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The applicability of knottins for oral peptide delivery was investigated. Several miniproteins were analyzed regarding their stability toward the most important gastrointestinal secreted and membrane-bound proteases in physiological concentrations. In addition, their permeation behavior through freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa was evaluated. It was found that pepsin and elastase cause no or only minor degradation whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin degrade extensively. Removing the chymotrypsin cleavage site from a knottin, however, led to stabilization toward this protease. Two of the three evaluated knottins were stable against membrane-bound proteases. This study indicates that cystine knot peptides are promising novel pharmacophoric scaffolds for oral peptide delivery.
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Werle M., Schmitz T., Huang H.L., Wentzel A., Kolmar H., and Bernkop-Schnurch A. The potential of cystine-knot microproteins as novel pharmacophoric scaffolds in oral peptide drug delivery. J Drug Target 14 (2006) 137-146. The applicability of knottins for oral peptide delivery was investigated. Several miniproteins were analyzed regarding their stability toward the most important gastrointestinal secreted and membrane-bound proteases in physiological concentrations. In addition, their permeation behavior through freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa was evaluated. It was found that pepsin and elastase cause no or only minor degradation whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin degrade extensively. Removing the chymotrypsin cleavage site from a knottin, however, led to stabilization toward this protease. Two of the three evaluated knottins were stable against membrane-bound proteases. This study indicates that cystine knot peptides are promising novel pharmacophoric scaffolds for oral peptide delivery.
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A novel VEGF-A antagonists was developed by grafting a peptide epitope involved in VEGF-A antagonism onto the framework of a cyclotide. The variant displayed biological activity in an in vitro VEGF-A antagonism assay at low micromolar concentration and the in vitro stability of the target peptide was found to be markedly increased.
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Gunasekera S., Foley F.M., Clark R.J., Sando L., Fabri L.J., Craik D.J., and Daly N.L. Engineering stabilized vascular endothelial growth factor-A antagonists: synthesis, structural characterization, and bioactivity of grafted analogues of cyclotides. J Med Chem 51 (2008) 7697-7704. A novel VEGF-A antagonists was developed by grafting a peptide epitope involved in VEGF-A antagonism onto the framework of a cyclotide. The variant displayed biological activity in an in vitro VEGF-A antagonism assay at low micromolar concentration and the in vitro stability of the target peptide was found to be markedly increased.
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Gunasekera, S.1
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Daly, N.L.7
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40
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Grafting of thrombopoietin-mimetic peptides into cystine knot miniproteins yields high-affinity thrombopoietin antagonists and agonists
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50 values in the picomolar range that were also active in vivo. This shows that miniprotein dimerization and oligomerization is a promising strategy for pharmaceutical interference with other receptors that are activated by ligand-induced dimerization.
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50 values in the picomolar range that were also active in vivo. This shows that miniprotein dimerization and oligomerization is a promising strategy for pharmaceutical interference with other receptors that are activated by ligand-induced dimerization.
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Design and characterization of a hybrid miniprotein that specifically inhibits porcine pancreatic elastase
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Hilpert K., Wessner H., Schneider-Mergener J., Welfle K., Misselwitz R., Welfle H., Hocke A.C., Hippenstiel S., and Hohne W. Design and characterization of a hybrid miniprotein that specifically inhibits porcine pancreatic elastase. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 24986-24993
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Head-to-tail cyclized cystine-knot peptides by a combined recombinant and chemical route of synthesis
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Avrutina O., Schmoldt H.U., Gabrijelcic-Geiger D., Wentzel A., Frauendorf H., Sommerhoff C.P., Diederichsen U., and Kolmar H. Head-to-tail cyclized cystine-knot peptides by a combined recombinant and chemical route of synthesis. Chembiochem 9 (2008) 33-37
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Sommerhoff, C.P.6
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New binding specificities derived from Min-23, a small cystine-stabilized peptidic scaffold
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Souriau C., Chiche L., Irving R., and Hudson P. New binding specificities derived from Min-23, a small cystine-stabilized peptidic scaffold. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 7143-7155
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Engineered cystine-knot peptides that bind alpha(v)beta(3) integrin with antibody-like affinities
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3 integrin by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The engineered knottins showed minimal or no binding to other members of the integrin family. These findings demonstrate that the modification of a single loop of a cystine knot peptide can lead to biomolecules with antibody-like affinities.
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3 integrin by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The engineered knottins showed minimal or no binding to other members of the integrin family. These findings demonstrate that the modification of a single loop of a cystine knot peptide can lead to biomolecules with antibody-like affinities.
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The cyclic cystine knot miniprotein MCoTI-II is internalized into cells by macropinocytosis
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This is the first report of internalization of a macrocyclic knottin, MCoTI-II, a member of the trypsin inhibitor subfamily, into macrophage and breast cancer cells. Biotinylated MCoTI-II was shown to enter cells by macropinocytosis without trafficking to lysosomes for degradation. This indicates that this cystine knot peptide has the potential to transport grafted bioactivities to intracellular targets.
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Greenwood K.P., Daly N.L., Brown D.L., Stow J.L., and Craik D.J. The cyclic cystine knot miniprotein MCoTI-II is internalized into cells by macropinocytosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39 (2007) 2252-2264. This is the first report of internalization of a macrocyclic knottin, MCoTI-II, a member of the trypsin inhibitor subfamily, into macrophage and breast cancer cells. Biotinylated MCoTI-II was shown to enter cells by macropinocytosis without trafficking to lysosomes for degradation. This indicates that this cystine knot peptide has the potential to transport grafted bioactivities to intracellular targets.
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Greenwood, K.P.1
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Trypsin inhibition by macrocyclic and open-chain variants of the squash inhibitor MCoTI-II
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Avrutina O., Schmoldt H.U., Gabrijelcic-Geiger D., Le Nguyen D., Sommerhoff C.P., Diederichsen U., and Kolmar H. Trypsin inhibition by macrocyclic and open-chain variants of the squash inhibitor MCoTI-II. Biol Chem 386 (2005) 1301-1306
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Green B.R., Catlin P., Zhang M.M., Fiedler B., Bayudan W., Morrison A., Norton R.S., Smith B.J., Yoshikami D., Olivera B.M., and Bulaj G. Conotoxins containing nonnatural backbone spacers: cladistic-based design, chemical synthesis, and improved analgesic activity. Chem Biol 14 (2007) 399-407
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Smith, B.J.8
Yoshikami, D.9
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Craik D.J., Clark R.J., and Daly N.L. Potential therapeutic applications of the cyclotides and related cystine knot mini-proteins. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 16 (2007) 595-604
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