메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 336-353

Some input on the easy/difficult grammar question: An empirical study

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 68449097368     PISSN: 00267902     EISSN: 15404781     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00894.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (92)

References (104)
  • 1
    • 85066234600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching marked linguistic structures: More about the acquisition of relative clauses by Arab learners of English
    • In A. Housen & M. Pierrard (Eds.) Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Ammar, A., & Lightbown, P. M. (2005). Teaching marked linguistic structures: More about the acquisition of relative clauses by Arab learners of English. In A. Housen & M. Pierrard (Eds.), Investigations in instructed second language acquisition (pp. 167-199). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • (2005) Investigations in Instructed Second Language Acquisition , pp. 167-199
    • Ammar, A.1    Lightbown, P.M.2
  • 2
    • 84979425563 scopus 로고
    • Is there a "natural sequence" in adult second language learning?
    • Bailey, N., Madden, C., & Krashen, S. (1974). Is there a "natural sequence" in adult second language learning? Language Learning, 24, 235-243.
    • (1974) Language Learning , vol.24 , pp. 235-243
    • Bailey, N.1    Madden, C.2    Krashen, S.3
  • 4
    • 84979447152 scopus 로고
    • Markedness and salience in second language acquisition
    • Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1987). Markedness and salience in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 37, 385-407.
    • (1987) Language Learning , vol.37 , pp. 385-407
    • Bardovi-Harlig, K.1
  • 6
    • 0031312308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon: Evidence from acquisition, aphasia, and real-time processing
    • Bates, E., & Goodman, J. C. (1997). On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon: Evidence from acquisition, aphasia, and real-time processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 12, 507-584.
    • (1997) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.12 , pp. 507-584
    • Bates, E.1    Goodman, J.C.2
  • 7
    • 0003352616 scopus 로고
    • Functionalism and the competition model
    • In B. MacWhinney & E. Bates (Eds.) New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Bates, E., & MacWhinney, B. (1989). Functionalism and the competition model. In B. MacWhinney & E. Bates (Eds.), The cross-linguistic study of sentence processing (pp. 3-73). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1989) The Cross-linguistic Study of Sentence Processing , pp. 3-73
    • Bates, E.1    MacWhinney, B.2
  • 8
    • 0007196190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competing constraints on variation in the speech of adult Chinese learners of English
    • In R. Bayley & D. R. Preston (Eds.) Philadelphia: Benjamins
    • Bayley, R. (1996). Competing constraints on variation in the speech of adult Chinese learners of English. In R. Bayley & D. R. Preston (Eds.), Second language acquisition and linguistic variation (pp. 97-120). Philadelphia: Benjamins.
    • (1996) Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Variation , pp. 97-120
    • Bayley, R.1
  • 9
    • 0020669098 scopus 로고
    • The role of grammars in models of language use
    • Berwick, R. C., & Weinberg, A. S. (1983). The role of grammars in models of language use. Cognition, 13, 1-61.
    • (1983) Cognition , vol.13 , pp. 1-61
    • Berwick, R.C.1    Weinberg, A.S.2
  • 10
    • 68449093033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bogaards, P., & Laufer, B. (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Bogaards, P., & Laufer, B. (Eds.). (2004). Vocabulary in a second language. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • (2004) Vocabulary in a Second Language
  • 12
    • 84963254839 scopus 로고
    • Regular morphology and the lexicon
    • Bybee, J. L. (1995). Regular morphology and the lexicon. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10, 425-455.
    • (1995) Language and Cognitive Processes , vol.10 , pp. 425-455
    • Bybee, J.L.1
  • 14
    • 34547659431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The variable development of English word-final stops by Brazilian Portuguese speakers: A stochastic optimality theoretic account
    • Cardoso, W. (2007). The variable development of English word-final stops by Brazilian Portuguese speakers: A stochastic optimality theoretic account. Language Variation and Change, 19, 1-30.
    • (2007) Language Variation and Change , vol.19 , pp. 1-30
    • Cardoso, W.1
  • 16
    • 0347493667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved February from an adaptation of Heatley & Nation's (1994) Range
    • Cobb, T. Web Vocabprofile. Retrieved February, 2007, from http://www.lextutor.ca/vp/; an adaptation of Heatley & Nation's (1994) Range.
    • (2007) Web Vocabprofile
    • Cobb, T.1
  • 17
    • 0036002468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of L1 influence and lexical aspect in the acquisition of temporal morphology
    • Collins, L. (2002). The role of L1 influence and lexical aspect in the acquisition of temporal morphology. Language Learning, 52, 43-94.
    • (2002) Language Learning , vol.52 , pp. 43-94
    • Collins, L.1
  • 18
    • 26244452531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The particulars on universals: A comparison of the acquisition of tense-aspect morphology among Japanese- and French-speaking learners of English
    • Collins, L. (2004). The particulars on universals: A comparison of the acquisition of tense-aspect morphology among Japanese- and French-speaking learners of English. Canadian Modern Language Review, 61, 251-274.
    • (2004) Canadian Modern Language Review , vol.61 , pp. 251-274
    • Collins, L.1
  • 19
    • 34248692444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessing second language learners' understanding of temporal morphology
    • Collins, L. (2005). Accessing second language learners' understanding of temporal morphology. Language Awareness, 14, 207-220.
    • (2005) Language Awareness , vol.14 , pp. 207-220
    • Collins, L.1
  • 20
    • 68449102854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When comprehensible input isn't comprehensive input: A multi-dimensional analysis of past tense in classroom input
    • Manuscript in preparation
    • Collins, L., Trofimovich, P., White, J., Cardoso, W., & Horst, M. (2009). When comprehensible input isn't comprehensive input: A multi-dimensional analysis of past tense in classroom input. Manuscript in preparation.
    • (2009)
    • Collins, L.1    Trofimovich, P.2    White, J.3    Cardoso, W.4    Horst, M.5
  • 21
    • 68449102289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intensive look at intensity and language learning
    • Manuscript submitted for publication
    • Collins, L., & White, J. (2009). An intensive look at intensity and language learning. Manuscript submitted for publication.
    • (2009)
    • Collins, L.1    White, J.2
  • 22
    • 85137629028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The eXperanto experiment: Effects of explicit instruction on second language acquisition
    • De Graaff, R. (1997). The eXperanto experiment: Effects of explicit instruction on second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, 249-297.
    • (1997) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.19 , pp. 249-297
    • De Graaff, R.1
  • 23
    • 19944425289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit and explicit learning
    • In C. Doughty & M. Long (Eds.) Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    • DeKeyser, R. M. (2003). Implicit and explicit learning. In C. Doughty & M. Long (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 313-348). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
    • (2003) The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition , pp. 313-348
    • DeKeyser, R.M.1
  • 24
    • 19944390658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues
    • DeKeyser, R. M. (2005). What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues. Language Learning, 55, 1-25.
    • (2005) Language Learning , vol.55 , pp. 1-25
    • DeKeyser, R.M.1
  • 25
    • 68449102288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complexities of defining complexity
    • Paper presented at the Washington, DC
    • DeKeyser, R. M. (2008). The complexities of defining complexity. Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Washington, DC.
    • (2008) American Association for Applied Linguistics
    • DeKeyser, R.M.1
  • 28
    • 84959701900 scopus 로고
    • Second language instruction does make a difference: Evidence from an empirical study of SL relativization
    • Doughty, C. (1991). Second language instruction does make a difference: Evidence from an empirical study of SL relativization. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 431-469.
    • (1991) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.13 , pp. 431-469
    • Doughty, C.1
  • 29
    • 0011143001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pedagogical choices in focus on form
    • In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Doughty, C., & Williams J. (1998). Pedagogical choices in focus on form. In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition (pp. 197-261). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1998) Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition , pp. 197-261
    • Doughty, C.1    Williams, J.2
  • 30
    • 0002262056 scopus 로고
    • Should we teach children syntax?
    • Dulay, H. C., & Burt, M. K. (1973). Should we teach children syntax? Language Learning, 23, 245-258.
    • (1973) Language Learning , vol.23 , pp. 245-258
    • Dulay, H.C.1    Burt, M.K.2
  • 31
    • 85010133125 scopus 로고
    • Natural sequences in child second language acquisition
    • Dulay, H. C., & Burt, M. K. (1974). Natural sequences in child second language acquisition. Language Learning, 24, 37-53.
    • (1974) Language Learning , vol.24 , pp. 37-53
    • Dulay, H.C.1    Burt, M.K.2
  • 32
    • 84979381089 scopus 로고
    • Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis
    • Eckman, F. (1977). Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27, 315-330.
    • (1977) Language Learning , vol.27 , pp. 315-330
    • Eckman, F.1
  • 33
    • 84878946648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition
    • Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 143-188.
    • (2002) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.24 , pp. 143-188
    • Ellis, N.C.1
  • 34
    • 33646903770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language acquisition as rational contingency learning
    • Ellis, N. C. (2006a). Language acquisition as rational contingency learning. Applied Linguistics, 27, 1-24.
    • (2006) Applied Linguistics , vol.27 , pp. 1-24
    • Ellis, N.C.1
  • 35
    • 33646944296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective attention and transfer phenomena in L2 acquisition: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning
    • Ellis, N. C. (2006b). Selective attention and transfer phenomena in L2 acquisition: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning. Applied Linguistics, 27, 164-194.
    • (2006) Applied Linguistics , vol.27 , pp. 164-194
    • Ellis, N.C.1
  • 36
    • 33845215418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language emergence: Implications for applied linguistics. Introduction to the special issue
    • Ellis, N. C., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (2006). Language emergence: Implications for applied linguistics. Introduction to the special issue. Applied Linguistics, 27, 558-589.
    • (2006) Applied Linguistics , vol.27 , pp. 558-589
    • Ellis, N.C.1    Larsen-Freeman, D.2
  • 38
    • 0039997556 scopus 로고
    • Language background, age, and the order of acquisition of English structures
    • In M. K. Burt & H. C. Dulay (Eds.) Washington, DC: TESOL
    • Fathman, A. (1975). Language background, age, and the order of acquisition of English structures. In M. K. Burt & H. C. Dulay (Eds.), On TESOL '75: New directions in second language learning, teaching, and bilingual education (pp. 33-43). Washington, DC: TESOL.
    • (1975) On TESOL '75: New Directions in Second Language Learning, Teaching, and Bilingual Education , pp. 33-43
    • Fathman, A.1
  • 39
    • 0035585186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the "natural order of L2 morpheme acquisition" in English: A meta-analysis of multiple determinants
    • Goldschneider, J. M., & DeKeyser, R. M. (2001). Explaining the "natural order of L2 morpheme acquisition" in English: A meta-analysis of multiple determinants. Language Learning, 51, 1-50.
    • (2001) Language Learning , vol.51 , pp. 1-50
    • Goldschneider, J.M.1    DeKeyser, R.M.2
  • 40
    • 0007311624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Romance words in English: From history to pedagogy
    • Granger, S. (1996). Romance words in English: From history to pedagogy. KVHAA Konforenser, 36, 105-121.
    • (1996) KVHAA Konforenser , vol.36 , pp. 105-121
    • Granger, S.1
  • 41
    • 0001322757 scopus 로고
    • Implicit and explicit grammar: An empirical study
    • Green, P., & Hecht, K. (1992). Implicit and explicit grammar: An empirical study. Applied Linguistics, 13, 168-184.
    • (1992) Applied Linguistics , vol.13 , pp. 168-184
    • Green, P.1    Hecht, K.2
  • 42
    • 21144466534 scopus 로고
    • Taking explanation seriously, or, let a couple of flowers bloom
    • Gregg, K. (1993). Taking explanation seriously, or, let a couple of flowers bloom. Applied Linguistics, 14, 276-294.
    • (1993) Applied Linguistics , vol.14 , pp. 276-294
    • Gregg, K.1
  • 43
    • 68449096074 scopus 로고
    • Victoria University of Wellington, NZ [Computer program]. Available at
    • Heatley, A., & Nation, P. (1994). Range. Victoria University of Wellington, NZ [Computer program]. Available at http://www.vuw.ac.nz/ lals/.
    • (1994) Range
    • Heatley, A.1    Nation, P.2
  • 45
    • 84937188832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond A Clockwork Orange: Acquiring second language vocabulary through reading
    • Horst, M., Cobb, T., & Meara, P. (1998). Beyond A Clockwork Orange: Acquiring second language vocabulary through reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11, 207-223.
    • (1998) Reading in a Foreign Language , vol.11 , pp. 207-223
    • Horst, M.1    Cobb, T.2    Meara, P.3
  • 46
    • 26244468988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of tense-aspect in English as a second language and the variable influence of inherent aspect
    • In R. Salaberry & Y. Shirai (Eds.) Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Housen, A. (2002). The development of tense-aspect in English as a second language and the variable influence of inherent aspect. In R. Salaberry & Y. Shirai (Eds.), The L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology (pp. 153-195). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • (2002) The L2 Acquisition of Tense-aspect Morphology , pp. 153-195
    • Housen, A.1
  • 47
    • 85066282164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rule complexity and the efficacy of explicit grammar instruction
    • In A. Housen & M. Pierrard (Eds.) Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Housen, A., Pierrard M., & Van Daele, S. (2005). Rule complexity and the efficacy of explicit grammar instruction. In A. Housen & M. Pierrard (Eds.), Investigations in instructed second language acquisition (pp. 235-269). Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • (2005) Investigations in Instructed Second Language Acquisition , pp. 235-269
    • Housen, A.1    Pierrard, M.2    Van Daele, S.3
  • 48
    • 84937388891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological constraints on the utility of metalinguistic knowledge in second language production
    • Hu, G. (2002). Psychological constraints on the utility of metalinguistic knowledge in second language production. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 347-386.
    • (2002) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.24 , pp. 347-386
    • Hu, G.1
  • 49
    • 0041006784 scopus 로고
    • Not all grammar rules are equal: Giving grammar instruction its proper place in foreign language teaching
    • In R. Schmidt (Ed.) Honolulu: University of Hawai'i at Manoa
    • Hulstijn, J. H. (1995). Not all grammar rules are equal: Giving grammar instruction its proper place in foreign language teaching. In R. Schmidt (Ed.), Attention and awareness in foreign language learning (pp. 359-386). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
    • (1995) Attention and Awareness in Foreign Language Learning , pp. 359-386
    • Hulstijn, J.H.1
  • 50
    • 0002849573 scopus 로고
    • Under what conditions does explicit knowledge of a second language facilitate the acquisition of implicit knowledge? A research proposal
    • Hulstijn, J. H., & De Graaff, R. (1994). Under what conditions does explicit knowledge of a second language facilitate the acquisition of implicit knowledge? A research proposal. AILA Review, 11, 97-112.
    • (1994) AILA Review , vol.11 , pp. 97-112
    • Hulstijn, J.H.1    De Graaff, R.2
  • 51
    • 51249108807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimedia environments in the foreign language classroom: Effects on the acquisition of the French perfective and imperfective distinction
    • Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
    • Izquierdo, J. (2007). Multimedia environments in the foreign language classroom: Effects on the acquisition of the French perfective and imperfective distinction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
    • (2007)
    • Izquierdo, J.1
  • 52
    • 0039997497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acquisition of semantics-syntax correspondences and verb fequencies in ESL materials
    • Juffs, A. (1998). The acquisition of semantics-syntax correspondences and verb fequencies in ESL materials. English Language Teaching, 2, 93-123.
    • (1998) English Language Teaching , vol.2 , pp. 93-123
    • Juffs, A.1
  • 53
    • 32644445515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptual similarity in loanword adaptation: English postvocalic wordfinal stops in Korean
    • Kang Y. (2003). Perceptual similarity in loanword adaptation: English postvocalic wordfinal stops in Korean. Phonology, 20, 219-273.
    • (2003) Phonology , vol.20 , pp. 219-273
    • Kang, Y.1
  • 54
    • 84872711078 scopus 로고
    • Noun phrase accessbility and universal grammar
    • Keenan, E., & Comrie, B. (1977). Noun phrase accessbility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry, 8, 63-99.
    • (1977) Linguistic Inquiry , vol.8 , pp. 63-99
    • Keenan, E.1    Comrie, B.2
  • 55
    • 0002621722 scopus 로고
    • Giving learners a break: Native language intuitions as a source of predictions about transferability
    • Kellerman, E. (1978). Giving learners a break: Native language intuitions as a source of predictions about transferability. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 15, 59-92.
    • (1978) Working Papers on Bilingualism , vol.15 , pp. 59-92
    • Kellerman, E.1
  • 58
    • 0013565972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The basic variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?)
    • Klein, W., & Perdue, C. (1997). The basic variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?). Second Language Research, 13, 301-347.
    • (1997) Second Language Research , vol.13 , pp. 301-347
    • Klein, W.1    Perdue, C.2
  • 59
    • 84937273404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicit contrastive instruction facilitates the acquisition of difficult L2 forms
    • Kupferberg, I., & Olshtain, E. (1996). Explicit contrastive instruction facilitates the acquisition of difficult L2 forms. Language Awareness, 5, 149-165.
    • (1996) Language Awareness , vol.5 , pp. 149-165
    • Kupferberg, I.1    Olshtain, E.2
  • 60
  • 61
    • 84925894158 scopus 로고
    • The acquisition of grammatical morphemes by adult ESL students
    • Larsen-Freeman, D. (1975). The acquisition of grammatical morphemes by adult ESL students. TESOL Quarterly, 9, 409-430.
    • (1975) TESOL Quarterly , vol.9 , pp. 409-430
    • Larsen-Freeman, D.1
  • 62
    • 84979353992 scopus 로고
    • An explanation for the morpheme acquisition of second languge learners
    • Larsen-Freeman, D. (1976a). An explanation for the morpheme acquisition of second languge learners. Language Learning, 26, 125-134.
    • (1976) Language Learning , vol.26 , pp. 125-134
    • Larsen-Freeman, D.1
  • 63
    • 40149093824 scopus 로고
    • ESL teacher speech as input to the ESL learner
    • June
    • Larsen-Freeman, D. (1976b, June). ESL teacher speech as input to the ESL learner. TESL, 10, 45-59.
    • (1976) TESL , vol.10 , pp. 45-59
    • Larsen-Freeman, D.1
  • 65
    • 0035604156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interlanguage development with two Korean speakers of English with a focus on temporality
    • Lee, E. J. (2001). Interlanguage development with two Korean speakers of English with a focus on temporality. Language Learning, 51, 591-633.
    • (2001) Language Learning , vol.51 , pp. 591-633
    • Lee, E.J.1
  • 67
    • 84982747781 scopus 로고
    • An innovative program for primary ESL in Quebec
    • Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (1994). An innovative program for primary ESL in Quebec. TESOL Quarterly, 28, 563-579.
    • (1994) TESOL Quarterly , vol.28 , pp. 563-579
    • Lightbown, P.M.1    Spada, N.2
  • 69
    • 0004273850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MacWhinney, B. (Ed.) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • MacWhinney, B. (Ed.) (1999). The emergence of language. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1999) The Emergence of Language
  • 70
    • 68449088148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syntactic priming, type frequency, and EFL learner's production of wh-questions
    • McDonough, K., & Kim, Y. (2009). Syntactic priming, type frequency, and EFL learner's production of wh-questions. Modern Language Journal, 93, 386-398.
    • (2009) Modern Language Journal , vol.93 , pp. 386-398
    • McDonough, K.1    Kim, Y.2
  • 71
    • 84972371356 scopus 로고
    • On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition
    • Meisel, J., Clahsen, H., & Pienneman, M. (1981). On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 3, 109-135.
    • (1981) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.3 , pp. 109-135
    • Meisel, J.1    Clahsen, H.2    Pienneman, M.3
  • 72
    • 46349106064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociable systems in second language morphology
    • Murphy, V. A. (2004). Dissociable systems in second language morphology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 433-459.
    • (2004) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.26 , pp. 433-459
    • Murphy, V.A.1
  • 74
    • 84968636870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sequencing of verbal-complement structures
    • Petrovitz, W. (2001). The sequencing of verbal-complement structures. ELT Journal, 55, 172-177.
    • (2001) ELT Journal , vol.55 , pp. 172-177
    • Petrovitz, W.1
  • 75
    • 84979434301 scopus 로고
    • Adult acquisition of English as a second language under different conditions of exposure
    • Pica, T. (1983). Adult acquisition of English as a second language under different conditions of exposure. Language Learning, 33, 465-497.
    • (1983) Language Learning , vol.33 , pp. 465-497
    • Pica, T.1
  • 76
    • 2142729392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic phonology: Discrimination and robustness
    • In R. Bod, J. Hay, & S. Jannedy (Eds.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Pierrehumbert, J. B. (2003). Probabilistic phonology: Discrimination and robustness. In R. Bod, J. Hay, & S. Jannedy (Eds.), Probabilistic linguistics (pp. 177-228). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2003) Probabilistic Linguistics , pp. 177-228
    • Pierrehumbert, J.B.1
  • 78
    • 61649119259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markedness
    • In P. de Lacy (Ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Rice, K. (2007). Markedness. In P. de Lacy (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of phonology (pp. 79-97). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2007) The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology , pp. 79-97
    • Rice, K.1
  • 79
    • 84963052595 scopus 로고
    • Non-contrastive approach to error analysis
    • Richards, J. C. (1971). Non-contrastive approach to error analysis. English Language Teaching, 25, 204-219.
    • (1971) English Language Teaching , vol.25 , pp. 204-219
    • Richards, J.C.1
  • 80
    • 84909423557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning simple and complex second language rules under implicit, incidental, rule-search and instructed conditions
    • Robinson, P. (1996). Learning simple and complex second language rules under implicit, incidental, rule-search and instructed conditions. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 27-67.
    • (1996) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.18 , pp. 27-67
    • Robinson, P.1
  • 82
    • 0001413011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aspect hypothesis and emergence of tense distinction in naturalistic L2 acquisition
    • Rohde, A. (1996). The aspect hypothesis and emergence of tense distinction in naturalistic L2 acquisition. Linguistics, 34, 1115-1137.
    • (1996) Linguistics , vol.34 , pp. 1115-1137
    • Rohde, A.1
  • 83
    • 84979335947 scopus 로고
    • Methods and morphemes in second language acquisition research
    • Rosansky, E. J. (1976). Methods and morphemes in second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 26, 409-425.
    • (1976) Language Learning , vol.26 , pp. 409-425
    • Rosansky, E.J.1
  • 84
    • 84937381266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salaberry, R., & Shirai, Y. (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins
    • Salaberry, R., & Shirai, Y. (Eds.). (2002). The L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    • (2002) The L2 Acquisition of Tense-aspect Morphology
  • 86
    • 84976128902 scopus 로고
    • The expression of temporality in basilang speech
    • Schumann, J. (1987). The expression of temporality in basilang speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 9, 21-41.
    • (1987) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.9 , pp. 21-41
    • Schumann, J.1
  • 87
    • 0000691513 scopus 로고
    • Grammatical transformations and sentence comprehension in childhood and adulthood
    • Slobin, D. (1966). Grammatical transformations and sentence comprehension in childhood and adulthood. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 219-227.
    • (1966) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.5 , pp. 219-227
    • Slobin, D.1
  • 89
    • 77953976039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between type of instruction and type of language feature: A meta-analysis
    • (in press)
    • Spada, N., & Tomita, Y. (in press). Interactions between type of instruction and type of language feature: A meta-analysis. Language Learning.
    • Language Learning
    • Spada, N.1    Tomita, Y.2
  • 92
    • 84968528206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • If this is the cure, let's have the disease
    • Swan, M. (2001). If this is the cure, let's have the disease. ELT Journal, 55, 178-183.
    • (2001) ELT Journal , vol.55 , pp. 178-183
    • Swan, M.1
  • 93
    • 34547670819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic look at L2 phonological learning: Seeking psycholinguistic explanations for implicational phenomena
    • Trofimovich, P., Gatbonton, E., & Segalowitz, N. (2007). A dynamic look at L2 phonological learning: Seeking psycholinguistic explanations for implicational phenomena. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 29, 407-448.
    • (2007) Studies in Second Language Acquisition , vol.29 , pp. 407-448
    • Trofimovich, P.1    Gatbonton, E.2    Segalowitz, N.3
  • 94
    • 0003711385 scopus 로고
    • (C. Baltaxe, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1939)
    • Trubetzkoy, N. (1969). Principles of phonology (C. Baltaxe, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1939)
    • (1969) Principles of Phonology
    • Trubetzkoy, N.1
  • 96
    • 0034146933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal election of morphemes in adult second language acquisition
    • Wei, L. (2000). Unequal election of morphemes in adult second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 21, 106-140.
    • (2000) Applied Linguistics , vol.21 , pp. 106-140
    • Wei, L.1
  • 97
    • 0003059889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting the learners' attention: A typographical input enhancement study
    • In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • White, J. (1998). Getting the learners' attention: A typographical input enhancement study. In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition (pp. 85-113). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1998) Focus on Form in Classroom Second Language Acquisition , pp. 85-113
    • White, J.1
  • 98
    • 68449102853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When positive evidence isn't evident: A multidimensional analysis of possessive determiners in classroom input
    • Paper presented at the Hamburg, Germany
    • White, J., Collins, L., Trofimovich, P., Cardoso, W., & Horst, M. (2007). When positive evidence isn't evident: A multidimensional analysis of possessive determiners in classroom input. Paper presented at the Sixth international symposium on bilingualism, Hamburg, Germany.
    • (2007) Sixth International Symposium on Bilingualism
    • White, J.1    Collins, L.2    Trofimovich, P.3    Cardoso, W.4    Horst, M.5
  • 99
    • 51249083382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The his/her challenge: Making progress in a "regular" L2 programme
    • White, J., Muñoz, C., & Collins, L. (2007). The his/her challenge: Making progress in a "regular" L2 programme. Language Awareness, 16, 243-299.
    • (2007) Language Awareness , vol.16 , pp. 243-299
    • White, J.1    Muñoz, C.2    Collins, L.3
  • 100
    • 85009535706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the interface between metalinguistic task performance and oral production in second language classrooms
    • White, J., & Ranta, L. (2002). Examining the interface between metalinguistic task performance and oral production in second language classrooms. Language Awareness, 11, 259-290.
    • (2002) Language Awareness , vol.11 , pp. 259-290
    • White, J.1    Ranta, L.2
  • 102
    • 84970207093 scopus 로고
    • Adverb placement in second language acquisition: Some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom
    • White, L. (1991). Adverb placement in second language acquisition: Some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom. Second Language Research, 7, 133-161.
    • (1991) Second Language Research , vol.7 , pp. 133-161
    • White, L.1
  • 103
    • 84937328616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turning phonology inside out, or testing the relative salience of audio and visual cues for place of articulation
    • In A. Miller-Ockhuizen, R. Levine, & A. J. Gonsalves (Eds.)
    • Winters, S. (2000). Turning phonology inside out, or testing the relative salience of audio and visual cues for place of articulation. In A. Miller-Ockhuizen, R. Levine, & A. J. Gonsalves (Eds.), Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 53, 168-199.
    • (2000) Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics , vol.53 , pp. 168-199
    • Winters, S.1
  • 104
    • 68449085656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acquisition of tense-aspect: Converging evidence from corpora and telicity ratings
    • Wulff, S., Ellis, N. C., Römer, U., Bardovi-Harlig, K., & LeBlanc, C. (2009). The acquisition of tense-aspect: Converging evidence from corpora and telicity ratings. Modern Language Journal, 93, 354-369.
    • (2009) Modern Language Journal , vol.93 , pp. 354-369
    • Wulff, S.1    Ellis, N.C.2    Römer, U.3    Bardovi-Harlig, K.4    LeBlanc, C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.