On the way to total integration of prosthetic pylon with residuum

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 345-360

  Pitkin, Mark ^a,b  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Poly Orth International   (United States)

Author keywords

Amputation; Arthroplasty; Bone; Direct skeletal attachment; Infection; Limb amputation; Osseointegration; Prosthetic rehabilitation; Skin; Transcutaneous devices

Indexed keywords

AMPUTATION; ARTHROPLASTY; DIRECT SKELETAL ATTACHMENT; INFECTION; LIMB AMPUTATION; OSSEOINTEGRATION; TRANSCUTANEOUS DEVICES;

ANALOG DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZERS; BONE; DENTAL PROSTHESES; HELIUM; PATIENT REHABILITATION; SKIN; TITANIUM;

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS;

POROSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REHABILITATION CARE; REVIEW; TOOTH IMPLANTATION; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS; HUMANS; LEG; OSSEOINTEGRATION; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION;

EID: 70349297644     PISSN: 07487711     EISSN: 07487711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1682/JRRD.2008.08.0112     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Frossard L, Stevenson N, Smeathers J, Häggström E, Hagberg K, Sullivan J, Ewins D, Gow DL, Gray S, Brånemark R. Monitoring of the load regime applied on the osseo-integrated fixation of a trans-femoral amputee: A tool for evidence-based practice. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2008;32(1):68-78. [PMID: 18330805] DOI:10.1080/03093640701676319
2. Brånemark PI. Vital microscopy of bone marrow in rabbit. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1959;11(Suppl 38):1-82. [PMID: 13658913]
3. Brånemark R, Ohrnell LO, Nilsson P, Thomsen P. Biomechanical characterization of osseointegration during healing: An experimental in vivo study in the rat. Biomaterials. 1997;18(14):969-978 [PMID: 9212192] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00018-5 (Pubitemid 27296557)
4. Brånemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, Breine U, Lindström J, Hallén O, Ohman A. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl. 1977; 16:1-132. [PMID: 356184]
5. Robinson K, Brånemark R, Ward D. Future developments: Osseointegration in transfemoral amputees. In: Smith D, Michael J, Bowker J, editors. Atlas of amputations and limb deficiencies: Surgical, prosthetic and rehabilitation principles. 3rd ed. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. p. 673-681
6. Pitkin M, Raykhtsaum G, Galibin OV, Protasov MV, Chihovskaya JV, Belyaeva IG. Skin and bone integrated prosthetic pylon: A pilot animal study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43(4):573-580 [PMID: 17123195] DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2005.05.0160 (Pubitemid 44611183)
7. Amputee Coalition of America [home page on the Internet]. Knoxville (TN): Amputee Coalition of America; c2009 [updated 2007]. National Limb Loss Information Center fact sheet: Limb loss in the United States; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.amputee-coalition.org/fact-sheets/limbloss- us.pdf
8. Fischer H. United States military casualty statistics: Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Washington (DC): Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress; 2009.
9. Nechaev EA, Gritsanov AI, Fomin NF, Minnulin IP. Mine blast trauma: Experience from the war in Afghanistan. Khlunovskaya GP, translator. Varnamo (Sweden): Russian Ministry of Public Health and Medical Industry; 1995. p. 463.
10. Brånemark R, Brånemark PI, Rydevik B, Myers RR. Osseointegration in skeletal reconstruction and rehabilitation: A review. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2001;38(2):175-181 [PMID: 11392650] (Pubitemid 34118850)
11. O'Shaughnessy KD, Dumanian GA, Lipschutz RD, Miller LA, Stubblefield K, Kuiken TA. Targeted reinnervation to improve prosthesis control in transhumeral amputees. A report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(2): 393-400. [PMID: 18245601] DOI:10.2106/JBJS.G.00268
12. Edell DJ. A peripheral nerve information transducer for amputees: Long-term multichannel recordings from rabbit peripheral nerves. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1986;33(2): 203-214 [PMID: 3007332] DOI:10.1109/TBME.1986.325892
13. Pitkin M, Raykhtsaum G, inventors. Skin integrated device. United States patent US 20070071788. 2007 Mar 29.
14. Levy SW. Skin problems of amputee. St. Louis (MO): W. H. Green; 1983.
15. Eriksson E, Brånemark PI. Osseointegration from the perspective of the plastic surgeon. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994; 93(3):626-637 [PMID: 8115525] DOI:10.1097/00006534-199493030-00033
16. Lundborg G, Brånemark PI, Rosén B. Osseointegrated thumb prostheses: A concept for fixation of digit prosthetic devices. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1996;21(2):216-221 [PMID: 8683049] DOI:10.1016/S0363-5023(96)80103-1 (Pubitemid 26099451)
17. Albrektsson T, Brånemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindström J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52(2):155-170 [PMID: 7246093]
18. Pittman GT, Peters CL, Hines JL, Bachus KN. Mechanical bond strength of the cement-tibial component interface in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(6):883-888 [PMID: 16950044] DOI:10.1016/j.arth.2005.10.006
19. Knahr K, Karamat L, Loho G, Pospischill M. Tribological considerations for a new hip system. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2005;72(2):116-121 Czech, English. [PMID: 15890144] (Pubitemid 40662966)
20. Fornasier VL, Goodman SB, Protzner K, Kamel M, Song Y, Shojaci A. The role of implant alignment on stability and particles on periprosthetic osteolysis - A rabbit model of implant failure. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2004;70(2):179-186 [PMID: 15264298] (Pubitemid 39006896)
21. Nolph KD. Access problems plague both peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Kidney Int Suppl. 1993;40:S81-84. [PMID: 8445843]
22. Herbrig K, Pistrosch F, Gross P, Palm C. Resumption of peritoneal dialysis after transcutaneous treatment of a peritoneal leakage using fibrin glue. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(7):2037-2038 [PMID: 16520352] DOI:10.1093/ndt/gfl080 (Pubitemid 43985759)
23. Ash SR. Chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters: Challenges and design solutions. Int J Artif Organs. 2006;29(1):85-94. [PMID: 16485243]
24. Campanini A, De Vito A, Frassineti S, Vicini C. Role of skin-lined tracheotomy in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: Personal experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2004;24(2): 68-74. [PMID: 15468994]
25. McGee L. Case study: Maintaining skin integrity during the use of tracheostomy ties. Ostomy Wound Manage. 1990;30: 37-40. [PMID: 2080975]
26. Bressler K, Coladipietro L, Holinger LD. Protection of the cervical skin in the pediatric patient with a recent tracheostomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;116(3): 414-415 DOI:10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70286-9 (Pubitemid 27163705)
27. Udomsawaengsup S, Brethauer S, Kroh M, Chand B. Percutaneous transesophageal gastrostomy (PTEG): A safe and effective technique for gastrointestinal decompression in malignant obstruction and massive ascites. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(10):2314-2318 [PMID: 18622539] DOI:10.1007/s00464-008-9984- y
28. Patel PH, Thomas E. Risk factors for pneumonia after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990;12(4):389-392 [PMID: 2398246] DOI:10.1097/00004836-199008000-00006 (Pubitemid 20234365)
29. Colon G, Ward BC, Webster TJ. Increased osteoblast and decreased Staphylococcus epidermidis functions on nanophase ZnO and TiO2. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006; 78(3):595-604. [PMID: 16752397] DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.30789 (Pubitemid 44253544)
30. Bubenik LJ. Infections of the skeletal system. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2005;35(5):1093-1109 [PMID: 16129134] DOI:10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.001
31. Sullivan J, Uden M, Robinson KP, Sooriakumaran S. Rehabilitation of the trans-femoral amputee with an osseointegrated prosthesis: The United Kingdom experience. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2003;27(2):114-120 [PMID: 14571941] DOI:10.1080/03093640308726667 (Pubitemid 37236012)
32. Murphy EF. History and philosophy of attachment of prostheses to the musculo-skeletal system and of passage through the skin with inert materials. J Biomed Mater Res. 1973;7(3):275-295 [PMID: 4577874] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820070319
33. Lueck RA, Galante J, Rostoker W, Ray RD. Development of an open pore metallic implant to permit attachment to bone. Surg Forum. 1969;20:456-457 [PMID: 5383115]
34. Galante J, Rostoker W, Lueck R, Ray RD. Sintered fiber metal composites as a basis for attachment of implants to bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53(1):101-114 [PMID: 5540151]
35. Pilliar RM, Filiaggi MJ, Wells JD, Grynpas MD, Kandel RA. Porous calcium polyphosphate scaffolds for bone substitute applications-In vitro characterization. Biomaterials. 2001;22(9):963-972 [PMID: 11311015] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00261-1
36. Chang YL, Stanford CM, Wefel JS, Keller JC. Osteoblastic cell attachment to hydroxyapatite-coated implant surfaces in vitro. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14(2): 239-247 [PMID: 10212541] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00551-9
37. Fujibayashi S, Neo M, Kim HM, Kokubo T, Nakamura T. Osteoinduction of porous bioactive titanium metal. Biomaterials. 2004;25(3):443-450 [PMID: 14585692] (Pubitemid 37329695)
38. Aaron RK, Morgan JR. Biohybrid limbs: New materials and new properties. Med Health R I. 2007;90(1):4-6. [PMID: 17487026]
39. Serro AP, Fernandes AC, Saramago B, Lima J, Barbosa MA. Apatite deposition on titanium surfaces - The role of albumin adsorption. Biomaterials. 1997;18(14):963-968 [PMID: 9212191] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00031-8 (Pubitemid 27296556)
40. Vehof JW, Spauwen PH, Jansen JA. Bone formation in calcium-phosphate- coated titanium mesh. Biomaterials. 2000;21(19):2003-2009 [PMID: 10941922] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00094-6
41. Ciolfi VJ, Pilliar R, McCulloch C, Wang SX, Grynpas MD, Kandel RA. Chondrocyte interactions with porous titanium alloy and calcium polyphosphate substrates. Biomaterials. 2003;24(26):4761-4770 [PMID: 14530073] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00373-9 (Pubitemid 37188657)
42. Deligianni DD, Katsala ND, Koutsoukos PG, Missirlis YF. Effect of surface roughness of hydroxyapatite on human bone marrow cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and detachment strength. Biomaterials. 2001;22(1):87-96. [PMID: 11085388] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00174-5
43. Cho SA, Jung SK. A removal torque of the laser-treated titanium implants in rabbit tibia. Biomaterials. 2003; 24(26):4859-4863 [PMID: 14530083] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00377-6
44. Iesaka K, Jaffe WL, Kummer FJ. Integrity of the stemcement interface in THA: Effects of stem surface finish and cement porosity. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2008;87(1):77-82. [PMID: 18386841] DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.31071
45. Mann KA, Damron LA, Miller MA, Race A, Clarke MT, Cleary RJ. Stem-cement porosity may explain early loosening of cemented femoral hip components: Experimental-computational in vitro study. J Orthop Res. 2007; 25(3):340-350 [PMID: 17149748] DOI:10.1002/jor.20330 (Pubitemid 46455905)
46. Baleani M, Fognani R, Toni A. The influence of stem insertion rate on the porosity of the cement mantle of hip joint replacements. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 2003; 217(3):199-205. [PMID: 12807160] DOI:10.1243/095441103765212695
47. Tepic S, Soltész U. Fatigue of bone cement with simulated stem interface porosity. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1998;9(12):707-709 [PMID: 15348926] DOI:10.1023/A:1008942600230 (Pubitemid 29043274)
48. Galibin OV, Protasov MV, Chikhovskaya YV, Belyaeva IG, Pitkin MP. Study of growth processes in bone and skin tissues in porous implants designed for fixation of external prosthesis after amputation of extremities. Cell and Tissue Biol. 2007;1(3):272-275
49. Bünger MH, Foss M, Erlacher K, Li H, Zou X, Langdahl BL, Bünger C, Birkedal H, Besenbacher F, Pedersen JS. Bone nanostructure near titanium and porous tantalum implants studied by scanning small angle x-ray scattering. Eur Cell Mater. 2006;12:81-91. [PMID: 17136679] (Pubitemid 44898122)
50. Likibi F, Assad M, Coillard C, Chabot G, Rivard CH. [Bone integration and apposition of porous and non porous metallic orthopaedic biomaterials]. Ann Chir. 2005;130(4): 235-41]. French. [PMID: 15847858] DOI:10.1016/j.anchir.2004. 12.006
51. Minamide A, Yoshida M, Kawakami M, Yamasaki S, Kojima H, Hashizume H, Boden SD. The use of cultured bone marrow cells in type I collagen gel and porous hydroxyapatite for posterolateral lumbar spine fusion. Spine. 2005;30(10):1134-1148 [PMID: 15897826] DOI:10.1097/01.brs.0000162394.75425.04 (Pubitemid 40695922)
52. Alitalo I. Ventral interbody implantation for fusion of the lumbar spine using polytetrafluoroethylene-carbonfiber and porous high density polyethylene. An experimental study in growing pigs. Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1979;(71): 1-49. [PMID: 395840]
53. Müller U, Imwinkelried T, Horst M, Sievers M, Graf- Hausner U. Do human osteoblasts grow into open-porous titanium? Eur Cell Mater. 2006;11:8-15. [PMID: 16425146]
54. Chin CD, Khanna K, Sia SK. A microfabricated porous collagen-based scaffold as prototype for skin substitutes. Biomed Microdevices. 2008;10(3):459-467 [PMID: 18213520] DOI:10.1007/s10544-007-9155-2
55. Auxenfans C, Builles N, Andre V, Lequeux C, Fievet A, Rose S, Braye FM, Fradette J, Janin-Manificat H, Nataf S, Burillon C, Damour O. [Porous matrix and primary-cell culture: A shared concept for skin and cornea tissue engineering.] Pathol Biol (Paris). Epub 2008 Jul 2. French. [PMID: 18602223]
56. Galibin OV, Protasov MV, Chikhovskaya JV, Beliaeva IG, Pitkin M. Skin and bone integrated prosthetic technology. III. An exposed implantation of a porous titanium pellet into the skin. In: Proceedings of the 9th Russian National Congress, People and Health. 2004 Nov 22-26; St. Petersburg, Russia. St. Petersburg (Russia): Russian National Congress; 2005.
57. Ma L, Gao C, Mao Z, Zhou J, Shen J, Hu X, Han C. Collagen/ chitosan porous scaffolds with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2003;24(26): 4833-4841 [PMID: 14530080] DOI:10.1016/S0142-9612(03) 00374-0 (Pubitemid 37188662)
58. Pitkin M, Raykhtsaum G, Pilling J, Galibin OV, Protasov MV, Chihovskaya JV, Belyaeva IG, Blinova MI, Yudintseva NM, Potokin IL, Pinaev GP, Moxson V, Duz V. Porous composite prosthetic pylon for integration with skin and bone. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(5):723-738 [PMID: 17943684] DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2006.12. 0160
59. Omae H, Mochizuki Y, Yokoya S, Adachi N, Ochi M. Augmentation of tendon attachment to porous ceramics by bone marrow stromal cells in a rabbit model. Int Orthop. 2007;31(3):353-358 [PMID: 16909253] DOI:10.1007/s00264-006-0194-8 (Pubitemid 46800764)
60. Itälä A, Heijink A, Leerapun T, Reach JS, An KN, Lewallen DG. Successful canine patellar tendon reattachment to porous tantalum. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007; 463:202-227 [PMID: 17987673]
61. Muneta T, Yamamoto H, Ishibashi T, Asahina S, Murakami S, Furuya K. The effects of tibial tunnel placement and roofplasty on reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament knees. Arthroscopy. 1995;11(1):57-62. [PMID: 7727013] DOI:10.1016/0749-8063(95)90089-6
62. Lefebvre L, Thomas Y, Gauthier M. Method of making open cell material. United States patent US 20050100470. 2005 May 12.
63. Cohen R. A porous tantalum trabecular metal: Basic science. Am J Orthop. 2002;31(4):216-217 [PMID: 12008853]
64. Von Recum AF. Applications and failure modes of percutaneous devices: A review. J Biomed Mater Res. 1984; 18(4):323-336 [PMID: 6234317] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820180403
65. Lee H, Ocumpaugh DE, Cupples A L, Culp GW. Development of satisfactory long-term percutaneous leads. Final report. National Institutes of Health, Report No. PH43-67-1108-1, Accession No. PB196985. Washington (DC): National Technical Information Services; 1970.
66. Hall CW, Adams LM, Ghidoni JJ. Development of skin interfacing cannula. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1975;21:281-288 [PMID: 124976]
67. Winter GD. Transcutaneous implants: Reactions of the skin-implant interface. J Biomed Mater Res. 1974;8(3): 99-113. [PMID: 4616966] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820080311
68. Fernie GR, Kostuik JP, Lobb RJ. A percutaneous implant using a porous metal surface coating for adhesion to bone and a velour covering for soft tissue attachment: Results of trials in pigs. J Biomed Mater Res. 1977;11(6):883-891 [PMID: 145440] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820110608
69. Hahn H, Palich W. Preliminary evaluation of porous metal surfaced titanium for orthopedic implants. J Biomed Mater Res. 1970;4(4):571-577 [PMID: 5487557] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820040407
70. Clemow AJ, Weinstein AM, Klawitter JJ, Koeneman J, Anderson J. Interface mechanics of porous titanium implants. J Biomed Mater Res. 1981;15(1):73-82. [PMID: 7348706] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820150111
71. Holgers KM, Tjellström A, Bjursten LM, Erlandsson BE. Soft tissue reactions around percutaneous implants: A clinical study of soft tissue conditions around skin-penetrating titanium implants for bone-anchored hearing aids. Am J Otol. 1988;9(1):56-59. [PMID: 3364537] (Pubitemid 18114453)
72. Feldman DS, Von Recum AF. Non-epidermally induced failure modes of percutaneous devices. Biomaterials. 1985; 6(5):352-356 [PMID: 4052549] DOI:10.1016/0142-9612(85)90091-2
73. Sahlin H, Contreras R, Gaskill DF, Bjursten LM, Frangos JA. Anti-inflammatory properties of micropatterned titanium coatings. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006;77(1):43-49. [PMID: 16345099] DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.30642
74. Linder L, Carlsson A, Marsal L, Bjursten LM, Brånemark PI. Clinical aspects of osseointegration in joint replacement. A histological study of titanium implants. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(4):550-555 [PMID: 3403596] (Pubitemid 18194501)
75. Pendegrass CJ, Gordon D, Middleton CA, Sun SN, Blunn GW. Sealing the skin barrier around transcutaneous implants: In vitro study of keratinocyte proliferation and adhesion in response to surface modifications of titanium alloy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90(1):114-121 [PMID: 18160512] DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.90B1.19580
76. Yu C, Sun Y, Bradfield J, Fiordalisi I, Harris GD. A novel percutaneous barrier device that permits safe subcutaneous access. ASAIO J. 1999;45(6):531-534 [PMID: 10593682] DOI:10.1097/00002480-199911000-00005 (Pubitemid 30017342)
77. Yu C, Harris GD. The LPD-II: A modified locked percutaneous device that permits safe subcutaneous access. ASAIO J. 2001;47(1):25-29. [PMID: 11199309] DOI:10.1097/00002480-200101000-00007 (Pubitemid 32057953)
78. Yu C, Harris GD, Sun Y. An alternative design of locked percutaneous device for skeletal extension through skin. Artif Organs. 2003;27(3):267-271 [PMID: 12662214] DOI:10.1046/j.1525-1594.2003.07094.x (Pubitemid 36423484)
79. Pendegrass CJ, Goodship AE, Blunn GW. Development of a soft tissue seal around bone-anchored transcutaneous amputation prostheses. Biomaterials. 2006;27(23):4183-4191 [PMID: 16618500] DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.041
80. The BBC [home page on the Internet]. London (United Kingdom): The BBC; c2009 [updated 2006 Jul 30]. 'Bionic' limb breakthrough made; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/health/5140090.stm/.
81. Pitkin M, Blinova MI, Yudintseva NV, Potokin IL, Raykhtsaum G, Pinaev GP. Skin and bone integrated prosthetic technology. I. Characterization and morphology of human cells cultivated on titanium implants of different structures [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Russian National Congress, People and Health. 2004 Nov 22-26; St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg (Russia): Russian National Congress; 2004. p. 217.
82. Pitkin M, Raykhtsaum G, Pilling J, Galibin OV, Protasov MV, Chihovskaya JV, Belyaeva IG, Blinova MI, Yudintseva NM, Potokin IL, Pinaev GP, Moxson V, Duz V. Porous composite prosthetic pylon for integration with skin and bone. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(5):723-738 [PMID: 17943684] DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2006.12. 0160
83. Pitkin M, Raykhtsaum G, Pilling J, Shukeylo Y, Moxson V, Duz V, Lewandowski J, Connolly R, Kistenberg S, Dalton J, Prilutsky B, Jacobson S. Mathematical modeling, mechanical and histopathological testing of porous prosthetic pylon for direct skeletal attachment. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(3):315-330
84. Pitkin M, Raykhtsaum G, Pilling J, Galibin O, Protasov M, Chihovskaya J, Belyaeva I, Blinova M, Yudintseva M, Potokin I, Pinaev, G, Moxson V, Duz V. Porous composite prosthetic pylon for integration with skin and bone of the residuum. In: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the US-Russian Program in Prosthetics and Rehabilitation; 2007 Jun. Sloughton, Massachusetts; 2007. p. 7-12.
85. Drygas KA, Taylor R, Sidebotham CG, Hugate RR, McAlexander H. Transcutaneous tibial implants: A surgical procedure for restoring ambulation after amputation of the distal aspect of the tibia in a dog. Vet Surg. 2008; 37(4):322-327 [PMID: 18564255] DOI:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00384.x (Pubitemid 351813375)
86. Palmquist A, Jarmar T, Emanuelsson L, Brånemark R, Engqvist H, Thomsen P. Forearm bone-anchored amputation prosthesis: A case study on the osseointegration. Acta Orthop. 2008;79(1):78-85. [PMID: 18283577] DOI:10.1080/17453670710014806 (Pubitemid 351271887)
87. Frei H, O'Connell J, Masri BA, Duncan CP, Oxland TR. Biological and mechanical changes of the bone graft-cement interface after impaction allografting. J Orthop Res. 2005;23(6):1271-1279 [PMID: 15964167] (Pubitemid 40045071)
88. Stevens A, Lowe JS. Human histology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Mosby; 2005. p. 428.
89. Robinson D, Hendel D, Halperin N. Changes in femur dimensions in asymptomatic non-cemented hip arthroplasties. 20 cases followed for 5-8 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65(4):415-417 [PMID: 7976287]
90. Karachalios T, Hartofilakidis G, Zacharakis N, Tsekoura M. A 12- to 18-year radiographic follow-up study of Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. The role of the center of rotation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(296):140-147 [PMID: 8222417]
91. Nakamura S, Kusuzaki K, Murata H, Takeshita H, Hirata M, Hashigushi S, Hirasawa Y. Bone reaction induced by femoral stem of titanium alloy endoprosthesis for malignant bone tumors at the distal femur. Oncol Rep. 2001; 8(4):877-881 [PMID: 11410802]
92. Healy WL, Wasilewski SA, Takei R, Oberlander M. Patellofemoral complications following total knee arthroplasty. Correlation with implant design and patient risk factors. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10(2):197-201. [PMID: 7798101] DOI:10.1016/S0883-5403(05)80127-5
93. Salter RB. Textbook of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system: An introduction to orthopaedics, fractures, and joint injuries, rheumatology, metabolic bone disease, and rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): Wilkins & Wilkins; 1999. p. xxxiv, 687.
94. Malik MH, Jury F, Bayat A, Ollier WE, Kay PR. Genetic susceptibility to total hip arthroplasty failure: A preliminary study on the influence of matrix metalloproteinase 1, interleukin 6 polymorphisms and vitamin D receptor. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(8):1116-1120 [PMID: 17363400] DOI:10.1136/ard.2006.062018 (Pubitemid 47122330)
95. Prendergast PJ, Taylor D. Design of intramedullary prostheses to prevent bone loss: Predictions based on damage-stimulated remodelling. J Biomed Eng. 1992;14(6):499-506. [PMID: 1434573] DOI:10.1016/0141-5425(92)90103-R
96. How good are knee replacements? Lancet. 1991;338(8765): 477-478 [PMID: 1678447] DOI:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90547-3
97. Reininga IH, Wagenmakers R, Van den Akker-Scheek I, Stant AD, Groothoff JW, Bulstra SK, Zijlstra W, Stevens M. Effectiveness of computer-navigated minimally invasive total hip surgery compared to conventional total hip arthroplasty: Design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:4. [PMID: 17214906] DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-8-4 (Pubitemid 46169617)
98. Guyen O, Chen QS, Bejui-Hugues J, Berry DJ, An KN. Unconstrained tripolar hip implants: Effect on hip stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;455:202-208 [PMID: 17279045]
99. Pitkin M. One lesson from arthroplasty to osseointegration in search for better fixation of in-bone implanted prosthesis. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(4):vii-xiv. [PMID: 18712634]
100. Industrial engineer designs unique prosthesis for lame family pet. In: Engineering frontline: Biomedical breakthroughs. NC State Engineering Foundation Inc. Annual Report 2004-2005. Raleigh (NC): College of Engineering; 2006. p. 10-11.
101. Pilliar RM, Lee JM, Maniatopoulos C. Observations on the effect of movement on bone ingrowth into porous-surfaced implants. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(208):108-113 [PMID: 3720113] (Pubitemid 16049779)
102. Greenfield EJ. Implantation of artificial crown and bridge abutments. 1913. Int J Oral Implantol. 1991;7(2):63-68. [PMID: 1815702]
103. Ashukian ES, inventor; Ashukian ES, assignee. Artificial tooth. United States patent US 2721387. 1955 Oct 25.
104. Linkow LI, inventor; Oratronics, Inc, assignee. Bone adapting tissue packing post system. United States patent US 3849888. 1974 Nov 26.
105. Linkow LI. The blade vent-A new dimension in endosseous implantology. Dent Concepts. 1968;11(2):3-12. [PMID: 4873733]
106. Linkow LI, Giauque F, Ghalili R, Ghalili M. Levels of osseointegration of blade-/plate-form implants. J Oral Implantol. 1995;21(1):23-34. [PMID: 7473868]
107. Cappuccilli M, Conte M, Praiss ST. Placement and post-mortem retrieval of a 28-year-old implant: A clinical and histologic report. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(3):324-329 [PMID: 15058620] (Pubitemid 44768956)
108. Noack N, Willer J, Hoffmann J. Long-term results after placement of dental implants: Longitudinal study of 1,964 implants over 16 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14(5):748-755 [PMID: 10531748]
109. Nagasawa T. Microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow required for B-cell development. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(2):107-116 [PMID: 16491135] DOI:10.1038/nri1780 (Pubitemid 43361586)
110. Pitkin M. In-bone implantable shaft for prosthetic joints or for direct skeletal attachment of external limb prostheses and method of its installation. United States patent US 20090062928. 2009 Mar 5.
111. Linkow LI, Donath K, Lemons JE. Retrieval analyses of a blade implant after 231 months of clinical function. Implant Dent. 1992;1(1):37-43. [PMID: 1288796] DOI:10.1097/00008505-199200110-00004
112. Wagner H, Wagner M. Conus hip prosthesis. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2001;68(4):213-221 [PMID: 11706545]
113. Brånemark R, Ohrnell LO, Skalak R, Carlsson L, Brånemark PI. Biomechanical characterization of osseointegration: An experimental in vivo investigation in the beagle dog. J Orthop Res. 1998;16(1):61-69. [PMID: 9565075] DOI:10.1002/jor.1100160111
114. Klokkevold PR, Johnson P, Dadgostari S, Caputo A, Davies JE, Nishimura RD. Early endosseous integration enhanced by dual acid etching of titanium: A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2001;12(4):350-357 English, French, German. [PMID: 11488864] DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0501.2001. 012004350.x (Pubitemid 33723202)
115. Cameron HU, Pilliar RM. Porous vitallium in implant surgery. J Biomed Mater Res. 1974;8(5):283-289 [PMID: 4609987] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820080510
116. Luedemann RE, Thomas KA, Cook SD. Bone remodeling associated with a flexible femoral intramedullary implant. Biomater Med Devices Artif Organs. 1986;14(3-4):181-194 [PMID: 3814713]
117. Wilke A, Richter A, Traub F, Endres S, Orth J. [Semiquantitative analysis of bone regeneration on porous metallic wire-mesh specimens with or without HA-coating in comparison to pure titanium in animal experiments]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2002;140(1):95-100. German. [PMID: 11898072]
118. Piecuch JF. Extraskeletal implantation of a porous hydroxyapatite ceramic. J Dent Res. 1982;61(12):1458-1460 [PMID: 6294161]
119. Cowlard FC, Lewis JC. Vitreous carbon - A new form of carbon. J Mat Sci. 1967;2(6):507-512 DOI:10.1007/BF00752216
120. Nowicki B, Runyan RS, Smith N, Krouskop TA. Kinetics of colonization of a porous vitreous carbon percutaneous implant. Biomaterials. 1990;11(6):389-392 [PMID: 2207227] DOI:10.1016/0142-9612(90)90092-5 (Pubitemid 20300831)
121. Zim S. Skeletal volume enhancement: Implants and osteotomies. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004; 12(4):349-356 [PMID: 15252260] DOI:10.1097/01.moo.0000130576.04818.55 (Pubitemid 38970736)
122. Romo T 3rd, Sclafani AP, Sabini P. Use of porous high-density polyethylene in revision rhinoplasty and in the platyrrhine nose. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1998;22(3):211-221 [PMID: 9618188] DOI:10.1007/s002669900193
123. Guelcher SA, Hollinger JO. An introduction to biomaterials. Boca Raton (FL): CRC/Taylor & Francis; 2006. p. 553.
124. Yamamoto H, Shibata Y, Tachikawa T, Miyazaki T. In vivo performance of two different hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium prepared by discharging in electrolytes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2006;78(1):211-214 [PMID: 16362960] DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.30477
125. Cho YJ, Heo SJ. Osseointegration enhanced by electron-beam-deposition on the Ti-implant surface. J Korean Acad Prosthodont. 2004;42(3):340-351
126. Spector M, Hanlon JG, Nancollas GH. Chemistry and structure of calcium-containing coatings and modified surfaces for titanium alloy orthopedic prostheses. In: Brown PW, editor. Hydroxyapatite and related materials. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, Inc; 1994. p. 117-126
127. Oosterbos CJ, Vogely HCh, Nijhof MW, Fleer A, Verbout AJ, Tonino AJ, Dhert WJ. Osseointegration of hydroxyapatite-coated and noncoated Ti6Al4V implants in the presence of local infection: A comparative histomorphometrical study in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002;60(3):339-347 [PMID: 11920656] DOI:10.1002/jbm.1288 (Pubitemid 34296802)
128. Franke Stenport V, Johansson CB. Enamel matrix derivative and titanium implants. J Clin Periodontol. 2003; 30(4):359-363 [PMID: 12694436] DOI:10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.00326.x
129. Bloebaum RD, Willie BM, Mitchell BS, Hofmann AA. Relationship between bone ingrowth, mineral apposition rate, and osteoblast activity. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007; 81(2):505-514 [PMID: 17236212] DOI:10.1002/jbm.a.31087
130. Badylak SF. The extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue reconstruction. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2002;13(5): 377-383 [PMID: 12324220] DOI:10.1016/S1084952102000940
131. Gorelik JV, Cherepanova OA, Voronkina IV, Diakonov IA, Blinova MI, Pinaev GP. Laminin-2/4 from human placenta is a better adhesion agent for primary keratinocytes than laminin-1 from EHS sarcoma. Cell Biol Int. 2001; 25(5):395-402. [PMID: 11401326] DOI:10.1006/cbir.2000.0642
132. Clark RAF, editor. The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair (The language of science). 2nd ed. New York (NY): Plenum Press; 1996.
133. Antoci V Jr, Adams CS, Hickok NJ, Shapiro IM, Parvizi J. Vancomycin bound to Ti rods reduces periprosthetic infection: Preliminary study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007; 461:88-95. [PMID: 17549034] (Pubitemid 47344099)
134. Hofmann AA, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN. Progression of human bone ingrowth into porous-coated implants. Rate of bone ingrowth in humans. Acta Orthop Scand. 1997; 68(2):161-166 [PMID: 9174454]
135. Shin Y, Akao M. Tissue reactions to various percutaneous materials with different surface properties and structures. Artif Organs. 1997;21(9):995-1001. [PMID: 9288870] (Pubitemid 27380937)
136. Merritt K, Shafer JW, Brown SA. Implant site infection rates with porous and dense materials. J Biomed Mater Res. 1979;13(1):101-108 [PMID: 429378] DOI:10.1002/jbm.820130111 (Pubitemid 9105602)
137. Aaron RK, Herr HM, Ciombor DM, Hochberg LR, Donoghue JP, Briant CL, Morgan JR, Ehrlich MG. Horizons in prosthesis development for the restoration of limb function. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14(10 Spec No.): S198-204. [PMID: 17003199]
138. Bryant RA, Nix DP. Acute and chronic wounds: Current management concepts. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
139. Eming SA, Medalie DA, Tompkins RG, Yarmush ML, Morgan JR. Genetically modified human keratinocytes overexpressing PDGF-A enhance the performance of a composite skin graft. Hum Gene Ther. 1998;9(4):529-539 [PMID: 9525314] DOI:10.1089/hum.1998.9.4-529
140. Sclafani AP, Romo T 3rd, Ukrainsky G, McCormick SA, Litner J, Kevy SV, Jacobson MS. Modulation of wound response and soft tissue ingrowth in synthetic and allogeneic implants with platelet concentrate. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2005;7(3):163-169 [PMID: 15897404] DOI:10.1001/archfaci.7.3.163
141. Tober KL, Cannon RE, Spalding JW, Oberyszyn TM, Parrett ML, Rackoff AI, Oberyszyn AS, Tennant RW, Robertson FM. Comparative expression of novel vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor transcripts in skin, papillomas, and carcinomas of v-Ha-ras Tg.AC transgenic mice and FVB/N mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;247(3):644-653 [PMID: 9647747] DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8787
142. Shi C, Cheng T, Qu J. The effects of nerve growth factor on skin healing and blood recovery in irradiated mice. Chin Med Sci J. 2002;17(2):127-128 [PMID: 12906169] (Pubitemid 34712238)
143. Brånemark PI. Osseointegration and its experimental studies. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;50:399-410. DOI:10.1016/S0022-3913(83)80101-2
144. Charnley J. Arthroplasty of the hip. A new operation. Lancet. 1961;1(7187):1129-1132 [PMID: 15898154] DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(61)92063-3
145. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989; (239):263-285 [PMID: 2912628]
146. Bowlby AA. Surgical pathology and morbid anatomy. London (UK): J. & A. Churchill; 1895. p. 329.