Sarcopenia and functional decline: Pathophysiology, prevention and therapy

Acta Clinica Belgica

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 303-316

  Bautmans, Ivan ^a,b   Van Puyvelde, Katrien ^b   Mets, Tony ^a,b  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Elderly; Frailty; Muscle weakness

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

AGED; AGING; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EXERCISE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

AGING; ANABOLIC AGENTS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPOKINESIA; MALNUTRITION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SARCOPENIA;

EID: 70350162452     PISSN: 00015512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/acb.2009.048     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Rosenberg IH. Summary comments. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989; 50: 1231-1233
2. Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997; 127: 990S-1S.
3. Morley JE. Editorial: The top 10 hot topics in aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004; 59A: 24-33.
4. Sehl ME, Yates FE. Kinetics of human aging: I. Rates of senescence between ages 30 and 70 years in healthy people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56: B198-208.
5. Lexell J, Taylor CC, Sjostrom M. What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old mm. J Neurol Sci. 1988; 84: 275-294 (Pubitemid 18087270)
6. Marcell TJ. Review Article: Sarcopenia: Causes, Consequences, and Preventions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58: M911-6.
7. Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Lutz KJ, Evans WJ. A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1991; 71: 644-650
8. Doherty TJ. Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003; 95: 1717-1727
9. Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Plasticity of the muscle-tendon complex with disuse and aging. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2007; 35: 126-134
10. Aniansson A, Grimby G, Hedberg M. Compensatory muscle fiber hypertrophy in elderly men. J Appl Physiol. 1992; 73: 812-816
11. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. American journal of epidemiology. 1998; 147: 755-763
12. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50: 889-896 (Pubitemid 34496687)
13. Melton LJ, 3rd, Khosla S, Crowson CS, O'Connor MK, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Epidemiology of sarcopenia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 625-630
14. Castillo EM, Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Morton DJ, Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Sarcopenia in elderly men and women: The Rancho Bernardo study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003; 25: 226-231 (Pubitemid 41116524)
15. Gallagher D, Ruts E, Visser M, Heshka S, Baumgartner RN, Wang J, et al. Weight stability masks sarcopenia in elderly men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 279: E366-75. (Pubitemid 30672715)
16. Estrada M, Kleppinger A, Judge JO, Walsh SJ, Kuchel GA. Functional impact of relative versus absolute sarcopenia in healthy older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55: 1712-1719 (Pubitemid 350043795)
17. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008; 18: 388-395
18. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Di lorio A, et al. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003; 95: 1851-1860 (Pubitemid 37310367)
19. Hurley MV, Rees J, Newham DJ. Quadriceps function, proprioceptive acuity and functional performance in healthy young, middle-aged and elderly subjects. Age Ageing. 1998; 27: 55-62. (Pubitemid 28052547)
20. Hortobagyi T, Mizelle C, Beam S, DeVita P. Old adults perform activities of daily living near their maximal capabilities. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58: M453-60. (Pubitemid 36535117)
21. Mets T, Bautmans I, Njemini R, Lambert M, Demanet C. The influence of celecoxib on muscle fatigue resistance and mobility in elderly patients with inflammation. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2004; 2: 230-238 (Pubitemid 40378777)
22. Bautmans I, Njemini R, Lambert M, Demanet C, Mets T. Circulating Acute Phase Mediators and Skeletal Muscle Performance in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005; 60: 361-367 (Pubitemid 40628803)
23. Hoenig H, Rubenstein LZ. Hospital-associated deconditioning and dysfunction. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39: 220-222
24. WHO. Active Ageing: a policy framework. March 2009 [cited; Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO-NMH-NPH-02.8.pdf
25. Bevolkingsvooruitzichten 1995-2025. In: Federaal Planbureau Brussel B, ed.: Nationaal Instituut voor de Statistiek.
26. Krabbe KS, Pedersen M, Bruunsgaard H. Inflammatory mediators in the elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2004; 39: 687-699
27. Kushner I. C-reactive protein elevation can be caused by conditions other than inflammation and may reflect biologic aging. Cleve Clin J Med. 2001; 68: 535-537
28. Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, et al. Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57: M326-32. (Pubitemid 34464974)
29. Payette H, Roubenoff R, Jacques PF, Dinarello CA, Wilson PW, Abad LW, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and interleukin 6 predict sarcopenia in very old community-living men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 1237-1243 (Pubitemid 37093572)
30. Zanni F, Vescovini R, Biasini C, Fagnoni F, Zanlari L, Telera A, et al. Marked increase with age of type 1 cytokines within memory and effector/cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in humans: a contribution to understand the relationship between inflammation and immunosenescence. Exp Gerontol. 2003; 38: 981-987
31. Trappe S, Gallagher P, Harber M, Carrithers J, Fluckey J, Trappe T. Single muscle fibre contractile properties in young and old men and women. J Physiol. 2003; 552: 47-58. (Pubitemid 37265467)
32. Kent-Braun JA, Ng AV, Young K. Skeletal muscle contractile and noncontractile components in young and older women and men. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 88: 662-668 (Pubitemid 30097111)
33. Avery NC, Bailey AJ. Enzymic and non-enzymic cross-linking mechanisms in relation to turnover of collagen: relevance to aging and exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005; 15: 231-240
34. Hightower LE, Hageman J, Vos MJ, Kubota H, Tanguay RM, Bruford EA, et al. Guidelines for the nomenclature of the human heat shock proteins. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2008.
35. Vos MJ, Hageman J, Carra S, Kampinga HH. Structural and functional diversities between members of the human HSPB, HSPH, HSPA, and DNAJ chaperone families. Biochemistry. 2008; 47: 7001-7011 (Pubitemid 351956349)
36. Lee CE, McArdle A, Griffiths RD. The role of hormones, cytokines and heat shock proteins during age-related muscle loss. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2007; 26: 524-534 (Pubitemid 47618317)
37. Njemini R, Bautmans I, Lambert M, Demanet C, Mets T. Heat shock proteins and chemokine/cytokine secretion profile in ageing and inflammation. Mech Ageing Dev. 2007; 128: 450-454 (Pubitemid 47223378)
38. Njemini R, Lambert M, Demanet C, Kooijman R, Mets T. Basal and infection-induced levels of heat shock proteins in human aging. Biogerontology. 2007. (Pubitemid 46711489)
39. Njemini R, Lambert M, Demanet C, Mets T. Heat shock protein 32 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: effect of aging and inflammation. J Clin Immunol. 2005; 25: 405-17. (Pubitemid 41298123)
40. Njemini R, Lambert M, Demanet C, Mets T. The effect of aging and inflammation on heat shock protein 27 in human monocytes and lymphocytes. Exp Gerontol. 2006; 41: 312-319
41. Njemini R, Abeele MV, Demanet C, Lambert M, Vandebosch S, Mets T. Age-related decrease in the inducibility of heat-shock protein 70 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Immunol. 2002; 22: 195-205. (Pubitemid 34774983)
42. Njemini R, Demanet C, Mets T. Inflammatory status as an important determinant of heat shock protein 70 serum concentrations during aging. Biogerontology. 2004; 5: 31-38 (Pubitemid 38461026)
43. Bautmans I, Njemini R, Vasseur S, Chabert H, Moens L, Demanet C, et al. Biochemical changes in response to intensive resistance exercise training in the elderly. Gerontology. 2005; 51: 253-265
44. Delves PJ, Roitt IM. The immune system. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 108-117
45. Mackinnon L. Exercise and immunology. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics 1992.
46. Gabay C, Kushner I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 448-454 (Pubitemid 29084777)
47. Baracos V, Rodemann HP, Dinarello CA, Goldberg AL. Stimulation of muscle protein degradation and prostaglandin E2 release by leukocytic pyrogen (interleukin-1). A mechanism for the increased degradation of muscle proteins during fever. N Engl J Med. 1983; 308: 553-558 (Pubitemid 13141999)
48. Kotler DP. Cachexia. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 622-634
49. Zoico E, Roubenoff R. The role of cytokines in regulating protein metabolism and muscle function. Nutr Rev. 2002; 60: 39-51. (Pubitemid 34131000)
50. Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Mechanisms of muscle wasting. The role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1897-1905
51. Argiles JM, Alvarez B, Carbo N, Busquets S, Van Royen M, Lopez-Soriano FJ. The divergent effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on skeletal muscle: implications in wasting. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2000; 11: 552-559 (Pubitemid 32044238)
52. Montero-Odasso M, Duque G. Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2005; 26: 203-219 (Pubitemid 40462027)
53. Mets T. Calcium, vitamin D, and hip fractures. Incidence of falls may have decreased. Bmj. 1994; 309: 193.
54. Bietlot M, Demarest F, Tafforeau J, Van Oyen H. Gezondheidsenquête 1997 en 2001. De gezondheid in België, zijn gemeenschappen en gewesten. 2001 [cited; Available from: http//www.iph.fgov.be/epidemio/epinl/index4.htm
55. Hawkins SA, Wiswell RA, Marcell TJ. Exercise and the master athlete - a model of successful aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58: 1009-1011
56. Wiswell RA, Hawkins SA, Jaque SV, Hyslop D, Constantino N, Tarpenning K, et al. Relationship between physiological loss, performance decrement, and age in master athletes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56: M618-26. (Pubitemid 32954229)
57. Meltzer DE. Age dependence of Olympic weightlifting ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994; 26: 1053-1067
58. Klitgaard H, Mantoni M, Schiaffino S, Ausoni S, Gorza L, Laurent-Winter C, et al. Function, morphology and protein expression of ageing skeletal muscle: a cross-sectional study of elderly men with different training backgrounds. Acta Physiol Scand. 1990; 140: 41-54.
59. Brown M. The master athlete. Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Clinics of North America. 1997; 6: 253-266
60. Merkies IS, Schmitz PI, Samijn JP, Meche FG, Toyka KV, van Doom PA. Assessing grip strength in healthy individuals and patients with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 2000; 23: 1393-1401
61. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56: M146-57.
62. Syddall H, Cooper C, Martin F, Briggs R, Aihie Sayer A. Is grip strength a useful single marker of frailty? Age Ageing. 2003; 32: 650-656
63. Avlund K, Vass M, Hendriksen C. Onset of mobility disability among community-dwelling old men and women. The role of tiredness in daily activities. Age Ageing. 2003; 32: 579-584
64. Chen MK. The epidemiology of self-perceived fatigue among adults. Prev Med. 1986; 15: 74-81.
65. Liao S, Ferrell BA. Fatigue in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 426-430
66. Bautmans I, Mets T. A fatigue resistance test for elderly persons based on grip strength: reliability and comparison with healthy young subjects. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005; 17: 217-22. (Pubitemid 41558107)
67. Bautmans I, Gorus E, Njemini R, Mets T. Handgrip performance in relation to self-perceived fatigue, physical functioning and circulating IL-6 in elderly persons without inflammation. BMC Geriatr. 2007; 7: 5. (Pubitemid 46411263)
68. Bautmans I, Njemini R, Predom H, Lemper JC, Mets T. Muscle endurance in elderly nursing home residents is related to fatigue perception, mobility, and circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and heat shock protein 70. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56: 389-396 (Pubitemid 351327923)
69. Hurley BF, Roth SM. Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases. Sports Med. 2000; 30: 249-268 (Pubitemid 30776294)
70. Latham NK, Bennett DA, Stretton CM, Anderson CS. Systematic review of progressive resistance strength training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004; 59: M48-61.
71. Latham NK, Andersen-Ranberg K, Bennett DA, Stretton CM. Progressive resistance training for physical disability in older people (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. 2003; 2.
72. Williams GN, Higgins MJ, Lewek MD. Aging skeletal muscle: physiologic changes and the effects of training. Phys Ther. 2002; 82: 62-68 (Pubitemid 34052117)
73. Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. Jama. 1990; 263: 3029-3034
74. Roth SM, Ferrell RF, Hurley BF. Strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2000; 4: 143-155
75. Harridge SD, Kryger A, Stensgaard A. Knee extensor strength, activation, and size in very elderly people following strength training. Muscle Nerve. 1999; 22: 831-839 (Pubitemid 29330029)
76. Pyka G, Lindenberger E, Charette S, Marcus R. Muscle strength and fiber adaptations to a year-long resistance training program in elderly men and women. J Gerontol. 1994; 49: M22-7. (Pubitemid 24028017)
77. Trappe S.Williamson D, Godard M, Porter D, Rowden G, Costill D. Effect of resistance training on single muscle fiber contractile function in older men. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89: 143-152 (Pubitemid 30482574)
78. Rydwik E, Frandin K, Akner G. Effects of physical training on physical performance in institutionalised elderly patients (70+) with multiple diagnoses. Age Ageing. 2004; 33: 13-23.
79. Bautmans I, Van Hees E, Lemper JC, Mets T. The feasibility of whole body vibration in institutionalised elderly persons and its influence on muscle performance, balance and mobility: a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN62535013]. BMC Geriatr. 2005; 5: 17. (Pubitemid 43273977)
80. Thomas VS, Hageman PA. Can neuromuscular strength and function in people with dementia be rehabilitated using resistance-exercise training? Results from a preliminary intervention study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58: 746-51.
81. van den Ende CH, Breedveld FC, le Cessie S, Dijkmans BA, de Mug AW, Hazes JM. Effect of intensive exercise on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000; 59: 615-621
82. Van Den Ende CH, Vliet Vlieland TP, Munneke M, Hazes JM. Dynamic exercise therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000: CD000322.
83. Rall LC, Meydani SN, Kehayias JJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Roubenoff R. The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition. Arthritis Rheum. 1996; 39: 415-426
84. Pu CT, Johnson MT, Forman DE, Hausdorff JM, Roubenoff R, Foldvari M, et al. Randomized trial of progressive resistance training to counteract the myopathy of chronic heart failure. J Appl Physiol. 2001; 90: 2341-2350 (Pubitemid 32467430)
85. Sullivan DH, Wall PT, Bariola JR, Bopp MM, Frost YM. Progressive resistance muscle strength training of hospitalized frail elderly. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001; 80: 503-509 (Pubitemid 32574610)
86. Hauer K, Specht N, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Intensive physical training in geriatric patients after severe falls and hip surgery. Age Ageing. 2002; 31: 49-57. (Pubitemid 34187752)
87. Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Tracy BL, Ivey FM, Metter EJ, et al. Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining. Med Sei Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 1505-1512 (Pubitemid 30618578)
88. Hakkinen K, Alen M, Kallinen M, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Neuromuscular adaptation during prolonged strength training, detraining and re-strength-training in middle-aged and elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000; 83: 51-62. (Pubitemid 32015607)
89. Taaffe DR, Marcus R. Dynamic muscle strength alterations to detraining and retraining in elderly men. Clin Physiol. 1997; 17: 311-324 (Pubitemid 27236992)
90. Trappe S, Williamson D, Godard M. Maintenance of whole muscle strength and size following resistance training in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57: B138-43. (Pubitemid 34263290)
91. Kallinen M, Sipila S, Alen M, Suominen H. Improving cardiovascular fitness by strength or endurance training in women aged 76-78 years. A population-based, randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2002; 31: 247-254
92. Bautmans I, Lambert M, Mets T. The six-minute walk test in community dwelling elderly: influence of health status. BMC Geriatr. 2004; 4: 6. (Pubitemid 39258929)
93. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. The New England journal of medicine. 1994; 330: 1769-1775
94. Fujita S, Volpi E. Nutrition and sarcopenia of ageing. Nutrition research reviews. 2004; 17: 69-76.
95. Dreyer HC, Volpi E. Role of protein and amino acids in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2005; 24: 140S-5S. (Pubitemid 40489660)
96. Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B, Fry CS, Dhanani S, Dillon EL, et al. Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104: 1452-1461
97. Venning G. Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. BMJ. 2005; 330: 524-526 (Pubitemid 40343357)
98. Frisoli A, Jr., Chaves PH, Pinheiro MM, Szejnfeld VL. The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mineral density, muscle mass, and hemoglobin levels in elderly women with osteoporosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The journals of gerontology. 2005; 60: 648-653
99. Creutzberg EC, Wouters EF, Mostert R, Pluymers RJ, Schols AM. A role for anabolic steroids in the rehabilitation of patients with COPD? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Chest. 2003; 124: 1733-1742 (Pubitemid 37433566)
100. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Treatment of androgen deficiency in the aging male. Fertility and sterility. 2006; 86: S236-40.
101. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2006; 91: 1995-2010. (Pubitemid 43854972)
102. Baulieu EE, Thomas G, Legrain S, Lahlou N, Roger M, Debuire B, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000; 97: 4279-4284 (Pubitemid 30226124)
103. Nair KS, Rizza RA, O'Brien P, Dhatariya K, Short KR, Nehra A, et al. DHEA in elderly women and DHEA or testosterone in elderly men. The New England journal of medicine. 2006; 355: 1647-1659 (Pubitemid 44583955)
104. Giovannini S, Marzetti E, Borst SE, Leeuwenburgh C. Modulation of GH/IGF-1 axis: potential strategies to counteract sarcopenia in older adults. Mechanisms of ageing and development. 2008; 129: 593-601.
105. Onder G, Penninx BW, Balkrishnan R, Fried LP, Chaves PH, Williamson J, et al. Relation between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and muscle strength and physical function in older women: an observational study. Lancet. 2002; 359: 926-930
106. Sumukadas D, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. Sarcopenia - a potential target for Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition? Gerontology. 2006; 52: 237-242
107. Jorgensen SB, Jensen TE, Richter EA. Role of AMPK in skeletal muscle gene adaptation in relation to exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; 32: 904-911
108. Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang YX, Banayo E, et al. AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics. Cell. 2008; 134: 405-415
109. Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Prestwood KM, Kenny AM. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57: M772-7. (Pubitemid 35470952)
110. Tanko LB, Movsesyan L, Mouritzen U, Christiansen C, Svendsen OL Appendicular lean tissue mass and the prevalence of sarcopenia among healthy women. Metabolism. 2002; 51: 69-74. (Pubitemid 34097412)
111. Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cournot M, Nourhashemi F, Reynish W, Riviere D, et al. Sarcopenia, calf circumference, and physical function of elderly women: a cross-sectional study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 1120-1124 (Pubitemid 36993470)
112. Gillette-Guyonnet S, Nourhashemi F, Andrieu S, Cantet C, Albarède JL, Vellas B, et al. Body composition in French women 75+ years of age: The EPIDOS study. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2003; 124: 311-316
113. Kenny AM, Dawson L, Kleppinger A, Iannuzzi-Sucich M, Judge JO. Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in nonobese women who are long-term users of estrogen-replacement therapy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58: M436-40. (Pubitemid 36535114)
114. Erratum to article by: Castillo EM, Goodman-Gruen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Morton DJ, Wingard D, Barrett-Connor E. Sarcopenia in elderly men and women: The Rancho Bernardo Study: Am J Prev Med 2003;25:226-31. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2004; 27: 265-.
115. Pichard C, Kyle UG, Bracco D, Slosman DO, Morabia A, Schutz Y. Reference values of fat-free and fat masses by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 3393 healthy subjects. Nutrition. 2000; 16: 245-254 (Pubitemid 30176049)
116. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, et al. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 1602-1609 (Pubitemid 37409595)
117. Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. American journal of epidemiology. 2004; 159: 413-421 (Pubitemid 38200776)
118. Lau EMC, Lynn HSH, Woo JW, Kwok TCY, Melton LJ, III. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Sarcopenia in Elderly Chinese Men and Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005; 60: 213-216 (Pubitemid 40524862)
119. Foley RN, Wang C, Ishani A, Collins AJ, Murray AM. Kidney function and sarcopenia in the United States general population: NHANES III. American journal of nephrology. 2007; 27: 279-286 (Pubitemid 47164678)
120. Gallagher D, Visser M, De Meersman RE, Sepulveda D, Baumgartner RN, Pierson RN, et al. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol. 1997; 83: 229-239
121. Dargent-Molina P, Favier F, Grandjean H, Baudoin C, Schott AM, Hausherr E, et al. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 1996; 348: 145-149 (Pubitemid 26238096)
122. Ligthart GJ, Corberand JX, Fournier C, Galanaud P, Hijmans W, Kennes B, et al. Admission criteria for immunogerontological studies in man: the SENIEUR protocol. Mech Ageing Dev. 1984; 28: 47-55. (Pubitemid 15222465)