Plasma transthyretin reflects the fluctuations of lean body mass in health and disease

Recent Advances in Transthyretin Evolution, Structure and Biological Functions

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 329-357

  Ingenbleek, Yves ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

^b NONE   (France)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Biomarkers; Body composition; Elderly persons; Homocysteine; Lean body mass; Nutritional status; Protein components; Protein malnutrition; Stressful disorders; Transthyretin

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349323573     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00646-3_20     Document Type: Chapter

References (205)

1. Acosta PB, Yannicelli S, Ryan AS, Arnold G, Marriage BJ, Plewinska M, Bernstein L, Fox J, Lewis V, Miller M, Velazquez A (2005) Nutritional therapy improves growth and protein status of children with a urea cycle enzyme defect. Mol Genet Metab 86:448-455
2. Afolabi PR, Jahoor F, Gibson NR, Jackson AA (2004) Response of hepatic proteins to the lowering of habitual dietary to the recommended safe level of intake. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287:E327-E330
3. Antener I, Tonney G, Verwilghen AM, Mauron J (1981) Biochemical study of malnutrition. IV. Determination of amino acids in the serum, erythrocytes, urine and stool ultrafiltrates. Internat J Vitam Nutr Res 51:64-78
4. Arnold GL, Vladutiu CJ, Kirby RS, Blakely EM, DeLuca JM (2002) Protein insufficiency and linear growth restriction in phenylketonuria. J Pediatr 141:243-246
5. Arnold J, Campbell IT, Samuels TA, Devlin JC, Green CJ, Hipkin LJ, MacDonald IA, Scrimgeour CM, Smith K, Rennie MJ (1993). Increased whole body protein breakdown predominates over increased whole body synthesis in multiple organ failure. Clin Sci 84:655-661
6. Arroyave G, Wilson D, Béhar M, Scrimshaw NS (1961) Serum and urinary creatinine in children with severe protein malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 9:176-179
7. Banks RE, Forbes MA, Storr M, Higginson J, Thompson D, Raynes J, Illingworth JM, Perren TJ, Selby PJ, Whicher JT (1995) The acute phase protein response in patients receiving subcutaneous IL-6. Clin Exp Immunol 102:217-223
8. Bates CJ, Mansoor MA, van der Pols J, Prentice A, Cole TJ, Finch S (1997) Plasma total homocysteine in a representative sample of 972 British men and women aged 65 and over. Eur J Clin Nutr 51:691-697
9. Battezzatti A, Bertoli S, San Romerio A, Testolin G (2007) Body composition: An important determinant of homocysteine and methionine concentrations in healthy individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 17:525-534
10. Baumgartner RN, Stauber PM, McHugh D, Koehler KM, Garry J (1995) Cross-sectional age differences in body composition in persons 60+ years of age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50:M307-M316
11. Baumgartner RN, Waters DL, Gallagher D, Morley JE, Garry PJ (1999) Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women. Mech Ageing Dev 107:123-136
12. Beisel W (1975) Metabolic response to infection. Annu Rev Med 26:9-20
13. Bernstein LH, Pleban W (1996) Prealbumin in nutrition evaluation. Nutrition 12:255-259
14. Bernstein LH, Bachman TE, Meguid M, Ament M, Baumgartner T, Kinosian B, Martindale R, Spiekerman M (1995) Prealbumin in nutritional care Consensus Group. Measurement of visceral protein status in assessing protein and energy malnutrition: Standard of care. Nutrition 11:169-171
15. Bernstein LH, Ingenbleek Y (2002) Transthyretin: Its response to malnutrition and stress injury. Clinical usefulness and economical implications. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:1344-1348
16. Bienvenu J, Jeppson JO, Ingenbleek Y (1996) Transthyretin & retinol-binding protein. In: Ritchie RF, Navolotskaia O (eds) Serum proteins in clinical medicine. Foundation for Blood Research, Scarborough, pp 9.011-9.018
17. Bienvenu J, Monneret G, Fabien N, Revillard JP (2000) The clinical usefulness of the measurement of cytokines. Clin Chem Lab Med 38:267-285
18. Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL, Vitale J, Cochran D, Naylor J (1976) Prevalence of malnutrition in general medical patients. JAMA 235:1567-1570
19. Blomhoff R, Blomhoff HK (2006) Overview of retinoid metabolism and function. J Neurobiol 66:606-630
20. Boorsook H, Dubnoff JW (1947) The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of creatinine. J Biol Chem 168:493-510
21. Borson-Chazot F, Harthe C, Teboul F, Labrousse F, Gaume C, Guadagnino L, Claustrat B, Berthezène F, Moulin P (1999) Occurrence of hyperhomocysteinemia 1 year after gastroplasty for severe obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2541-2545
22. Bosy-Westphal A, Ruschmeyer M, Czech N, Oehler G, Hinrichsen H, Plauth M, Lotterer E, Fleig W, Müller MJ (2001) Determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with chronic liver disease and after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1267-1277
23. Brasseur D, Hennart Ph, Dramaix M, Bahwere P, Donnen P, Tonglet R, Devreker T, Duchateau J (1994) Biological risk factors for fatal protein energy malnutrition in hospitalized children in Zaire. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 18:220-224
24. Braverman LE, Ingbar SH (1967) Effects of norethandrolone on the transport in serum and peripheral turnover of thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27:389-396
25. Briend A, Garenne M, Maire B, Fontaine O, Dieng F (1989) Nutritional status, age and survival: The muscle mass hypothesis. Eur J Clin Nutr 43:715-726
26. Brouillette J, Quirion R (2007) Transthyretin: A key gene involved in the maintenance of memory capacities during aging. Neurobiol Aging 29:1721-1732
27. Cano NJ, Fouque D, Roth H, Aparicio M, Azar R, Canaud B, Chauveau P, Combe C, Laville M, Leverve X (2007) Intradialytic parenteral nutrition does not improve survival in malnourished hemodialysis patients: A 2-year multicenter, prospective, randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2583-2591
28. Chertow GM, Goldstein-Fuchs DJ, Lazarus JM, Kaysen GA (2005) Prealbumin, mortality, and cause-specific hospitalization in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 68:2794-2800
29. Chico A, Pérez A, Córdoba A, Arcelús R, Carrerras G, de Leiva A, González-Sastre F, Blanco-Vaca F (1998) Plasma homocysteine is related to albumin excretion rate in patients with diabetes mellitus: A new link between diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease ? Diabetologia 41:684-693
30. Clarys JP, Martin AD, Drinkwater DT (1984) Gross tissue weights in the human body by cadaver dissection. Hum Biol 56:459-473
31. Cohn SH, Gartenhaus W, Sawitsky A, Rai K, Zanzi I, Vaswani A, Ellis KJ, Yasumura S, Cortes E, Vartsky D (1981) Compartmental body composition of cancer patients by measurement of total body nitrogen, potassium and water. Metabolism 30:222-229
32. Cohn SH, Varstky D, Yasumura S, Vaswani AN, Ellis KJ (1983) Indexes of body cell mass: Nitrogen versus potassium. Am J Physiol 244:E305-E310
33. Constans T, Bacq Y, Brechot JF, Guilmot JL, Choutet P, Lamisse F (1992) Protein-energy malnutrition in elderly medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:263-268
34. Corcoran JPT, So PL, Maden M (2004) Disruption of the retinoid signalling pathway causes a deposition of amyloid beta in the adult rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 20:896-902
35. Costa RH, Grayson DR, Darnell JE Jr (1989) Multiple hepatocyte-enriched nuclear factors function in the regulation of transthyretin and alpha 1-antitrypsin genes. Mol Cell Biol 9:1415-1425
36. Cuthbertson DP (1931) The distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine during conditions of increased catabolism. Biochem J 25:236-244
37. Cuthbertson DP (1942) Post-shock metabolic response. Lancet i:433-436
38. Deodhar SD (1989) C-reactive protein: The best laboratory indicator available for monitoring disease activity. Cleve Clin J Med 56:126-130
39. Desmeules S, Levesque R, Jaussent I, Leray-Moragues H, Chalabi L, Canaud B (2004) Creatinine index and lean body mass are excellent predictors of long-term survival in haemodiafiltration patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1182-1189
40. Devakonda A, George L, Raoof S, Esan A, Saleh A, Bernstein LH (2008) Transthyretin as a marker to predict outcome in critically ill patients. Clin Biochem 41:1126-1130
41. Devoto G, Gallo F, Marchello C, Racchi O, Garbarini R, Bonassi S, Albalustri G, Haupt E (2006) Prealbumin serum concentrations as a useful tool in the assessment of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. Clin Chem 52:2281-2285
42. Dierkes J, Jeckel A, Ambrosch A, Westphal S, Luley C, Boeing H (2001) Factors explaining the difference of total homocysteine between men and women in the European Investigation in Cancer and Nutrition Potsdam Study. Metabolism 50:640-645
43. Dutta C, Hadley EC (1995) The significance of sarcopenia in old age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50:1-4
44. Ellis KJ, Yasumura S, Vartsky D, Vaswani AN, Cohn SH (1982) Total body nitrogen in health and disease: Effects of age, weight, height, and sex. J Lab Clin Med 99:917-926
45. Enrione EB, Ogle C, Smith JE, Popp MB (1987) Evaluation of serum proteins in relation to body nitrogen in tumor-bearing rats. J Surg Res 43:149-157
46. Etchamendy N, Enderlin V, Marighetto A, Vouimba RM, Pallet V, Jaffard R, Higueret P (2001) Alleviation of a selective age-related relational memory deficit in mice by pharmacologically induced normalization of brain retinoid signaling. J Neurosci 21:6423-6429
47. Evans WJ (1991) Reversing sarcopenia: How weight training can build strength and vitality. Geriatrics 51:46-53
48. Evans WJ, Campbell WW (1993) Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr 123:465-468
49. Faintuch J, Matsuda M, Cruz ME, Silva MM, Teivelis MP, Garrido AB Jr, Gama-Rodrigues JJ (2004) Severe protein-calorie malnutrition after bariatric procedures. Obes Surg 14:175-181
50. FAO/WHO/United Nations University (1985) Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Group Technical No 724, WHO, Geneva
51. Fex GA, Larsson K, Nilsson-Ehle I (1996) Serum concentrations of all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic acid and retinol are closely correlated. J Nutr Biochem 7:162-165
52. Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ (1984) Methionine metabolism in mammals. Distribution of methionine between competing pathways. J Biol Chem 259:9508-9513
53. Finkelstein JD, Martin JJ (1986) Methionine metabolism in mammals. Adaptation to methionine excess. J Biol Chem 261:1582-1587
54. Finn PJ, Plank LD, Clark MA, Connolly AB, Hill GL (1996) Progressive cellular dehydration and proteolysis in critically ill patients. Lancet 347:654-656
55. Fomon SJ, Haschke F, Ziegler EE, Nelson SE (1982) Body composition of the reference children from birth to age 10 years. Am J Clin Nutr 35:1169-1175
56. Forbes GB (1996) Body composition. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ (eds) Present Knowledge in Nutrition. ILSI Press, Washington, pp 7-12
57. Forbes GB, Reina JC (1973) Adult lean body mass declines with age: Some longitudinal observations. Metabolism 19:653-663
58. Fors H, Gelander L, Bjarnason R, Albertsson-Wikland K, Bosaeus I (2002) Body composition, as assessed by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in a healthy paediatric population. Acta Paediatr 91:755-760
59. Fuller MF, McWilliam R, Wang TC, Giles LR (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. II. Requirements for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion. Br J Nutr 62:255-267
60. Fuller NJ, Sawyer MB, Laskey MA, Paxton P, Elia M (1996) Prediction of body composition in elderly man over 75 years of age. Ann Hum Biol 23:127-147
61. Gallagher D, Visser M, De Meersman RE, Sepulveda D, Baumgartner RN, Wang J, Pierson RN, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB (1997) Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Effects of age, gender and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol 83:229-239
62. Gallistl S, Sudi KM, Erwa W, Aigner R, Borkenstein M (2001) Determinants of homocysteine during weight reduction in obese children and adolescents. Metabolism 50:1220-1223
63. Garg UC, Zheng ZJ, Folsom AR, Moyer YS, Tsai MY, McGovern P, Eckfeldt JH (1997) Short-term and long-term variability of plasma homocysteine measurement. Clin Chem 43:141-145
64. Geisler JP, Linnemeier GC, Thomas AJ, Manahan KJ (2007) Nutritional assessment using prealbumin as an objective criterion to determine whom should not undergo primary radical cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 106:128-131
65. Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, Breen L, Pentecost C, Whyte M, McMillan CV, Bradley C, Martin FC (2006) The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:477-484
66. Gofferje H, Kozlik V (1977) Blood proteins during short-term fasting and during supply of essential amino acids. Infusionsther Klin Ernähr 4:320-324
67. Goodman DS, Peters T, Robbins J, Schwick G (1981) Prealbumin becomes transthyretin. Nomenclature Committee-IUB and JCBN Newsletter. J Biol Chem 256:12-14
68. Goodman AB, Pardee AB (2003) Evidence for defective retinoid transport and function in late onset Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2901-2905
69. Gori AM, Corsi AM, Fedi S, Gazzini A, Sofi F, Bartali B, Bandinelli S, Gensini GF, Abbate R, Ferrucci L (2005) A proinflammatory state is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 82:81-88
70. Gray GE, Landel AM, Meguid MM (1994) Taurine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition and taurine status of malnourished cancer patients. Nutrition 10:11-15
71. Gregory JF (1995) The bioavailability of folates. In: Bailey LB (ed) Folate in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 703-732
72. Gurney JM, Jelliffe EF (1973) Arm anthropometry in nutritional assessment: Nomogram for rapid calculation of muscle circumference and cross-sectional muscle and fat areas. Am J Clin Nutr 26:912-915
73. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW (1999) Homocysteine and vascular disease. Lancet 354:407-413
74. Hansen RD, Raja C, Aslani A, Smith RC, Allen BJ (1999) Determination of skeletal muscle mass and fat-free mass by nuclear and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry methods in men and women aged 51-84 years. Am J Clin Nutr 70:228-233
75. Hasselgren PO, Pedersen P, Sax HC, Warner BW, Fisher JE (1988) Current concepts of protein turnover and amino acid transport in liver and skeletal muscle during sepsis. Arch Surg 123:992-999
76. Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T (1990) Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Biochem J 265:621-626
77. Heymsfield SB, McManus C, Stevens V, Smith J (1982) Muscle mass: Reliable indicator of protein-energy malnutrition and outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 35:1192-1199
78. Heymsfield SB, Arteaga C, McManus C, Smith J, Moffitt S (1983) Measurement of muscle mass in humans: Validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method. Am J Clin Nutr 37:478-494
79. Ho SY, Guo HR, Chen HH, Peng CJ (2003) Nutritional predictors of survival in terminally ill cancer patients. J Formos Med Assoc 102:544-550
80. Holl and DC, Meers C, Lawlor ME, Lam M (2001) Serial prealbumin levels as predictors of outcomes in a retrospective cohort of peritoneal and hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 11:129-138
81. Holt LE Jr, Snyderman SE, Norton PM, Roitman E, Finch J (1963) The plasma aminogram in kwashiorkor. Lancet ii:1342-1348
82. Hoover HC Jr, Ryan JA, Anderson EJ, Fisher JE (1980) Nutritional benefits of immediate postoperative jejunal feeding of an elemental diet. Am J Surg 139:153-159
83. Houtkooper LB, Going SB, Lohman TG, Roche AF, Van Loan M (1992) Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: A cross-validation study. J Appl Physiol 72:366-373
84. Hung CJ, Huang PC, Lu SC, Li YH, Huang HB, Lin BF, Chang SJ, Chou HF (2002) Plasma homocysteine levels in Taiwanese vegetarians are higher than those of omnivores. J Nutr 132:152-158
85. Hurley BF (1995) Age, gender, and muscular strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50:41-44
86. Husson M, Enderlin V, Delacourte A, Ghenimi N, Alfos S, Pallet V, Higueret P (2006) Retinoic acid normalizes nuclear receptor mediated hypo-expression of proteins involved in betaamyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex of vitamin A deprived rats. Neurobiol Dis 23:1-10
87. Ingbar SH (1958) Prealbumin: A thyroxine binding protein of human plasma. Endocrinology 63:256-259
88. Ingenbleek Y (1977) La malnutrition protéino-calorique chez l'enfant en bas âge. Répercussions sur la fonction thyröidienne et les protéines vectrices du sérum. Ph. D. Thesis, Acco Press, University of Louvain.
89. Ingenbleek Y (2006) The nutritional relationship linking sulfur to nitrogen in living organisms. J Nutr 136:S1641-S1651
90. Ingenbleek Y (2008) Plasma transthyretin indicates the direction of both nitrogen balance and retinoid status in health and disease. Open Clin Chem J 1:1-12
91. Ingenbleek Y, Bernstein LH (1999a) The stressful condition as a nutritionally dependent adaptive dichotomy. Nutrition 15:305-320
92. Ingenbleek Y, Bernstein LH (1999b) The nutritionally dependent adaptive dichotomy (NDAD) and stress hypermetabolism. J Clin Ligand Assay 22:259-267
93. Ingenbleek Y, Carpentier YA (1985) A prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index scoring critically ill patients. Internat J Vitam Nutr Res 55:91-101
94. Ingenbleek Y, Young VR (1994) Transthyretin (prealbumin) in health and disease: Nutritional implications. Annu Rev Nutr 14:495-533
95. Ingenbleek Y, Young VR (2002) Significance of transthyretin in protein metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:1281-1291
96. Ingenbleek Y, Young VR (2004) The essentiality of sulfur is closely related to nitrogen metabolism. Nutr Res Rev 17:135-151
97. Ingenbleek Y, De Visscher M, De Nayer P (1972) Measurement of prealbumin as index of proteincalorie malnutrition. Lancet ii:106-109
98. Ingenbleek Y, Van den Schrieck HG, De Nayer P, De Visscher M (1975a) Albumin, transferrin and the thyroxine-binding prealbumin/retinol-binding protein complex in assessment of malnutrition. Clin Chim Acta 63:61-67
99. Ingenbleek Y, Van den Schrieck HG, De Nayer P, De Visscher M (1975b) The role of retinolbinding protein in protein-calorie malnutrition. Metabolism 24:633-641
100. Ingenbleek Y, Barclay D, Dirren H (1986) Nutritional significance of alterations in serum amino acid patterns in goitrous patients. Am J Clin Nutr 43:310-319
101. Ingenbleek Y, Hardillier E, Jung L (2002) Subclinical protein malnutrition is a determinant of hyperhomocysteinemia. Nutrition 18:40-46
102. International Commission on Radiation Protection (1975) Report of the Task Force Group on Reference Man No 23, Pergamon, Oxford
103. Isshiki H, Akira S, Sugita T, Nishio Y, Hashimoto S, Pawlowski T, Suematsu S, Kishimoto T (1991) Reciprocal expression of NF-Il6 and C/EBP in hepatocytes: Possible involvement of NF-Il6 in acute phase protein gene expression. New Biol 3:63-70
104. Ittyerah TR (1969) Urinary excretion of sulfate in kwashiorkor. Clin Chim Acta 25:365-369
105. Jackson AA (1986) Blood glutathione in severe malnutrition in childhood. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 80:911-913
106. Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Rogers G, Selhub J, Bowman BA, Gunter EW, Wright JD, Johnson CL (1999) Serum total homocysteine concentrations in adolescent and adult Americans: Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 69:482-489
107. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang Z, Ross R (2000) Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 year. J Appl Physiol 89:81-88
108. Jockenhovel F, Blum WF, Vogel E, Englaro P, Müller-Wieland D, Reinwein D, Rascher W, Krone W (1997) Testosterone substitution normalizes elevated serum leptin levels in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2510-2513
109. Johnson AM (1999) Low levels of plasma proteins: Malnutrition or inflammation ? Clin Chem Lab Med 37:91-96
110. Kabat EA, Moore D, Landow H (1942) An electrophoretic study of the protein components in cerebrospinal fluid and their relationship to serum proteins. J Clin Invest 21:571-577
111. Kanai M, Raz A, Goodman DS (1968) Retinol-binding protein: The transport protein for vitamin A in human plasma. J Clin Invest 47:2025-2044
112. Kang SS, Wong PW, Norusis M (1987) Homocysteinemia due to folate deficiency. Metabolism 36:458-462
113. Kashyap S, Schulze KF, Forsyth M, Dell RB, Ramakrishnan R, Heird WC (1990) Growth, nutrient retention, and metabolic response of low-birth-weight infants fed supplemented and unsupplemented preterm human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 52:254-262
114. Kasper H, Brodersen M, Schedel R (1975) Concentration of vitamin A, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in serum in response to stress. Acta Hepato-Gastroenterol 22:403-408
115. Kehayias JJ, Fiatarone MA, Zhuang H, Roubenoff R (1997) Total body potassium and body fat: Relevance to aging. Am J Clin Nutr 66:904-910
116. Keys A, Brozek J, Henschel A, Mickelson O, Longstreet TH (1950) The Biology of Human Starvation, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
117. Kim CI, Leo MA, Lieber CS (1992) Retinol forms retinoic acid via retinal. Arch Biochem Biophys 294:388-393
118. Kim J, Shen W, Gallagher D, Jones A, Wang ZM, Wang J, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB (2006) Totalbody skeletal muscle mass: Estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 84:1014-1020
119. Kimball SR (2002) Regulation of global and specific mRNA translation by amino acids. J Nutr 132:883-886
120. Kobbah AM, Hellsing K, Tuvemo T (1988) Early changes of some serum proteins and metals in diabetic children. Acta Paediatr Scand 77:734-740
121. Koehler KM, Romero IJ, Stauber PM, Parco-Tubbeh SL, Liang HC, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ, Allen RH, Stabler SP (1996) Vitamin supplementation and other variables affecting serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in elderly men and women. J Am Coll Nutr 15:364-376
122. Kopple JD (1987) Uses and limitations of the balance technique. J Parenter Enter Nutr 11:79S-85S
123. Kotler DP, Tierney AR, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr (1989) The magnitude of body cell mass depletion determines the timing of death from wasting in AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr 50:444-447
124. Krajcovicova-Kudlakova M, Blazícek P, Kopcova J, Bederova A, Babinska A (2000) Homocysteine levels in vegetarians versus omnivores. Ann Nutr Metab 44:135-138
125. Large S, Neal G, Glover J, Thanangkul O, Olson RE (1980) The early changes in retinol-binding protein and prealbumin concentrations in plasma of protein-energy malnourished children after treatment with retinol and an improved diet. Br J Nutr 43:393-402
126. Ledue TB, Rifai N, Irish GR, Silverman LM (1987) Immunoturbidimetry of transthyretin (prealbumin) in human serum. Clin Chem 33:1260
127. Lee SJ, Park EA, Seo JW (2001) Usefulness of serum prealbumin concentration as a marker of nutritional adequacy in premature infants. J Korean Pediatr Soc 44:867-874
128. Lennmarken C, Sandstedt S, Schenck HV, Larsson J (1986) The effect of starvation on skeletal muscle function in man. Clin Nutr 5:99-103
129. Leung KC, Johannsson G, Leong GM, Ho KKY (2004) Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Endocr Rev 25:693-721
130. Lexell J, Downham D, Sjöström M (1986) Distribution of different fibre types in human skeletal muscle. Fibre type arrangement in m. vastus lateralis from three groups of healthy men between 15 and 83 years. J Neurol Sci 72:211-222
131. Lohman TG, Going SB (2006) Body composition assessment for development of an international growth standard for preadolescent and adolescent children. Food Nutr Bull 27:S314-S325
132. Long CL, Jeevanandam M, Kim BM, Kinney M (1977) Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism in septic man. Am J Clin Nutr 30:1340-1344
133. Long CL, Birkhahn RH, Geiger JW, Blakemore WS (1981) Contribution of skeletal muscle protein in elevated rates of whole body protein catabolism in trauma patients. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1087-1093
134. Lukaski HC, Johnson PE, Bolonchuk WW, Lykken GI (1985) Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectric impedance measurement of the human body. Am J Clin Nutr 41:810-817
135. Lukaski H (1997) Sarcopenia: Assessment of muscle mass. J Nutr 127:S994-S997
136. Lussier-Cacan S, Xhignesse M, Piolot A, Selhub J, Davignon J, Genest J Jr (1996) Plasma total homocysteine in healthy subjects: Sex-specific relation with biological traits. Am J Clin Nutr 64:587-593
137. Malvy DJ, Poveda JD, Debruyne M, Montagnon B, Burtschy B, Herbert C, Caces P, Houot O, Amédée-Manesme O (1992) Laser nephelometry reference intervals for eight serum proteins in healthy children. Clin Chem 38:394-399
138. Mauras N (2001) Growth hormone and sex steroids. Interactions in puberty. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30:529-544
139. McCaddon A, Davies G, Hudson P, Tandy S, Cattell H (1998) Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr 13:235-239
140. McCully KS (1969) Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: Implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 56:111-128
141. McMillan SA, Dickey W, Douglas JP, Hughes DF (2001) Transthyretin values correlate with mucosal recovery in patients with coeliac disease taking a gluten free diet. J Clin Pathol 54:783-786
142. Mendel CM (1989) The free hormone hypothesis: A physiologically based mathematical model. Endocr Rev 10:232-274
143. Mitch WE, Goldberg AL (1996) Mechanisms of muscle wasting: The role of the ubiquitineproteasome pathway. N Engl J Med 335:1897-1905
144. Mitsipoulos N, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lyons W, Gallagher D, Ross R (1998) Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. J Appl Physiol 85:115-122
145. Moulias R, Deville-Chabrolle A, Congy F, Wang A, Marescot MR (1985) Low prealbumin: A correlate of immunodeficiency in elderly patients. In: Chandra RK (ed) Nutrition, Immunity and Illness in the Elderly. Pergamon, New York, pp 165-172
146. Moyano D, Vilaseca MA, Artuch R, Valls C, Lambruschini N (1998) Plasma total-homocysteine in anorexia nervosa. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:172-175
147. Mudd SH, Skovby F, Levy HL, Pettigrew KD, Wilcken B, Pyeritz RE, Andria G, Boers GH, Bromberg IL, Cerone R, Fowler B, Gröbe H, Schmidt H, Schweitzer L (1985) The natural history of homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 37:1-31
148. Murakami T, Ohnishi S, Nishiguchi S, Maeda S, Araki S, Shimada K (1988) Acute-phase response of mRNAs for serum amyloid P component, C-reactive protein and prealbumin (transthyretin) in mouse liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155:554-560
149. Mushnick R, Fein PA, Mittman N, Goel N, Chattopadhyay J, Avram MM (2003) Relationship of bioelectrical impedance parameters to nutrition and survival in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 87:S53-S56
150. Must A, Jacques PF, Rogers G, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J (2003) Serum total homocysteine concentrations in children and adolescents: Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Nutr 133:2643-2649
151. Napoli JL (1999) Interactions of retinoid binding proteins and enzymes in retinoid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1440:139-162
152. Nissim I, Yudkoff M, Pereira G, Segal S (1983) Effect of conceptual age and dietary intake on protein metabolism in premature infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2:507-516
153. Okasora K, Takaya R, Tokuda M, Fukunaga Y, Oguni T, Tanaka H, Konishi K, Tamai H (1999) Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition in children. Pediatr Int 41:121-125
154. Okawa H, Morita T, Sugiyama K (2006) Increased plasma homocysteine concentration in rats from a low casein diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:3050-3053
155. Ono K, Yoshiike Y, Takashima A, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M (2004) Vitamin A exhibits potent antiamyloidogenic and fibril-stabilizing effects in vitro. Exp Neurol 189:380-392
156. Owens FN, Bergen WG (1983) Nitrogen metabolism in ruminant animals, historical perspective, current understanding and future implications. J Anim Sci 57:S498-S518
157. Pancharuniti N, Lewis CA, Sauberlich HE, Perkins LL, Go RCP, Alvarez JO, Macaluso A, Acton RT, Copel and RB, Cousins AL, Gore TB, Cornwell PE, Roseman JM (1994) Plasma homocyst (e) ine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 59:940-948
158. Perez Valdivieso JR, Bes-Rastrollo M, Monedero P, de Irala J, Lavilla FJ (2008) Impact of prealbumin levels on mortality in patients with acute kidney injury: An observational cohort study. J Ren Nutr 18:262-268
159. Polge A, Bancel E, Bellet H, Strubel D, Poirey S, Peray P, Carlet C, Magnan de Bornier B (1997) Plasma amino acid concentrations in elderly patients with protein energy malnutrition. Age Ageing 26:457-462
160. Potter MA, Luxton G (2002) Transthyretin measurement as a screening tool for protein calorie malnutrition in emergency hospital admissions. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:1349-1354
161. Pupim LB, Heimbürger O, Qureshi AR, Ikizler TA, Stenvinkel P (2005) Accelerated lean body mass loss in incident chronic dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 68:2368-2374
162. Rauh M, Verwied S, Knerr I, Dörr HG, Sönnichsen A, Koletzko B (2001) Homocysteine concentrations in a German cohort of 500 individuals: Reference ranges and determinants of plasma levels in healthy children and their parents. Amino Acids 20:409-418
163. Reddy M (1997) Reference ranges for total homocysteine in children. Clin Chim Acta 262:153-155
164. Reifen R, Haftel L, Manor G, Sklan D, Edris M, Khoshoo V, Ghebremeskel K (2003) Ethiopianborn and native Israeli school children have different growth patterns. Nutrition 19:427-431
165. Riisøen H (1988) Reduced prealbumin (transthyretin) in CSF of severely demented patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 78:455-459
166. Robinson MK, Trujillo EB, Mogensen KM, Rounds J, McManus K, Jacobs DO (2003) Improving nutritional screening of hospitalized patients: The role of prealbumin. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 27:389-395
167. Rowe JW, Andres R, Tobin JD, Norris AH, Shock NW (1976) The effect of age on creatinine clearance in man: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Gerontol 31:155-163
168. Sachs E, Bernstein LH (1986) Protein markers of nutrition as related to age and sex. Clin Chem 32:339-341
169. Sandman PO, Adolfsson R, Nygren C, Hallmans G, Windblad B (1987) Nutritional status and dietary intake in institutionalized patients with Alzhzeimer's disease and multiinfarct dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 35:31-38
170. Schultze HE, Schönenberger M, Schwick G (1956) Uber ein präalbumin des menschlichen serums. Biochem Z 328:267-284
171. Schwarzman AL, Gregori L, Vitek MP, Lyubski S, Strittmatter WJ, Enghilde JJ, Bhasin R, Silverman J, Weisgraber KH, Coyle PK, Zagorski MG, Talafous J, Eisenberg M, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Goldgaber D (1994) Transthyretin sequesters amyloid b protein and prevents amyloid formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8368-8372
172. Schweigert FJ (2007) Nutritional proteomics: Methods and concepts for research in nutritional science. Ann Nutr Metab 51:99-107
173. Segal KR, Van Loan M, Fitzgerald PI, Hodgdon JA, Van Itallie TB (1988) Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: A four-site cross-validation study. Am J Clin Nutr 47:7-14
174. Sergi G, Coin A, Enzi G, Volpato S, Inelmen EM, Buttarello M, Peloso M, Mulone S, Marin S, Bonometto M (2006) Role of visceral proteins in detecting malnutrition in the elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 60:203-209
175. Shenkin A, Cederblad G, Elia M, Isaksson B (1996) Laboratory assessment of protein-energy status. Clin Chim Acta 253:S5-S59
176. Sherman HC, Hawk PB (1900) On the elimination of nitrogen, sulphates, and phosphates after the ingestion of proteid food. Am J Physiol 4:25-49
177. Sheu WH, Wu HS, Wang CW, Wan CJ, Lee WJ (2001) Elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations six months after gastroplasty in morbidly obese subjects. Intern Med 40:584-588
178. Smale BF, Mullen JL, Hobbs CL, Buzby GP, Rosato EF (1980) Serum protein response to acute dietary manipulation. J Surg Res 28:379-388
179. Smith SR, Pozefsky T, Chhetri MK (1974) Nitrogen and amino acid metabolism in adults with protein-calorie malnutrition. Metabolism 23:603-618
180. Sousa JC, Marques F, Dias-Ferreira E, Cerqueira JJ, Sousa N, Palha JA (2007) Transthyretin influences spatial reference memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 88:381-385
181. Sreedhara R, Avram MM, Blanco M, Batish R, Avram MM, Mittman N (1996) Prealbumin is the best nutritional predictor of survival in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 28:937-942
182. Stabler SP, Allen RH, Savage DG, Lindenbaum K (1990) Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Blood 76:871-881
183. Stabler SP, Allen RH (2004) Vitamin B12-deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu Rev Nutr 24:299-328
184. Storch KJ, Wagner DA, Burke JF, Young VR (1990) [1-13C; methyl-2H3] methionine kinetics in humans: Methionine conservation and cystine sparing. Am J Physiol 258:E790-E798
185. Strassburg A, Krems C, Lührmann PM, Hartmann B, Neuhäuser- Berthold M (2004) Effect of age on plasma homocysteine concentrations in young and elderly subjects considering serum vitamin concentrations and different lifestyle factors. Internat J Vitam Nutr Res 74:129-136
186. Strauss BJ, Marks SJ, Growcott JP, Stroud DB, Lo CS, Dixon JB, O'Brien PE (2003) Body composition changes following laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obesity. Acta Diabetol 40:S266-S269
187. Strauss DS, Marten NW, Hayden JM, Burke EJ (1994) Protein restriction decreases the abundance of serum albumin and transthyretin nuclear transcripts in rat liver. J Nutr 124:1041-1051
188. Terrier N, Jaussent I, Dupuy AM, Morena M, Delcourt C, Chalabi L, Rouanet C, Canaud B, Cristol JP (2008) Creatinine index and transthyretin as additive predictors of mortality in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:345-353
189. Tomkins AM, Garlick PJ, Schofield WN, Waterlow JC (1983) The combined effects of infection and malnutrition on protein metabolism in children. Clin Sci 65:313-324
190. Turgan N, Boydak B, Habif S, Apakkan S, Özmen D, Mutaf I, Bayindir O (1999) Plasma homocysteine levels in acute coronary syndromes. Jpn Heart J 40:729-736
191. Tzankoff SP, Norris AH (1977) Effect of muscle-mass decreases on age-related BMR changes. J Appl Physiol 43:1001-1006
192. Ubbink JB, van den Merwe A, Delport R, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Riezler R, Vermaak W (1996) The effect of subnormal vitamin B-6 status on homocysteine metabolism. J Clin Invest 98:177-184
193. Vahlquist A, Rask L, Peterson PA, Berg T (1975) The concentrations of retinol-binding protein, prealbumin, and transferrin in the sera of newly delivered mothers and children of various ages. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 35:569-575
194. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, Rogol AD, Lovejoy FC, Sheffield-Moore M, Mauras N, Bowers CY (2005) Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood and puberty. Endocr Rev 26:114-146
195. Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Harris TB (2002) Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women. The Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57:M326-M332
196. Warner A, Jang R (1999) Biochemical measurement in cord blood as an indicator of neonatal maturity. Ann Clin Lab Sci 20:398-408
197. Welsch GN, Loscalzo J (1998) Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 338:1042-1050
198. Wikby A, Nilsson BO, Forsey R, Thompson J, Strindhall J, Löfgren S, Ernerudh J, Pawelec G, Ferguson F, Johansson B (2006) The immune risk phenotype is associated with IL-6 in the terminal decline stage: Findings from the Swedish NONA immune longitudinal study of very late life functioning. Mech Ageing Dev 127:695-704
199. Wood CD, Goumas W, Pollard M, Brinker JE (1984) Tissue nitrogen and potassium variation in trauma, starvation, and realimentation. J Parenter Enter Nutr 8:665-667
200. Young VR, Marchini JS (1990) Mechanisms and nutritional significance of metabolic responses to altered intakes of protein and amino acids, with reference to nutritional adaptation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 51:270-289
201. Young VR, Steffee WP, Pencharz PB, Winterer JC, Scrimshaw NS (1975) Total human body protein synthesis in relation to protein requirements at various ages. Nature 253:192-194
202. Young VR, Yu YM, Fugakawa NK (1992) Energy and protein turnover. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN (eds) Energy Metabolism, Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries. Raven Press, New York, pp 439-466
203. Yuzbasioglu MF, Ozkaya M, Cakal E, Goksu M (2008) Changes in plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with acute pancreatitis. J Pancreas 9:357-361
204. Ziegler EE, O'Donnell AM, Nelson SE, Fomon SJ (1976) Body composition of the reference fetus. Growth 40:329-341
205. Zoico E, Roubenoff R (2002) The role of cytokines in regulating protein metabolism and muscle function. Nutr Rev 60:39-51.