Commitment across cultures: A meta-analytical approach

Journal of International Business Studies

Volumn 40, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1339-1358

  Fischer, Ronald ^a   Mansell, Angela ^b  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^b MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Commitment; Culture; GLOBE; Hofstede; Meta analysis; Multilevel analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349306624     PISSN: 00472506     EISSN: 14786990     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/jibs.2009.14     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. 1998. Psychological attachment to the group: Cross-cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers' turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(10): 1027-1039.
2. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1): 1-18.
3. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. N., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A. 2000. Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A 10-country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1): 192-221.
4. Becker, H. S. 1960. Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1): 32-42.
5. Besser, T. L. 1993. The commitment of Japanese workers and US workers: A reassessment of the literature. American Sociological Review, 58(6): 873-881.
6. Bluedorn, A. C. 1982. A unified model of turnover from organizations. Human Relations, 35(2): 135-153.
7. Bontempo, R., & Rivero, J. C. 1992. Cultural variation in cognition: The role of self-concept in the attitude behavior link. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Academy of Management, Las Vegas, Nevada.
8. Boyacigiller, N., & Adler, N. J. 1991. The parochial dinosaur: Organizational science in a global context. Academy of Management Review, 16(2): 262-290.
9. Camman, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, L. 1979. The Michigan organizational assessment questionnaire. In J. D. Cook, S. J. Hepworth, T. D. Wall, & P. B. Warr (Eds), The experience of work: A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use. New York: Academic Press, pp. 259-260.
10. Chen, Z. X., & Francesco, A. M. 2000. Employee demography, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions in China: Do cultural differences matter? Human Relations, 53(6): 869-887.
11. Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. 2002. Loyalty to supervisor vs organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3): 339-356.
12. Chinese Culture Connection. 1987. Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18(2): 143-164.
13. Cohen, A. 1999. The relation between commitment forms and work outcomes in Jewish and Arab culture. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(3): 371-391.
14. Cohen, A. 2003. Multiple commitments in the workplace: An integrative approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1999. The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34(3): 315-346.
16. Cole, E. R. 1979. Work, mobility and participation: A comparative study of American and Japanese industry. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
17. Cook, J., & Wall, T. 1980. New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(1): 39-52.
18. Cortina, J. M. 1993. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1): 98-104.
19. Erez, M. 1997. A culture based model of work motivation. In P. C. Earley & M. Erez (Eds), New perspectives on international industrial and organisational psychology: 193-242. San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.
20. Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. 1993. Culture, self-identity, and work. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Farh, J. L., & Cheng, B. S. 2000. A cultural analysis of paternalsitic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds), Management and organizations in the Chinese context: 84-127. London: Macmillan.
22. Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3): 421-444.
23. Festinger, L. 1957. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
24. Field, A. P. 2003. The problems in using fixed-effects models of meta-analysis on real-world data. Understanding Statistics, 2(1): 77-96.
25. Fischer, R. 2008. Organizational justice and reward allocation. In P. B. Smith, M. Peterson, & D. Thomas (Eds), Handbook of cross-cultural management: 135-150. Los Angeles: Sage.
26. Fischer, R. 2009. Where is culture in cross-cultural research? An outline of a multi-level research process for measuring culture as a shared meaning system. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 9: 25-49.
27. Fischer, R., & Chalmers, A. 2008. Is optimism universal? A meta-analytical investigation of optimism levels across 22 nations. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5): 378-382.
28. Fischer, R., & Smith, P. B. 2006. Who cares about justice? The moderating effect of values on the link between organisational justice and work behaviour. Applied Psychology: International Review, 55(4): 541-562.
29. Fischer, R., Ferreira, M. C., Assmar, E. M. L., Redford, P., & Harb, C. 2005. Organizational behaviour across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues for developing multi-level frameworks involving culture. International Journal for Cross-Cultural Management, 5(1): 27-48.
30. Fischer, R., Ferreira, M. C., Assmar, E., Redford, P., Harb, C., Glazer, S., Cheng, B. S., Jian, D. Y., Wong, C., Kumar, N., Kärtner, J., Hofer, J., & Achoui, M. 2009. Individualism-collectivism as descriptive norms: Development of a subjective norm approach to culture measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40: 187-213.
31. Fischer, R., Milfont, T. L., & Gouveia, V. V. forthcoming. Does social context affect value structures? Testing the intra-cultural stability of value structures with a functional theory of values, in press.
32. Hanisch, K. A., & Hulin, C. L. 1990. Job attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An examination of retirement and other voluntary behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37(1): 60-78.
33. Hanisch, K. A., & Hulin, C. L. 1991. General attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An evaluation of a causal model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39(1): 110-128.
34. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. 1985. Statistical methods for metaanalysis. New York: Academic Press.
35. Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
36. Hofstede, G. H. 2001. Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Hofstede, G. H. 2006. What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers' minds versus respondents' minds. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6): 882-896.
38. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. 2000. Social identity and selfcategorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 121-140.
39. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (Eds). 2004. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
40. Hox, J. J., & de Leeuw, E. D. 2003. Multilevel models for metaanalysis. In S. P. Reise & N. Duan (Eds), Multilevel modeling. methodological advances, issues, and applications: 90-111. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
41. Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. 1989. Effects of culture and response format on extreme response style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20(3): 296-309.
42. Hui, C. H., Yee, C., & Eastman, K. L. 1995. The relationship between individualism-collectivism and job satisfaction. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 44(1): 276-282.
43. Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P., & Marshall, G. W. 2005. A metaanalysis of the relationship between organizational commitment and salesperson job performance: 25 years of research. Journal of Business Research, 58(6): 705-714.
44. KagitÇibasi, C. 1997. Individualism and collectivism. In J. W. Berry, S. H. Segall, & C. KagitÇibasi (Eds), Handbook of crosscultural psychology, (2nd ed.), Vol.3: 1-49. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
45. Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. 2001. The impact of cultural values on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in self-managing work teams: The mediating role of employee resistance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3): 557-569.
46. Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. 2006. A quarter century of Culture's Consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3): 285-320.
47. Konstantopoulos, S., & Hedges, L. V. 2004. Meta-analysis. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The Sage handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences: 281-297. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
48. Lee, K. S., & Mathur, A. 1997. Formalization, role stress, organizational commitment and propensity to leave: A study of Korean industrial salespersons. Journal of Global Marketing, 11(2): 23-42.
49. Lincoln, J. R., & Kalleberg, A. L. 1985. Work organization and workforce commitment: A study of plants and employees in the US and Japan. American Sociological Review, 50(5): 738-760.
50. Lincoln, J. R., & Kalleberg, A. L. 1990. Culture, control and commitment: A study of work organization and work attitudes in the United States and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.
51. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. 2001. Practical meta-analysis. London: Sage.
52. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. 1990. A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2): 171-194.
53. McGee, G. W., & Ford, R. C. 1987. Two (or more?) dimensions of organizational commitment: Re-examination of the affective and continuance commitment scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4): 638-642.
54. Meyer, J. P. 1997. Organizational commitment. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds), International review of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol.12: 175-228. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
55. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. 1991. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1): 61-89.
56. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. 1993. Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and text of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4): 538-551.
57. Meyer, J. P., Paunonen, S. V., Gellatly, I. R., Goffin, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. 1989. Organizational commitment and job performance: It's the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1): 152-156.
58. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolytsky, L. 2002. Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1): 20-52.
59. Mobley, W. H. 1977. Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2): 237-240.
60. Mobley, W. H., Horner, S., & Hollingsworth, A. 1978. An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(4): 408-414.
61. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. 1979. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2): 224-247.
62. Near, J. P. 1989. Organizational commitment among Japanese and US workers. Organization Studies, 10(3): 281-300.
63. O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. 1986. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effect of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3): 492-499.
64. Peterson, M. F. 2004. Book review of culture, leadership and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4): 641-647.
65. Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. 1974. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5): 603-609.
66. Powell, D. M., & Meyer, J. P. 2004. Side-bet theory and the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1): 157-177.
67. Randall, D. M. 1990. The consequences of organizational commitment: Methodological investigation. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 11(5): 361-378.
68. Randall, D. M. 1993. Cross-cultural research on organizational commitment: A review and application of Hofstede's value survey module. Journal of Business Research, 26(1): 91-110.
69. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. 2002. Hierarchical linear models, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
70. Raudenbush, S., Bryk, A., Cheong, Y. F., & Congdon, R. 2004. HLM6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
71. Redding, S. G., Norman, A., & Schlander, A. 1994. The nature of individual attachment to the organization: A review of East Asian variations. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol.4: 647-688. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychology Press.
72. Riketta, M. 2002. Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 23(3): 257-266.
73. Riketta, M. 2005. Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2): 358-384.
74. Riketta, M., & Van Dick, R. 2005. Foci of attachment in organizations: A meta-analytic comparison of the strength and correlates of workgroup versus organizational identification and commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3): 490-510.
75. Rosenthal, R. 1991. Meta-analytical procedures for social research, (rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
76. Rosenthal, R. 1994. Parametric measures of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedges (Eds), The handbook of research synthesis: 231-244. New York: Sage.
77. Schwartz, S. H. 1994. Beyond individualism-collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis C. KagitÇibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications: 85-119. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
78. Smith, P. B. 2006. When elephants fight, the grass gets trampled: The GLOBE and Hofstede projects. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3): 915-921.
79. Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. 1998. Social psychology across cultures, (2nd ed.). London: Prentice Hall International.
80. Smith, P. B., Bond, M. H., & KagitÇibasi, Ç. 2006. Understanding social psychology across cultures: Living and working in a changing world. London: Sage.
81. Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., & Trompenaars, F. 1996. National culture and the values of organisational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(2): 231-264.
82. Smith, P. B., Fischer, R., & Sale, N. 2001. Cross-cultural industrial/organizational psychology. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds), International review of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol.16: 147-194. New York: Wiley.
83. Triandis, H. 1995. Individualism-collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
84. van den Noortgate, W., & Onghena, P. 2001. Multi-level metaanalysis: A comparison with traditional meta-analytical procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5): 765-790.
85. Wasti, S. A. 2003. The influence of cultural values on antecedents of organizational commitment: An individuallevel analysis. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(4): 533-554.
86. Wasti, S. A., & Önder, Ç. 2009. Commitment across cultures: Progress, pitfalls and propositions. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker & J. P. Meyer (Eds), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions: 309-343. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
87. World Bank. 2004. World development report. Washington, DC: The World Bank.