Evidence of developmental differences in implicit sequence learning: An fMRI study of children and adults

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1339-1351

  Thomas, Kathleen M ^a,b   Hunt, Ruskin H ^b   Vizueta, Nathalie ^a,b   Sommer, Tobias ^a   Durston, Sarah ^a   Yang, Yihong ^a   Worden, Michael S ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN FUNCTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORPUS STRIATUM; FRONTAL LOBE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEARNING; MOTOR SYSTEM; NEUROIMAGING; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARIETAL LOBE; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUTAMEN; RANDOMIZATION; RESPONSE TIME; SCHOOL CHILD; TASK PERFORMANCE; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CEREBRAL CORTEX; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PUTAMEN; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUES; SERIAL LEARNING;

EID: 6944247623     PISSN: 0898929X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0898929042304688     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Bauer, P. J., Burch, M. M., & Kleinknecht, E. E. (2002). Developments in early recall memory: Normative trends and individual differences. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 30, 103-152.
2. Bauer, P. J., Kroupina, M. G., Schwade, J. A., Dropik, P. L., & Wewerka, S. S. (1998). If memory serves, will language? Later verbal accessibility of early memories. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 655-679.
3. Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., & Mintun, M. A. (1997). Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness. Science, 276, 1272-1275.
4. Bischoff-Grethe, A., Martin, M., Mao, H., & Berns, G. S. (2001). The context of uncertainty modulates the subcortical response to predictability. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 986-993.
5. Buckner, R. L., Goodman, J., Burock, M., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., & Schacter, D. (1998). Functional-anatomic correlates of object priming in humans revealed by rapid presentation event-related fMRI. Neuron, 20, 285-296.
6. Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., & Rosen, B. R. (2000). Functional MRI evidence for a role of frontal and inferior temporal cortex in amodal components of priming. Brain, 123, 620-640.
7. Canfield, R. L., Smith, E. G., Brezsnyak, M. P., & Snow, K. L. (1997). Information processing through the first year of life: A longitudinal study using the visual expectation paradigm. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 62, 1-145.
8. Casey, B. J., Thomas, K. M., Davidson, M. C., Kunz, K., & Franzen, P. L. (2002). Dissociating striatal and hippocampal function developmentally with a stimulus-response compatibility task. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 8647-8652.
9. Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., & Fossella, J. (2002). Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 237-254.
10. Clohessy, A. B., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). Development of the functional visual field. Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam), 106, 51-68.
11. Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science, 210, 207-209.
12. Cox, R. W. (1996). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29, 162-173.
13. Curran, T. (1997). Implicit sequence learning from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. In M. A. S. P. A. Frensch (Ed.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 365-400). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
14. Curran, T., & Keele, S. W. (1993). Attentional and nonattentional forms of sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 189-202.
15. Daselaar, S. M., Rombouts, S. A., Veltman, D. J., Raaijmakers, J. G., & Jonker, C. (2003). Similar network activated by young and old adults during the acquisition of a motor sequence. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, 1013-1019.
16. DiGiulio, D. V., Seidenberg, M., O'Leary, D. S., & Raz, N. (1994). Procedural and declarative memory: A developmental study. Brain and Cognition, 25, 79-91.
17. Doyon, J., Penhune, V., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2003). Distinct contribution of the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems to motor skill learning. Neuropsychologia, 41, 252-262.
18. Drummey, A. B., & Newcombe, N. (1995). Remembering versus knowing the past: Children's explicit and implicit memories for pictures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59, 549-565.
19. Fletcher, J., Maybery, M. T., & Bennett, S. (2000). Implicit learning differences: A question of developmental level? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 246-252.
20. Gabrieli, J. D. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 87-115.
21. Gabrieli, J. D., Stebbins, G. T., Singh, J., Willingham, D. B., & Goetz, C. G. (1997). Impaired rotary pursuit and intact mirror tracing skill in patients with Huntington's disease: evidence for dissociable skill learning memory systems. Neuropsychology, 11, 272-281.
22. Ghilardi, M., Ghez, C., Dhawan, V., Moeller, J., Mentis, M., Nakamura, T., Antonini, A., & Eidelberg, D. (2000). Patterns of regional brain activation associated with different forms of motor learning. Brain Research, 871, 127-145.
23. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861-863.
24. Giedd, J. N., Snell, J. W., Lange, N., Rajapakse, J. C., Casey, B. J., & Kozuch, P. L. (1996). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: Ages 4-18. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 551-560.
25. Grafton, S. T., Hazeltine, E., & Ivry, R. (1995). Functional mapping of sequence learning in normal humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 497-510.
26. Grafton, S. T., Hazeltine, E., & Ivry, R. B. (1998). Abstract and effector-specific representations of motor sequences identified with PET. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 9420-9428.
27. Greenbaum, J. L., & Graf, P. (1989). Preschool period development of implicit and explicit remembering. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 417-420.
28. Haaland, K. Y., Harrington, D. L., O'Brien, S., & Hermanowicz, N. (1997). Cognitive-motor learning in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology, 11, 180-186.
29. Haith, M. M., & McCarty, M. E. (1990). Stability of visual expectations at 3.0 months of age. Developmental Psychology, 26, 68-74.
30. Haith, M. M., Wentworth, N., & Canfield, R. L. (1993). The formation of expectations in early infancy. In C. R.-C. L P. Lipsitt (Ed.), Advances in infancy research (Vol. 8) (pp. 251-297). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
31. Harrington, D. L., Haaland, K. Y., Yeo, R. A., & Marder, E. (1990). Procedural memory in Parkinson's disease: Impaired motor but not visuoperceptual learning. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 323-339.
32. Heindel, W. C., Salmon, D. P., Shults, C. W., Walicke, P. A., & Butters, N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 582-587.
33. Jackson, G. M., Jackson, S. R., Harrison, J., Henderson, L., & Kennard, C. (1995). Serial reaction time learning and Parkinson's disease: Evidence for a procedural learning deficit. Neuropsychologia, 33, 577-593.
34. Karni, A., Meyer, G., Jezzard, P., Adams, M. M., Turner, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature, 377, 155-158.
35. Kell, S. W., Griffiths, S., & Frith, U. (2002). Evidence for implicit sequence learning in dyslexia. Dyslexia, 8, 43-52.
36. Luna, B., Thulborn, K. R., Munoz, D. P., Merriam, E. P., Garver, K. E., Minshew, N. J., Keshavan, M. S., Genovese, C. R., Eddy, W. F., & Sweeney, J. A. (2001). Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive development. Neuroimage, 13, 786-793.
37. Maybery, M., Taylor, M., & O'Brien-Malone, A. (1995). Implicit learning: Sensitive to age but not to IQ. Australian Journal of Psychology, 47, 8-17.
38. Meulemans, T., Van der Linden, M., & Perruchet, P. (1998). Implicit sequence learning in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 69, 199-221.
39. Mostofsky, S. H., Goldberg, M. C., Landa, R. J., & Denckla, M. B. (2000). Evidence for a deficit in procedural learning in children and adolescents with autism: Implications for cerebellar contribution. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 752-759.
40. Muller, R. A., Kleinhans, N., Pierce, K., Kemmotsu, N., & Courchesne, E. (2002). Functional MRI of motor sequence acquisition: Effects of learning stage and performance. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 277-293.
41. Naito, M. (1990). Repetition priming in children and adults: Age-related dissociation between implicit and explicit memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 462-484.
42. Nelson, C. A. (1998). The nature of early memory. Preventive Medicine, 27, 172-179.
43. Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1-32.
44. Parkin, A. J., & Streete, S. (1988). Implicit and explicit memory in young children and adults. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 361-369.
45. Pascual-Leone, A., Grafman, J., Clark, K., Stewart, M., Massaquoi, S., Lou, J. S., & Hallett, M. (1993). Procedural learning in Parkinson's disease and cerebellar degeneration. Annals of Neurology, 34, 594-602.
46. Perruchet, P., & Amorim, M. A. (1992). Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: Evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 785-800.
47. Petersen, S. E., van Mier, H., Fiez, J. A., & Raichle, M. E. (1998). The effects of practice on the functional anatomy of task performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 95, 853-860.
48. Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A. M., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994). Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cerebral Cortex, 4, 8-26.
49. Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R., Brown, H. D., Curran, T., Alpert, N. M., Kendrick, A., Fischman, A. J., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1995). A PET investigation of implicit and explicit sequence learning. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 271-286.
50. Rauch, S. L., Whalen, P. J., Savage, C. R., Curran, T., Kendrick, A., Brown, H. D., Bush, G., Breiter, H. C., & Rosen, B. R. (1997). Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapping, 5, 124-132.
51. Reber, A. S. (1993). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: An essay on the cognitive unconscious. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Reber, P. J., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. B., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003). Dissociating explicit and implicit category knowledge with fMRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 574-583.
53. Reed, J. J. (1994). Assessing implicit learning with indirect tests: Determining what is learned about sequence structure. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 585-594.
54. Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science, 274, 1926-1928.
55. Schendan, H. E., Searl, M. M., Melrose, R. J., & Stern, C. E. (2003). An FMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning. Neuron, 37, 1013-1025.
56. Schneider, W., & Pressley, M. (1997). Memory development between 2 and 20 (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
57. Smith, P. H., Loboschefski, T., Davidson, B. K., & Dixon, W. E., Jr. (1997). Scripts and checkerboards: The influence of ordered visual information on remembering locations in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 20, 549-552.
58. Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Holmes, C. J., Jernigan, T. L., & Toga, A. W. (1999). In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 859-861.
59. Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme.
60. Thomas, K. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2001). Serial reaction time learning in preschool- and school-age children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 79, 364-387.
61. Thomas, K. M., Welsh, T. F., Eccard, C. H., Livnat, R., Pierri, J. N., & Casey, B. J. (1998), Response inhibition in children with striatal lesions: A functional MRI study. Proceedings of the American Psychological Society 10th Annual Convention.
62. Ungerleider, L. G., Doyon, J., & Karni, A. (2002). Imaging brain plasticity during motor skill learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 78, 553-564.
63. Vakil, E., Kahan, S., Huberman, M., & Osimani, A. (2000). Motor and non-motor sequence learning in patients with basal ganglia lesions: The case of serial reaction time (SRT). Neuropsychologia, 38, 1-10.
64. Vicari, S., Marotta, L., Menghini, D., Molinari, M., & Petrosini, L. (2003). Implicit learning deficit in children with developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 41, 108-114.
65. Vinter, A., & Perruchet, P. (2000). Implicit learning in children is not related to age: Evidence from drawing behavior. Child Development, 71, 1223-1240.
66. Willingham, D. B., Salidis, J., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Direct comparison of neural systems mediating conscious and unconscious skill learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 1451-1460.
67. Woods, R. P., Cherry, S. R., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1992). Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 16, 620-633.