The variable development of English word-final stops by Brazilian Portuguese speakers: A stochastic optimality theoretic account

Language Variation and Change

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 219-248

  Cardoso, Walcir ^a  

^a Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34547659431     PISSN: 09543945     EISSN: 14698021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954394507000142     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Adamson, H. Douglas. (1988). Variation theory and second language acquisition. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
2. Adjémian, Christian. (1976). On the nature of interlanguage systems. Language Learning 26:297-320.
3. Anttila, Arto. (1997). Deriving variation from grammar: A study of Finnish genitives. In F. Hinskens, R. van Hout, & L.Wetzels (eds.), Variation, change and phonological theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 35-68.
4. Archangeli, Diana. (1997). Optimality Theory: An introduction to linguistics in the 1990s. In D.Archangeli & D. T.Langedoen (eds.), Optimality Theory - An overview. Oxford: Blackwell. 1-32.
5. Archibald, John. (1993). Language Learnability and L2 Phonology. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
6. Asudeh, Ash. (2001). Linking, optionality, and ambiguity in Marathi. In Peter Sells (ed.), Formal and empirical issues in optimality-theoretic syntax. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 257-312.
7. Bayley, Robert & Preston, Dennis. (1996). Second language acquisition and linguistic variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
8. Beckman, Jill. (1998). Positional faithfulness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
9. Beebe, Leslie. (1980). Sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in second language acquisition. Language Learning 30:433-447.
10. Bernhardt, Barbara, & Stemberger, Joseph. (1998). Handbook of phonological development: From the perspective of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. San Diego: Academic.
11. Bickerton, Derek. (1973). Quantitative versus dynamic paradigms: The case of Montreal 'que'. In C. J. Bailey & R. W. Shuy (eds.), News ways of analyzing variation in English. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 23-43.
12. a Edição. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS.
13. Boersma, Paul. (1998). Functional phonology: Formalizing the interactions between articulatory and perceptual drives. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics.
14. Boersma, Paul. (2000). Learning a grammar in functional phonology. In J. Dekkers, V. van der Leeuw, & J.van der Weijer (eds.), Optimality theory: Phonology, syntax and acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 465-523.
15. Boersma, Paul. (2001). Review of Arto Anttila: Variation in Finnish phonology and morphology. GLOT International 5:31-40.
16. Boersma, Paul, & Hayes, Bruce. (2001). Empirical tests of the gradual learning algorithm. Linguistic Inquiry 32:45-86.
17. Boersma, Paul, & Weenink, David. (2000). Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. URL: http://www.praat.org.
18. Broselow, Ellen, Chen, Su-I., & Wang, Chilin. (1998). The emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20:261-280.
19. Broselow, Ellen, & Finer, Daniel (1991). Parameter setting in second language phonology and syntax. Second Language Research 7:35-59.
20. Bybee, Joan. (2001). Phonology and language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Cardoso, Walcir. (1999). A quantitative analysis of word-final /r/ -deletion in Brazilian Portuguese. Linguistica Atlantica 21:13-52.
22. Cardoso, Walcir. (2001). Variation patterns in regressive assimilation in Picard. Language Variation and Change 13:305-341.
23. Cardoso, Walcir. (2003). Topics in the phonology of Picard. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University. McGill Working Papers in Linguistics.
24. Cardoso, Walcir. (2005). The variable acquisition of English word-final stops by Brazilian Portuguese speakers. In Dekydtspotter et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2004). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 38-49.
25. Cardoso, Walcir, & Liakin, Denis. (2007). The syllabification of word-final stops in Brazilian Portuguese English: Evidence for onset-nucleus sharing in interlanguage. In A. Belikova, L. Meroni, & M. Umeda (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America Conference (GALANA 2). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
26. Casali, Roderic. (1997). Vowel elision in hiatus contexts: Which vowel goes? Language 73:493-533
27. Chomsky, Noam. (1988). Language and problems of knowledge: The Managua lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28. Cobb, Tom. (2004). The Compleat Lexical Tutor 4.5 [A web-based suite for corpus analysis]. Available at http://www.lextutor.ca.
29. Davidson, Lisa, Jusczyk, Peter, & Smolensky, Paul. (2004). The initial and final states: Theoretical implications and experimental explorations of richness of the base. In R. Kager, J. Pater, & W. Zonneveld (eds.), Constraints in phonological acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 321-368.
30. Demuth, Katherine, & Fee, Jane. (1995). Minimal prosodic words in early phonological development. Manuscript, Brown University and Dalhousie University.
31. Escartin, Claudia. (2005). The acquisition of English sC onset clusters by Mexican Spanish EFL learners. Master's thesis, Concordia University, Montreal (Canada).
32. Everett, Daniel. (1996). Syllable integrity. Manuscript, University of Pittsburgh. Rutgers Optimality Archive: ROA-163.
33. Fasold, Ralph. (1984). Variation theory and language learning. In P. Trudgill (ed.), Applied Sociolinguistics. London: Academic.
34. Féry, Caroline. (1997). The mora as a measure of weight and as a syllabic constituent. In P. Bertinetto, G. Gaeta, G. Jetchev, & D. Michaels (eds.), Certamen Phonologicum III. Papers from the Third Cortona Phonology Meeting. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier. 91-110.
35. Féry, Caroline. (2003). Markedness, faithfulness, vowel quality and syllable structure in French. Journal of French Language Studies 13:1-33.
36. Gatbonton, Elisabeth. (1978). Patterned phonetic variability in second language speech: A gradual diffusion model. Canadian Modern Language Review 34:335-347.
37. Goad, Heather. (1997). Codas, word minimality, and empty-headed syllables. In E. Clark, (ed.), Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Child Language Research Forum. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 113-122.
38. Goad, Heather. (2002). Markedness in right-edge syllabification: Parallels across populations. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 47:151-186.
39. Goad, Heather, & Kang, Hyun-Sook. (2003). Word-final syllabification in L2 acquisition with emphasis on Korean learners of English. In J. Liceras et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA). 122-129.
40. Gordon, Matthew. (2002). Weight-by-position adjunction and syllable structure. Lingua 112:901-931.
41. Hancin-Bhatt, Barbara, & Bhatt, Rakesh. (1998). Optimal L2 syllables: Interactions of transfer and developmental effects. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19:331-378.
42. Hayes, Bruce. (2004). Phonological acquisition in Optimality Theory: The early stages. In R. Kager, J. Pater, & W. Zonneveld (eds.), Constraints in phonological acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 158-203.
43. Hayes, Bruce. (2007). OTSoft: Constraint Ranking Software - Version 2.1. Manuscript, UCLA. URL: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ hayes/otsoft/OTSoftManual.doc (Retrieved on July 29, 2007).
44. Hayes, Bruce, Tesar, Bruce, & Zuraw, Kie. (2003). OTSoft 2.1 software package. URL: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft.
45. Henry, Alison. (2002). Variation and syntactic theory. In J. Chambers, P. Trudgill, & N. Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell. 267-282.
46. Inkelas, Sharon. (1998). The theoretical status of morphologically conditioned phonology: A case study of dominance effects. In G. Booij & J. van Marle (eds.), Yearbook of morphology 1997. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 121-155.
47. Inkelas, Sharon, & Orgun, Orhan. (1995). Level ordering and economy in the lexical phonology of Turkish. Language 71:763-793.
48. Inkelas, Sharon, Orgun, Orhan, & Zoll, Cheryl. (1997). The implications of lexical exceptions for the nature of grammar. In I. Roca (ed.), Derivations and constraints in phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 393-418.
49. Inkelas, Sharon, & Zoll, Cheryl. (2000). Reduplication as morphological doubling. Manuscript, University of California, Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rutgers Optimality Archive: 412.
50. Itô, Junko, & Mester, Ralf-Armin. (1995a). The core-periphery structure of the lexicon and constraints on reranking. In J. Beckman, L. Walsh-Dickey, & S. Urbanczyk (eds.), University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 18: Papers in optimality theory. Amherst, MA: GLSA. 181-209.
51. Itô, Junko, & Mester, Ralf-Armin. (1995b). Japanese phonology. In J. Goldsmith (ed.), The handbook of phonological theory. Oxford: Blackwell. 817-838.
52. John, Paul. (2005). Variable h-epenthesis in the interlanguage of francophone ESL learners. Master's thesis, Concordia University, Montreal (Canada).
53. Kager, René. (1996). Stem disyllabicity in Guugu Yimidhirr. In M. Nespor & N. Smith (eds.), Dam Phonology: HIL Phonology Papers II. Den Haag: Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics. 59-101.
54. Kager, René. (1989). A metrical theory of stress and destressing in English and Dutch. Dordrecht: Foris.
55. Kim, Hyouk-Keun & Zsiga, Elisabeth. (2002). Assimilation and neutralization in Korean/English interlanguage. Poster presented at the 8th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, New Haven, CT.
56. Kroch, Anthony. (1994). Morphosyntactic variation. In K. Beals, J. Denton, R. Knippen, L. Melnar, H. Suzuki, & E. Zeinfeld (eds.), Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Vol. 2: The Parasession on Variation in Linguistic Theory. 180-201.
57. Kroch, Anthony, & Taylor, Ann. (1997). Verb movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect variation and language contact. In van Kemenade, A., & N. Vincent (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 297-325.
58. Kucera, Henry, & Francis, Nelson. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English [The Brown Corpus]. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
59. Labov, William. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
60. Labov, William. (1969). Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45:715-762.
61. Major, Roy. (1986). Paragoge and degree of foreign accent in Brazilian English. Second Language Research 2:53-71.
62. Major, Roy. (1987). A model for interlanguage phonology. In GIoup & S. H. Weinberger (eds.), Interlanguage phonology: The acquisition of a second language sound system. New York: Newbury House/Harper & Row. 101-125.
63. Major, Roy. (1994). Chronological and stylistic aspects of second language acquisition of consonant clusters. Language Learning 44:655-680.
64. Major, Roy. (2001). Foreign accent - The ontogeny and phylogeny of second language phonology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
65. Major, Roy. (2005). Gender and stylistic variation in second language phonology. Language Variation and Change 16:169-188.
66. McCarthy, John, & Prince, Alan. (1993). Prosodic morphology I. Constraint interaction and satisfaction. Manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Rutgers University.
67. McCarthy, John, & Prince, Alan. (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In J. Beckman, L. Walsh-Dickey, & S. Urbanczyk (eds.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics 18: Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst, MA: GLSA. 249-384.
68. Morris, Richard E. (1998). Stylistic variation in Spanish phonology Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
69. Orgun, Cemil Orhan. (1996). Sign-based morphology and phonology with special attention to Optimality Theory. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
70. Paradis, Carole, & Prunet, Jean-François (eds.). (1991). The special status of coronals: Internal and external evidence. Phonology and Phonetics 2. San Diego: Academic.
71. Pater, Joseph. (1996). Consequences of constraint ranking. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University.
72. Pater, Joseph. (1997). Metrical parameter missetting in second language acquisition. In S. J. Hannahs & M. Young-Schoken (eds.), Focus on phonological acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 235-261.
73. Pater, Joseph, & Werle, Adam. (2001). Typology and variation in child consonant harmony. In C. Féry, A. Dubach Green, & R. van de Vijver (eds.), Proceedings of HILP5, University of Potsdam.
74. Preston, Dennis. (1989). Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell.
75. Preston, Dennis. (1996). Variationist perspectives on second language acquisition. In R. Bayley & D. Preston (eds.), Second language acquisition and linguistic variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 1-45.
76. Prince, Alan, & Smolensky, Paul. (1993). Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
77. Prince, Alan, & Tesar, Bruce. (2004). Learning phonotactic distribution. In R. Kager, J. Pater, & W.Zonneveld (eds.), Constraints in phonological acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 245-291.
78. Pulleyblank, Douglas. (1997). Optimality Theory and features. In D. Archangeli & D. T. Langedoen (eds.), Optimality Theory - An overview Oxford: Blackwell. 59-101.
79. Reynolds, William. (1994). Variation and phonological theory. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
80. Robinson, John, Lawrence, Helen, & Tagliamonte, Sali. (2001). GoldVarb 2001: A multivariate analysis application for wiTdows. URL: http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/webstuff/goldvarb.
81. Roeper, Thomas. (1999). Universal bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2(3):187-203.
82. Schwartz, Bonnie, & Sprouse, Rex. (1994). Word order and nominative case in non-native language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In T. Hoekstra & B. Schwartz (eds.), Language acquisition studies in generative grammar. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 317-368.
83. Schwartz, Bonnie, & Sprouse, Rex. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model. Second Language Research 12:40-72.
84. Selinker, Larry. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics 10:209-231.
85. Selkirk, Elisabeth. (1972). The phrase phonology of English and French. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
86. Smolensky, Paul. (1996). The initial state and 'richness of the base' in Optimality Theory. Technical Report JHU-CogSci-96-4, Cognitive Science Department, Johns Hopkins University. Rutgers Optimality Archive: 154.
87. Taler, Vanessa. (1997). S-weakening in the Spanish of San Miguel, El Salvador. Master's thesis, McGill University.
88. Tesar, Bruce, & Smolensky, Paul. (1993). The learnability of Optimality Theory: An algorithm and some basic complexity results. Manuscript, University of Colorado at Boulder. ROA-2.
89. Trubetzkoy, Nikolai. (1939). Grundzuge der phonologie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. (This also appears in English translation as Principles of phonology, transl. C. Baltaxe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).
90. Tzakosta, Marina. (2003). Morpho-phonological conflicts in the acquisition of stress in Greek. Paper presented at GLOW 2003 und (Sweden).
91. Ussishkin, Adam. (2000). The emergence of fixed prosody. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz.
92. van, Oostendorp, Marc. (1997). Style levels in conflict resolution. In F. Hinskens, R. van Hout, & W. Wetzels (eds.), Variation, change and phonological theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 207-229.
93. van, Oostendorp, Marc. (2005). Variation in generative grammar. Manuscript, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam (The Netherlands).
94. van, Oostendorp, Marc. (2005b). In defense of the Loi de Position. Manuscript, Meertens Institut, Amsterdam (The Netherlands) Holland.
95. van, Oostendorp, Marc. (2006). Topics in the phonology of Dutch. Manuscript, Meertens Institut, Amsterdam (The Netherlands).
96. Villafaña, Christina. (2000). Emergence of the unmarked in interlanguage coda production. In C. Villafaña (ed.), George Mason working papers in linguistics 33-48.
97. Wang, Chilin. (1995). The acquisition of English word-final obstruents by Chinese speakers. Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Stony Brook.
98. White, Lydia. (1989). Universal grammar and second language acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
99. Wilson, John, & Henry, Alison. (1998). Parameter setting within a socially realistic linguistics. Language in Society 27:1-21.
100. Yang, Charles. (2003). Knowledge and learning in natural language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
101. Zec, Draga. (2005). Prosodic differences among function words. Phonology 22:77-112.