Individualism-collectivism as descriptive norms: Development of a subjective norm approach to culture measurement

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 187-213

  Fischer, Ronald ^a   Ferreira, Maria Cristina ^b   Assmar, Eveline ^b   Redford, Paul ^c   Harb, Charles ^d   Glazer, Sharon ^e   Cheng, Bor Shiuan ^f   Jiang, Ding Yu ^g   Wong, Corbin C ^h   Kumar, Neelam ⁱ   K̈rtner, Joscha ^j   Hofer, Jan ^j   Achoui, Mustapha ^k  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^b SALGADO DE OLIVEIRA UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^d AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

^e SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^g NATIONAL CHUNG CHENG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^h HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies   (India)

^j UNIVERSITY OF OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

^k KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS   (Saudi Arabia)

more..

Author keywords

Attitudes; Cross cultural research; Individualism collectivism; Norms; Values

Indexed keywords

EID: 62449122024     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: 15525422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022109332738     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Anderson, N.R. & West, M.A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 235-258.
2. Argyle, M., Henderson, M., Bond, M.H., Iizuka, Y., & Contarello, A. (1986). Cross-cultural variations in relationship rules. International Journal of Psychology, 21, 287-315.
3. Au, K.Y. (1997). Another consequence of culture-intra-cultural variation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8, 743-755.
4. Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S.H. (2003). Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1207-1220.
5. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
6. Bentler, P.M., & Bonnett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and the goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
7. Bierbrauer, G., Meyer, H., & Wolfradt, U. (1994). Measurement of normative and evaluative aspects in individualistic and collectivistic orientations: the cultural orientation scale (COS). In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp. 189-199). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
8. Bliese, P.D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analyses. In J. K. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349-381). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
9. Bond, M.H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K.K., & Chemonges-Nielson, Z. (2004). Combining social axioms with values in predicting social behaviours. European Journal of Personality, 18, 177-191.
10. Bond, M.H., Leung, K., & Schwartz, S. (1992). Explaining choices in procedural and distributive justice across cultures. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 211-225.
11. Brown, R.D., & Hauenstein, N.A. (2005). Interrater agreement reconsidered: An alternative to the rwg indices. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 165-184.
12. Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
13. Chan, D.K.S. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of compositional models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234-246.
14. Chan, D.K.S., Gelfand, M.J., Triandis, H.C., & Tzeng, O. (1996). Tightness-looseness revisited: Some preliminary analyses in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 1-12.
15. Chen, G., Bliese, P.D., & Mathieu, J.E. (2005). Conceptual framework and statistical procedures for delineating and testing multilevel theories of homology. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 375-409.
16. Chen, S.X., Hui, N.H.H., Bond, M.H., Sit, A.Y.F., Wong, S., Chow, V.S.Y., et al. (2006). Re-examining personal, social and cultural influence on compliance behaviour in the United States, Poland and Hong Kong. Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 223-244.
17. Cheung, G.W., & Rensvold, R.B. (2000). Assessing extreme and acquiescence response sets in cross-cultural research using structural equations modeling. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 160-186.
18. Cialdini, R.B., & Trost, M.R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity and compliance. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4 th ed., pp. 151-192). New York: McGraw-Hill.
19. Clark, M.S., Ouellette, R., Powell, M.C., & Milberg, S. (1987). Recipients mood, relationship type, and helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 94-103.
20. Cortina, J.M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and application. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98-104.
21. Dekker, S. & Fischer, R. (2008). Cultural Differences in Academic Motivation Goals: A meta-analysis across thirteen societies. Journal of Educational Research, 101, 99-110.
22. Fischer, R. (2006). Congruence and functions of personal and cultural values: Do my values reflect my culture's values ? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1419-1431.
23. Fischer, R. (2008). Multilevel approaches in organizational settings: Opportunities, challenges and implications for cross-cultural research. In F. J. R. van de Vijver, D. A. van Hemert, & Y. Poortinga (Eds.), Individuals and cultures in multi-level analysis (pp. 173-196). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Fischer, R., Ferreira, M.C., Assmar, E.M.L., Redford, P., & Harb, C. (2005). Organizational behaviour across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues for developing multi-level frameworks involving culture. International Journal for Cross-Cultural Management, 5, 27-48.
25. Fischer, R. (2009 a). Where is culture in cross-cultural research? An outline of a multi-level research process for measuring culture as a shared meaning system. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 9, 25-49.
26. Fischer, R. (2009 b). Testing assumptions about dimensions of individualism-collectivism. Unpublished data, Victoria University of Wellington.
27. Fischer, R. (2009 c). Culture and Reward allocation across four contexts. Unpublished data, Victoria University of Wellington.
28. Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J.J.R. (in press). Individual-level structural equivalence. In D. Matsumoto & F. van de Vijver (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Fontaine, J.J.R., & Fischer, R. (in press). Multilevel structural equivalence. In D. Matsumoto & F. van de Vijver (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Fontaine, J.R.J., Poortinga, Y.H., Delbeke, L., & Schwartz, S.H. (2008). Structural equivalence of the values domain across cultures: Distinguishing sampling fluctuations from meaningful variation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 345-365.
31. Gelfand, M.J., Bhawuk, D.P., Nishii, L., & Bechtold, D. (2004). Individualism and collectivism. In R. J. House, P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, & V. Gupta (Eds.) Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 cultures (pp. 437-512). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
32. Gelfand, M.J., Nishii, L.H., & Raver, J.L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1225-1244.
33. Glick, W.H. (1985). Conceptualising and measuring organizational and psychological climate: Pitfalls in multilevel research. Academy of Management Review, 10, 601-616.
34. Gudykunst, W.B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K.S., & Heyman, S. (1994, July). Measuring self-construals across cultures. Paper presented at the International Communication Association convention, Sydney, Australia.
35. Harb, C., & Smith, P.B. (2008). Self-construals across cultures: Beyond independence-interdependence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 178-197.
36. Hofmann, D.A. & Jones, L.M. (2004). Some foundational and guiding questions for multi-level construct validation. In F. J. Yammarino, & F. Dansereau (Eds.), Multi-level issues in organizational behaviour and processes (Vol 3, pp. 305-316). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
37. Hofstede, G.H. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
38. Hofstede, G.H. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2 nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2003). GLOBE, cultures, leadership, and organizations: GLOBE study of 62 societies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
40. Hui, C.H. (1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 17-36.
41. James, L.R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 219-229.
42. Kagitçibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kagitçibasi (Eds.), Hand-book of cross-cultural psychology: Social behavior and applications (Vol. 3, pp. 1-49). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
43. Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S. C., & Yoon, G. (Eds.). (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
44. Kozlowski, S.W.J., & Klein, J.K. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal and emergent processes. In J. K. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 3-90). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
45. Leung, K., & Bond, M.H. (2004). Social axioms: A model for social beliefs in multi-cultural perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 53-76.
46. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
47. Marsh, H.W., Balla, J.R., & McDonald, R.P. (1988). Goodness of fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391-410.
48. Matsumoto, D., Weissman, M.D., Preston, K., Brown, B.R., & Kupperbusch, C. (1997). Context-specific measurement of individualism- collectivism on the individual level: The individualism-collectivism interpersonal assessment inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 743-768.
49. Muthén, B. (1994). Multilevel covariance structure analysis. Sociological Methods & Research, 22, 376-398.
50. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2 nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
51. Oishi, S., Diener, E., Scollon, C.N., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2004). Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 460-472.
52. Oyserman, D., Coon, H.M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
53. Peng, K., Nisbett, R.E., & Wong, N.Y.C. (1997). Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2, 329-344.
54. Rohner, R.P. (1984). Toward a conception of culture for cross-cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, 111-138.
55. Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Beyond individualism-collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choi & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Schwartz, S.H. (2006). Basic human values: Theory, measurement and applications. Revue Française de Sociologie, 47 (3). 929-968.
57. Shteynberg, G., Gelfand, M.J., & Kim, K. (in press). [AQ: 29]. Peering into the 'magnum mysterium' of culture: The explanatory power of descriptive norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
58. Singelis, T.M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
59. Smith, P.B., & Bond, M.H. (1998). Social psychology across cultures (2 nd ed.). London: Prentice Hall International.
60. Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
61. Triandis, H.C. & Gelfand, M.J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128.
62. Van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis of comparative research. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
63. Wan, C., Chiu, C.Y., Tam, K.P., Lee, S.L., Lau, I.Y.M., & Peng, S. (2007). Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 337-354.
64. Yamaguchi, S. (1994). Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp. 175-188). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.