Chronic viral infections of the central nervous system: Aspects specific to multiple sclerosis

Revue Neurologique

Volumn 165, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 789-795

  Giraudon, P ^a,b   Bernard, A ^a,b  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

Author keywords

Autoimmunity; Chronic inflammation; EBV; HHV 6; Neuroimmunology; Virus persistence

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; BRAIN INFECTION; BRAIN REGION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CORONAVIRUS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HERPES VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS; NONHUMAN; PARAMYXOVIRUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PICORNAVIRUS; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 70349440947     PISSN: 00353787     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. J.M. Adams, and D.T. Imagawa Measles antibodies in multiple sclerosis Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 111 1962 562 566
2. M.J. Appel, L.T. Glickman, C.S. Raine, and W.W. Tourtellotte Canine viruses and multiple sclerosis Neurology 31 1981 944 949
3. A. Ascherio, K.L. Munger, and E.T. Lennette Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study JAMA 286 2001 3083 3088 (Pubitemid 34016522)
4. A.L. Astier T-cell regulation by CD46 and its relevance in multiple sclerosis Immunology 124 2008 149 154
5. A.L. Astier, and D.A. Hafler Abnormal Tr1 differentiation in multiple sclerosis J Neuroimmunol 191 2007 70 78
6. G.J. Babcock, D. Hochberg, and A.D. Thorley-Lawson The expression pattern of Epstein-Barr virus latent genes in vivo is dependent upon the differentiation stage of the infected B cell Immunity 13 2000 497 506 (Pubitemid 30951873)
7. A. Bencsik, H. Akaoka, P. Giraudon, M.F. Belin, and A. Bernard Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase expression within the substantia nigra of mice infected with canine distemper virus J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56 1997 673 685 (Pubitemid 27463102)
8. A. Bencsik, C. Malcus, and H. Akaoka Selective induction of cytokines in mouse brain infected with canine distemper virus: structural, cellular and temporal expression J Neuroimmunol 65 1996 1 9 (Pubitemid 26150062)
9. A. Bernard, T.F. Wild, and M.F. Tripier Canine distemper infection in mice: characterization of a neuro-adapted virus strain and its long-term evolution in the mouse J Gen Virol 64 1983 1571 1579
10. R. Berti, M.B. Brennan, and S.S. Soldan Increased detection of serum HHV-6 DNA sequences during multiple sclerosis (MS) exacerbations and correlation with parameters of MS disease progression J Neurovirol 8 2002 250 256 (Pubitemid 34732706)
11. B.M. Blumberg, D.J. Mock, and J.M. Powers et al. The HHV6 paradox: ubiquitous commensal or insidious pathogen? A two-step in situ PCR approach J Clin Virol 16 2000 159 178
12. P.F. Bray, L.C. Bloomer, V.C. Salmon, M.H. Bagley, and P.D. Larsen Epstein-Barr virus infection and antibody synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis Arch Neurol 40 1983 406 408
13. W. Bruck, N. Sommermeier, and M. Bergmann Macrophages in multiple sclerosis Immunobiology 195 1996 588 600 (Pubitemid 26361485)
14. T. Brudek, P. Luhdorf, T. Christensen, H.J. Hansen, and A. Moller-Larsen Activation of endogenous retrovirus reverse transcriptase in multiple sclerosis patient lymphocytes by inactivated HSV-1, HHV-6 and VZV J Neuroimmunol 187 2007 147 155 (Pubitemid 47001539)
15. F. Cathala, and P. Brown The possible viral aetiology of disseminated sclerosis J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol) 6 1972 141 151
16. R. Cattaneo Four viruses, two bacteria, and one receptor: membrane cofactor protein (CD46) as pathogens' magnet J Virol 78 2004 4385 4388 (Pubitemid 38501058)
17. R. Cattaneo, A. Schmid, M.A. Billeter, R.D. Sheppard, and S.A. Udem Multiple viral mutations rather than host factors cause defective measles virus gene expression in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cell line J Virol 62 1988 1388 1397 (Pubitemid 18082954)
18. C. Cermelli, R. Berti, and S.S. Soldan High frequency of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in multiple sclerosis plaques isolated by laser microdissection J Infect Dis 187 2003 1377 1387 (Pubitemid 36549682)
19. C.Y. Chiu, A.L. Greninger, and K. Kanada et al. Identification of cardioviruses related to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus in human infections Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 2008 14124 14129
20. C. Confavreux, and S. Vukusic Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis Brain 129 2006 595 605 (Pubitemid 43278222)
21. C. Confavreux, and S. Vukusic Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept Brain 129 2006 606 616 (Pubitemid 43278223)
22. S.D. Cook Does Epstein-Barr virus cause multiple sclerosis? Rev Neurol Dis 1 2004 115 123
23. R.J. Danaher, B.S. McGarrell, A.J. Stromberg, and C.S. Miller Herpes simplex virus type 1 modulates cellular gene expression during quiescent infection of neuronal cells Arch Virol 153 2008 1335 1345
24. J.C. de la Torre, and M.B. Oldstone Anatomy of viral persistence: mechanisms of persistence and associated disease Adv Virus Res 46 1996 311 343 (Pubitemid 3027547)
25. P.J. de Pagter, R. Schuurman, and E. Meijer et al. Human herpesvirus type 6 reactivation after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation J Clin Virol 43 2008 361 366
26. G.N. DeLorenze, K.L. Munger, and E.T. Lennette et al. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up Arch Neurol 63 2006 839 844
27. D. Franciotta, M. Salvetti, F. Lolli, B. Serafini, and F. Aloisi B cells and multiple sclerosis Lancet Neurol 7 2008 852 858
28. D.A. Fuccillo, D.L. Madden, and G.A. Castellano Multiple sclerosis: cellular and humoral immune responses to several viruses Neurology 28 1978 613 615 (Pubitemid 8337947)
29. R.S. Fujinami, M.G. von Herrath, U. Christen, and J.L. Whitton Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: infections and autoimmune disease Clin Microbiol Rev 19 2006 80 94 (Pubitemid 43157648)
30. R.S. Fujinami, M.B. Oldstone, Z. Wroblewska, M.E. Frankel, and H. Koprowski Molecular mimicry in virus infection: crossreaction of measles virus phosphoprotein or of Herpes simplex virus protein with human intermediate filaments Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80 1983 2346 2350
31. D.C. Gajdusek, and V. Zigas Degenerative disease of the central nervous system in New Guinea; the endemic occurrence of Kuru in the native population N Engl J Med 257 1957 974 978
32. R.K. Garg Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis J Neurol 255 2008 1861 1871
33. F. Geeraedts, N. Wilczak, R. van Binnendijk, and J. De Keyser Search for morbillivirus proteins in multiple sclerosis brain tissue Neuroreport 15 2004 27 32 (Pubitemid 41614967)
34. B. Griffond, O. Verlaeten, M.F. Belin, P.Y. Risold, and A. Bernard Specific alteration of the expression of selected hypothalamic neuropeptides during acute and late mouse brain infection using a morbillivirus: relevance to the late-onset obesity? Brain Res 1022 2004 173 181 (Pubitemid 39194997)
35. B. Grubor-Bauk, J.L. Arthur, and G. Mayrhofer Importance of NKT cells in resistance to Herpes simplex virus, fate of virus-infected neurons, and level of latency in mice J Virol 82 2008 11073 11083
36. S. Haahr, and P. Hollsberg Multiple sclerosis is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection Rev Med Virol 16 2006 297 310 (Pubitemid 44497311)
37. S. Haahr, A. Moller-Larsen, and E. Pedersen Immunological parameters in multiple sclerosis patients with special reference to the Herpes virus group Clin Exp Immunol 51 1983 197 206 (Pubitemid 13177541)
38. D.A. Hafler, and H.L. Weiner T cells in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory central nervous system diseases Immunol Rev 100 1987 307 332 (Pubitemid 18017646)
39. S.L. Hauser, E. Waubant, and D.L. Arnold B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med 358 2008 676 688 (Pubitemid 351240747)
40. W. Hou, E.Y. So, and B.S. Kim Role of dendritic cells in differential susceptibility to viral demyelinating disease PLoS Pathog 3 2007 e124 (Pubitemid 47359082)
41. E. Iacobaeus, C. Ryschkewitsch, and M. Gravell et al. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid cells from patients with multiple sclerosis for detection of JC virus DNA Mult Scler 15 2009 28 35
42. R.T. Johnson Emerging viral infections of the nervous system J Neurovirol 9 2003 140 147 (Pubitemid 36656448)
43. Z. Kato, K. Saito, M. Yamada, T. Asano, and N. Kondo Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis J Child Neurol 17 2002 788 790 (Pubitemid 36163698)
44. S.T. Khuth, H. Akaoka, and A. Pagenstecher Morbillivirus infection of the mouse central nervous system induces region-specific upregulation of MMPs and TIMPs correlated to inflammatory cytokine expression J Virol 75 2001 8268 8282 (Pubitemid 32743699)
45. J. Kirk, and W.M. Hutchinson The fine structure of the CNS in multiple sclerosis. I. Interpretation of cytoplasmic papovavirus-like and Paramyxovirus-like inclusions Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 4 1978 343 356 (Pubitemid 9038383)
46. B. Kornek, and H. Lassmann Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note Brain Pathol 9 1999 651 656 (Pubitemid 29470958)
47. B. Krone, D. Pohl, and K. Rostasy Common infectious agents in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in children Mult Scler 14 2008 136 139 (Pubitemid 351541407)
48. W. Liedtke, R. Malessa, P.M. Faustmann, and A.M. Eis-Hubinger Human herpesvirus 6 polymerase chain reaction findings in human immunodeficiency virus associated neurological disease and multiple sclerosis J Neurovirol 1 1995 253 258
49. J.A. Lincoln, K. Hankiewicz, and S.D. Cook Could Epstein-Barr virus or canine distemper virus cause multiple sclerosis? Neurol Clin 26 2008 699 715 viii (Pubitemid 352020484)
50. H. Link, S. Baig, and Y.P. Jiang B cells and antibodies in MS Res Immunol 140 1989 219 226 [discussion 245-218] (Pubitemid 19121168)
51. H.L. Lipton Theiler's virus infection in mice: an unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyelination Infect Immun 11 1975 1147 1155
52. C. Lucchinetti, W. Bruck, and J. Parisi Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination Ann Neurol 47 2000 707 717 (Pubitemid 30390191)
53. J.D. Lunemann, T. Kamradt, R. Martin, and C. Munz Epstein-Barr virus: environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis? J Virol 81 2007 6777 6784 (Pubitemid 46986614)
54. J.D. Lunemann, P. Huppke, and S. Roberts et al. Broadened and elevated humoral immune response to EBNA1 in pediatric multiple sclerosis Neurology 71 2008 1033 1035
55. J.R. Martin Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and multiple sclerosis Lancet 2 1981 777 781 (Pubitemid 11020311)
56. L. McCoy, I. Tsunoda, and R.S. Fujinami Multiple sclerosis and virus induced immune responses: autoimmunity can be primed by molecular mimicry and augmented by bystander activation Autoimmunity 39 2006 9 19 (Pubitemid 43878516)
57. J.E. Merrill, L.W. Myers, and G.W. Ellison Cytotoxic cells in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients Ann N Y Acad Sci 436 1984 192 205 (Pubitemid 15102044)
58. S.D. Miller, C.L. Vanderlugt, and W.S. Begolka et al. Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading Nat Med 3 1997 1133 1136
59. E.M. Morgan, and F. Rapp Measles virus and its associated diseases Bacteriol Rev 41 1977 636 666 (Pubitemid 8194909)
60. P.D. Murray, D.B. McGavern, and X. Lin Perforin-dependent neurologic injury in a viral model of multiple sclerosis J Neurosci 18 1998 7306 7314 (Pubitemid 28425815)
61. N. Nathanson The pathogenesis of poliomyelitis: what we don't know Adv Virus Res 71 2008 1 50
62. H.J. Nordal, B. Vandvik, and E. Norrby Multiple sclerosis: local synthesis of electrophoretically restricted measles, rubella, mumps and herpes simplex virus antibodies in the central nervous system Scand J Immunol 7 1978 473 479 (Pubitemid 8360255)
63. M.B. Oldstone Viral persistence: mechanisms and consequences Curr Opin Microbiol 1 1998 436 441
64. J.B. Patterson, T.I. Cornu, and J. Redwine Evidence that the hypermutated M protein of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis measles virus actively contributes to the chronic progressive CNS disease Virology 291 2001 215 225 (Pubitemid 34095178)
65. F.E. Payne, J.V. Baublis, and H.H. Itabashi Isolation of measles virus from cell cultures of brain from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis N Engl J Med 281 1969 585 589
66. M.P. Pender, P.A. Csurhes, A. Lenarczyk, C.M. Pfluger, and S.R. Burrows Decreased T-cell reactivity to Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines in multiple sclerosis J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80 2009 498 505
67. E. Pette Measles virus: a causative agent in multiple sclerosis? Neurology 18 1968 168 169
68. J.W. Prineas, E.E. Kwon, and E.S. Cho et al. Immunopathology of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 50 2001 646 657
69. R.H. Roxburgh, S.R. Seaman, and T. Masterman Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity Neurology 64 2005 1144 1151 (Pubitemid 40490510)
70. A. Salmi, B. Ziola, T. Hovi, and M. Reunanen Antibodies to coronaviruses OC43 and 229E in multiple sclerosis patients Neurology 32 1982 292 295 (Pubitemid 12176879)
71. J. Schneider-Schaulies, and S. Schneider-Schaulies Receptor interactions, tropism, and mechanisms involved in morbillivirus-induced immunomodulation Adv Virus Res 71 2008 173 205
72. B. Serafini, B. Rosicarelli, R. Magliozzi, E. Stigliano, and F. Aloisi Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis Brain Pathol 14 2004 164 174 (Pubitemid 38656388)
73. K.S. Shindler, L.C. Kenyon, M. Dutt, S.T. Hingley, and J. Das Sarma Experimental optic neuritis induced by a demyelinating strain of mouse hepatitis virus J Virol 82 2008 8882 8886
74. S.S. Soldan, R. Berti, N. Salem, P. Secchiero, and L. Flamand Association of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA Nat Med 3 1997 1394 1397 (Pubitemid 28011041)
75. J. Sotelo, G. Ordonez, and B. Pineda Varicella-zoster virus at relapses of multiple sclerosis J Neurol 254 2007 493 500 (Pubitemid 46786726)
76. J. Sotelo, A. Martinez-Palomo, G. Ordonez, and B. Pineda Varicella-zoster virus in cerebrospinal fluid at relapses of multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 63 2008 303 311
77. A. Tai, E. O'Reilly, and K. Alroy et al. Human endogenous retrovirus-K18 Env as a risk factor in multiple sclerosis Mult Scler 14 2008 1175 1180
78. W.H. Theodore, L. Epstein, and W.D. Gaillard et al. Human herpesvirus 6B: A possible role in epilepsy? Epilepsia 49 2008 1828 1837
79. D.A. Thorley-Lawson Epstein-Barr virus: exploiting the immune system Nat Rev Immunol 1 2001 75 82
80. W.G. Tucker, and R. Andrew Paskauskas The MSMV hypothesis: Measles virus and multiple sclerosis, etiology and treatment Med Hypotheses 71 2008 682 689
81. J.O. Virtanen, M. Farkkila, and J. Multanen Evidence for human herpesvirus 6 variant A antibodies in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications J Neurovirol 13 2007 347 352 (Pubitemid 47400033)
82. K. Yao, S. Gagnon, and N. Akhyani Reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 in natalizumab treated multiple sclerosis patients PLoS ONE 30 3 2008 e2028 (Pubitemid 352024769)
83. M. Yu, J.M. Johnson, and V.K. Tuohy A predictable sequential determinant spreading cascade invariably accompanies progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a basis for peptide-specific therapy after onset of clinical disease J Exp Med 183 1996 1777 1788 (Pubitemid 26134318)
84. R. Zivadinov, D. Nasuelli, and M.A. Tommasi Positivity of cytomegalovirus antibodies predicts a better clinical and radiological outcome in multiple sclerosis patients Neurol Res 28 2006 262 269 (Pubitemid 43765110)
85. G. Zurhein, and S.M. Chou Particles resembling Papova viruses in human cerebral demyelinating disease Science 148 1965 1477 1479