of plasma membrane is associated with activation of caspases in human spermatozoa. J Androl 24:246-252.
65. Paasch U, Grunewald S, Agarwal A Glandera HJ. 2004a. Activation pattern of caspases in human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 81 (Suppl 1):802-809. (Pubitemid 38333064)
66. Paasch U, Grunewald S, Dathe S, Glander HJ. 2004b. Mitochondria of human Spermatozoa are preferentially susceptible to apoptosis. Ann N YAcad Sci 1030:403-409. (Pubitemid 40378939)
67. Paasch U, Sharma RK, Gupta AK, Grunewald S, Mascha EJ, Thomas AJ Jr, Glander HJ, Agarwal A. 2004c. Cryopreservation and thawing is associated with varying extend of activation of apoptotic machinery in subsets of ejaculated human spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 71:1828-1837.
68. Paasch U, Grunewald S, Wuendrich K, Jope T, Glander HJ. 2005. Immunomagnetic removal of cryo-damaged human spermatozoa. Asian J Androl 7:61-69. (Pubitemid 40361068)
69. Paasch U, Grunewald S, Glander HJ. 2007. Sperm selection in assisted reproductive techniques. Soc Reprod Fertil 65 (Suppl):515-525.
70. Pentikainen V, Erkkila K, Dunkel L. 1999. Fas regulates germ cell apoptosis in the human testis in vitro. Am J Physiol 276:E310-E316. (Pubitemid 29100587)
71. Perticarari S, Ricci G, Granzotto M, Boscolo R, Pozzobon C, Guarnieri S, Sartore A, Presani G. 2007. A new multiparameter flow cytometric method for human semen analysis. Hum Reprod 22:485-494. (Pubitemid 46152571)
72. Perticarari S, Ricci G, Boscolo R, De SM, Pagnini G, Martinelli M, Presani G. 2008. Fas receptor is not present on ejaculated human sperm. Hum Reprod 23:1271-1279. (Pubitemid 351770589)
73. Peter AT, Colenbrander B, Gadella B. 2005. Effect of caspase inhibitors on the post-thaw motility, and integrity of acrosome and plasma membrane of cryopreserved equine spermatozoa. Indian J Exp Biol 43:483-487. (Pubitemid 40816959)
74. Pozarowski P, Huang X, Halicka DH, Lee B, Johnson G, Darzynkiewicz Z. 2003. Interactions of fluorochrome-labeled caspase inhibitors with apoptotic cells: A caution in data interpretation. Cytometry A 55:50-60. (Pubitemid 37522521)
75. Ricci G, Perticarari S, Fragonas E, Giolo E, Canova S, Pozzobon C, Guaschino S, Presani G. 2002. Apoptosis in human sperm: Its correlation with semen quality and the presence of leukocytes. Hum Reprod 17:2665-2672. (Pubitemid 35174120)
76. Said TM, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Agarwal A. 2004. Role of caspases in male infertility. Hum Reprod Update 10:39-51.
77. Said TM, Grunewald S, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Baumann T, Kriegel C, Li L, Agarwal A. 2005. Advantage of combining magnetic cell separation with sperm preparation techniques. Reprod Biomed Online 10:740-746. (Pubitemid 40796942)
78. Said T, Agarwal A, Grunewald S, Rasch M, Baumann T, Kriegel C, Li L, Glander HJ, Thomas AJ Jr, Paasch U. 2006. Selection of nonapoptotic spermatozoa as a new tool for enhancing assisted reproduction outcomes: An in vitro model. Biol Reprod 74:530-537. (Pubitemid 43271357)
79. Said TM, Agarwal A, Zborowski M, Grunewald S, Glander HJ, Paasch U. 2008. Utility of magnetic cell separation as a molecular sperm preparation technique. J Androl 29:134-142. (Pubitemid 351345710)
80. Sakkas D, Mariethoz E, St John JC. 1999. Abnormal sperm parameters in humans are indicative of an abortive apoptotic mechanism linked to the Fas-mediated pathway. Exp Cell Res 251:350-355. (Pubitemid 29431872)
81. Sakkas D, MoffattO,Manicardi GC,Mariethoz E, TarozziN, Bizzaro D. 2002. Nature of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa and the possible involvement of apoptosis. Biol Reprod 66:1061-1067. (Pubitemid 34263125)
82. Sati L, Ovari L, Bennett D, Simon SD, Demir R, Huszar G. 2008. Double probing of human spermatozoa for persistent histones, surplus cytoplasm, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. Reprod Biomed Online 16:570-579. (Pubitemid 351566172)
83. Sharlip ID, Jarow JP, Belker AM, Lipshultz LI, Sigman M, Thomas AJ, Schlegel PN, Howards SS, Nehra A, Damewood MD, et al. 2002. Best practice policies for male infertility. Fertil Steril 77:873-882. (Pubitemid 34497151)
84. Shen HM, Dai J, Chia SE, Lim A, Ong CN. 2002. Detection of apoptotic alterations in sperm in subfertile patients and their correlations with sperm quality. Hum Reprod 17:1266-1273. (Pubitemid 34537361)
85. Siddighi S, Patton WC, Jacobson JD, King A, Chan PJ. 2004. Correlation of sperm parameters with apoptosis assessed by dual fluorescence DNA integrity assay. Arch Androl 50:311-314. (Pubitemid 38858397)
86. Smolewski P, Bedner E, Du L, Hsieh TC, Wu JM, Phelps DJ, Darzynkiewicz Z. 2001. Detection of caspases activation by fluorochromelabeled inhibitors: Multiparameter analysis by laser scanning cytometry. Cytometry 44:73-82. (Pubitemid 32434005)
87. Taylor SL, Weng SL, Fox P, Duran EH, Morshedi MS, Oehninger S Beebe SJ. 2004. Somatic cell apoptosis markers and pathways in human ejaculated sperm: Potential utility as indicators of sperm quality. Mol Hum Reprod 10:825-834. (Pubitemid 40045015)
88. Tesarik J, Martinez F, Rienzi L, Iacobelli M, Ubaldi F, Mendoza C, Greco E. 2002. In-vitro effects of FSH and testosterone withdrawal on caspase activation and DNA fragmentation in different cell types of human seminiferous epithelium. Hum Reprod 17:1811-1819. (Pubitemid 34790305)
89. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. 1998. Caspases: Enemies within. Science 281:1312-1316.
90. Thornberry NA, Bull HG, Calaycay JR, Chapman KT, Howard AD, Kostura MJ, Miller DK, Molineaux SM, Weidner JR, Aunins J. 1992. A novel heterodimeric cysteine protease is required for interleukin- 1 beta processing in monocytes. Nature 356:768-774.
91. Vaux DL, Korsmeyer SJ. 1999. Cell death in development. Cell 96:245-254.
92. Wang X, Sharma RK, Sikka SC, Thomas AJ Jr, Falcone T, Agarwal A. 2003. Oxidative stress is associated with increased apoptosis leading to spermatozoa DNA damage in patients with male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 80:531-535. (Pubitemid 37102861)
93. Weng SL, Taylor SL, Morshedi M, Schuffner A, Duran EH, Beebe S, Oehninger S. 2002. Caspase activity and apoptotic markers in ejaculated human sperm. Mol Hum Reprod 8:984-991. (Pubitemid 35331802)
94. World Health Organization. 1999. Laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm - Cervical mucus interaction,4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
95. Wuendrich K, Paasch U, Leicht M, Glander HJ. 2006. Activation of caspases in human spermatozoa during cryopreservation - An immonoblot study. Cell Tissue Bank 7:81-90. (Pubitemid 43792850)
96. Zheng S, Turner TT, Lysiak JJ. 2006. Caspase 2 activity contributes to the initial wave of germ cell apoptosis during the first round of spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod 74:1026-1033. (Pubitemid 47394290)
97. Zini A, Boman JM, Belzile E, Ciampi A. 2008. Sperm DNA damage is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss after IVF and ICSI: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 23:2663-2668.