Fluoxetine inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-induced behavioural responses in rats

Stress

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 225-239

  Lowry, Christopher A ^a   Hale, Matthew W ^a   Plant, Andrea ^a   Windle, Richard J ^a   Shanks, Nola ^a   Wood, Susan A ^a   Ingram, Colin D ^a   Renner, Kenneth J ^b,c   Lightman, Stafford L ^a   Summers, Cliff H ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b W O Farber Center for Civic Leadership   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT; Anxiety; Behaviour; Corticotropin releasing factor; Fluoxetine; Serotonin

Indexed keywords

5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; CORTICOSTERONE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; CORTISONE; FLUOXETINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; SEROTONIN;

5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID BRAIN LEVEL; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN STEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORTICOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; ENTORHINAL CORTEX; FOREBRAIN; HORMONE RELEASE; LIMBIC CORTEX; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SEROTONIN METABOLISM; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; STRESS; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BLOOD; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; WISTAR RAT;

ANIMALS; AROUSAL; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; CORTICOSTERONE; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; FLUOXETINE; HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; INJECTIONS, INTRAVENTRICULAR; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PROSENCEPHALON; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; SEROTONIN;

EID: 67949114343     PISSN: 10253890     EISSN: 16078888     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10253890802309861     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Abrams JK, Johnson PL, Hay-SchmidtA, Mikkelsen JD, Shekhar A, Lowry CA. 2005. Serotonergic systems associated with arousal and vigilance behaviors following administration of anxiogenic drugs. Neuroscience 133:983-997
2. Adamec RE, McKay D. 1993. The effects of CRF and a-helical CRF on anxiety in normal and hypophysectomized rats. J Psychopharmacol 7:346-354
3. Amat J, Baratta MV, Paul E, Bland ST, Watkins LR, Maier SF. 2005. Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nat Neurosci 8:365-371
4. Amat J, Tamblyn JP, Paul ED, Bland ST, Amat P, Foster AC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. 2004. Microinjection of urocortin 2 into the dorsal raphe nucleus activates serotonergic neurons and increases extracellular serotonin in the basolateral amygdala. Neuroscience 129:509-519
5. Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. 1999. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol 160:1-12
6. Austin MC, Janosky JE, Murphy HA. 2003. Increased cortico-tropin- releasing hormone immunoreactivity in monoamine-containing pontine nuclei of depressed suicide men. Mol Psychiatry 8:324-332
7. Austin MC, Rhodes JL, Lewis DA. 1997. Differential distribution of corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive axons in monoaminergic nuclei of the human brainstem. Neuropsycho-pharmacology 17:326-341
8. Bittencourt JC, Sawchenko PE. 2000. Do centrally administered neuropeptides access cognate receptors? An analysis in the central corticotropin-releasing factor system. J Neurosci 20: 1142-1156
9. Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC. 1989. Attack and defense in rodents as ethoexperimental models for the study of emotion. Prog Neuropsychopharmacology. Biol Psychiatry 13:S3-S14
10. Britton DR, Varela M, Garcia A, Rosenthal M. 1986a. Dexametha-sone suppresses pituitary-adrenal but not behavioral effects of centrally administered CRF. Life Sci 38:211-216
11. Britton KT, Lee G, Dana R, Risch SC, Koob GF. 1986b. Activating and ?anxiogenic? effects of corticotropin releasing factor are not inhibited by blockade of the pituitary adrenal system with dexamethasone. Life Sci 39:1281-1286
12. Britton KT, Lee G, Vale W, Rivier J, Koob GF. 1986c. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonist blocks activating and ?anxiogenic? actions of CRF in the rat. Brain Res 369:303-306
13. Butler PD, Weiss JM, Stout JC, Nemeroff CB. 1990. Corticotropin-releasing factor produces fear enhancing and behavioral activating effects following infusion into the locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 10:176-183
14. Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Carter PA, Shaw J, Chernet E, Phebus L, Wong DT, Perry KW. 2002. Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in prefrontal cortex. Psychophar-macology (Berl) 160:353-361
15. Carter CJ, Pycock CJ. 1979. The effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic sites on spontaneous motor behaviour, and amphetamine-induced stereotypy. Nau-nyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 308:51-54
16. Cazalets JR, Sqalli-Houssaini Y, Clarac F. 1992. Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino acids in neonatal rat. J Physiol (Lond) 455: 187-204
17. Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB. 1995. Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF(2)) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: Comparison with CRF(1) receptor mRNA expression. J Neurosci 15: 6340-6350
18. Chappell PB, Smith MA, Kilts CD, Bissette G, Ritchie J, Anderson C, Nemeroff CB. 1986. Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute and chronic stress. J Neurosci 6:2908-2914
19. Chen R, Lewis KA, Perrin MH, Vale WW. 1993. Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing-factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8967-8971
20. Chen Y, Brunson KL, Müller MB, Cariaga W, Baram TZ. 2000. Immunocytochemical distribution of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type-1 (CRF1)-like immunoreactivity in the mouse brain: Light microscopy analysis using an antibody directed against the C-terminus. J Comp Neurol 420:305-323
21. Cole BJ, Koob GF. 1988. Propranolol antagonizes the enhanced conditioned fear produced by corticotropin-releasing factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:902-910
22. Czachura JF, Rasmussen K. 2000. Effects of acute and chronic administration of fluoxetine on the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 362:266-275
23. Day HE, Greenwood BN, Hammack SE, Watkins LR, Fleshner M, Maier SF, Campeau S. 2004. Differential expression of 5HT-1A, alpha(1b) adrenergic, CRF-R1, and CRF-R2 receptor mRNA in serotonergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and catechol-aminergic cells of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. J Comp Neurol 474:364-378
24. de Groote L, Penalva RG, Flachskamm C, Reul JMHM, Linthorst ACE. 2005. Differential monoaminergic, neuroendo-crine and behavioural responses after central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and type 2 agonists. J Neurochem 94:45-56
25. De Souza EB, Insel TR, Perrin MH, Rivier J, Vale WW, Kuhar MJ. 1985. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors are widely distributed within the rat central nervous system: An autoradio-graphic study. J Neurosci 5:3189-3203
26. Diamant M, de Wied D. 1991. Autonomic and behavioral effects of centrally administered corticotropin-releasing factor in rats. Endocrinology 129:446-454
27. Diamant M, Kashtanov SI, Fodor M, de Wied D. 1992. Corticotropin- releasing factor induces differential behavioral and cardiovascular effects after intracerebroventricular and lateral hypothalamic/perifornical injections in rats. Neuroendo-crinology 56:750-760
28. Dunn AJ, Berridge CW. 1990. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses? Brain Res Rev 15: 71-100
29. Fornal CA, Martin FJ, Metzler CW, Jacobs BL. 1999. Pindolol, a putative 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) antagonist, does not reverse the inhibition of serotonergic neuronal activity induced by fluoxetine in awake cats: Comparison to WAY-100635. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:220-228
30. Forster GL, Feng N, Watt MJ, Korzan WJ, Mouw NJ, Summers CH, Renner KJ. 2006. Corticotropin-releasing factor in the dorsal raphe elicits temporally distinct serotonergic responses in the limbic system in relation to fear behavior. Neuroscience 141: 1047-1055
31. Gainetdinov RR, Wetsel WC, Jones SR, Levin ED, Jaber M, Caron MG. 1999. Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 283: 397-401
32. Gobert A, Rivet JM, Cistarelli L, Melon C, Millan MJ. 1999. Buspirone modulates basal and fluoxetine-stimulated dialysate levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the frontal cortex of freely moving rats: Activation of serotonin 1A receptors and blockade of alpha2-adrenergic receptors underlie its actions. Neuroscience 93:1251-1262
33. Grantyn A, Berthoz A. 1987. Reticulo-spinal neurons participating in the control of synergic eye and head movements during orienting in the cat. I. Behavioral properties. Exp Brain Res 66: 339-354
34. Grillner S, Wallén P, Dale N, Brodin L, Buchanan J, Hill R. 1987. Transmitters, membrane properties and network circuitry in the control of locomotion in lamprey. Trends Neurosci 10:34-41
35. Groenewegen HJ, Russchen FT. 1984. Organization of the efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens to pallidal, hypothalamic, and mesencephalic structures: A tracing and immunohisto-chemical study in the cat. J Comp Neurol 223:347-367
36. Grubbs FE, Beck G. 1972. Extension of sample sizes and percentage points for significance tests of outlying observations. Technometrics 14:847-854
37. Gulyas J, Rivier C, Perrin M, Koerber SC, Sutton S, Corrigan A, Lahrichi SL, Craig AG, Vale W, Rivier J. 1995. Potent, structurally constrained agonists and competitive antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 10575-10579
38. Habib KE, Weld KP, Rice KC, Pushkas J, Champoux M, Listwak S, Webster EL, Atkinson AJ, Schulkin J, Contoreggi C, Chrousos GP, McCann SM, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Gold PW. 2000. Oral administration of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist significantly attenuates behavioral, neuro-endocrine, and autonomic responses to stress in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6079-6084
39. Hammack SE, Schmid MJ, LoPresti ML, Der-Avakian A, Pellymounter MA, Foster AC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. 2003. Corticotropin releasing hormone type 2 receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus mediate the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. J Neurosci 23:1019-1025
40. Harris-Warrick RM, Cohen AH. 1985. Serotonin modulates the central pattern generator for locomotion in the isolated lamprey spinal cord. J Exp Biol 116:27-46
41. Heinrichs SC, Koob GF. 2004. Corticotropin-releasing factor in brain: A role in activation, arousal, and affect regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 311:427-440
42. Holstege G. 1995. The basic, somatic, and emotional components of the motor system in mammals. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p 137-154
43. Howard OL, Valentino RJ, Lucki I. 2005. Corticotropin releasing factor: Effects on behavior and forebrain serotonin levels, Program No. 319. 14. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, Online
44. Hughes ZA, Stanford SC. 1996. Increased noradrenaline efflux induced by local infusion of fluoxetine in the rat frontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 317:83-90
45. Jacobs BL, Fornal CA. 1993. 5-HT and motor control: A hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 16:346-352
46. Jacobs BL, Fornal CA. 1999. Activity of serotonergic neurons in behaving animals. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:9S-15S
47. Jones DN, Kortekaas R, Hatcher PD, Middlemiss DN, White A, Hagan JJ. 1999. Influence of peptide CRF receptor antagonists upon the behavioural effects of human/rat CRF. Eur J Pharmacol 373:141-145
48. Jordan S, Kramer GL, Zukas PK, Moeller M, Petty F. 1994. In vivo biogenic amine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex with imipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. Synapse 18:294-297
49. Kagamiishi Y, Yamamoto T, Watanabe S. 2003. Hippocampal serotonergic system is involved in anxiety-like behavior induced by corticotropin-releasing factor. Brain Res 991:212-221
50. Kalivas PW, Duffy P, Latimer LG. 1987. Neurochemical and behavioral effects of corticotropin-releasing factor in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. J Psychopharmacol 242:757-763
51. Kirby LG, Rice KC, Valentino RJ. 2000. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:148-162
52. Koch S, Perry KW, Nelson DL, Conway RG, Threlkeld PG, Bymaster FP. 2002. R-fluoxetine increases extracellular DA, NE, as well as 5-HT in rat prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus: An in vivo microdialysis and receptor binding study. Neuropsycho-pharmacology 27:949-959
53. Koob GF, Swerdlow NR, Seeligson M, Eaves M, Sutton R, Rivier J, Vale W. 1984. Effects of alpha-flupenthixol and naloxone on CRF-induced locomotor activation. Neuroendocrinology 39: 459-464
54. Korte SM, Bouws GAH, Bohus B. 1993. Central actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on behavioral, neuro-endocrine, and cardiovascular regulation: Brain corticoid receptor involvement. Horm Behav 27:167-183
55. Lavicky J, Dunn AJ. 1993. Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates catecholamine release in hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex in freely moving rats as assessed by microdialysis. J Neurochem 60: 602-612
56. Lazosky AJ, Britton DR. 1991. Effects of 5-HT-1A receptor agonists on CRF-induced behavior. Psychopharmacology 104:132-136
57. Lee EHY, Chang SY, Chen AYJ. 1994. CRF facilitates NE release from the hippocampus: A microdialysis study. Neurosci Res 19: 327-330
58. Lightman SL, Windle RJ, Julian MD, Harbuz MS, Shanks N, Wood SA, Kershaw YM, Ingram CD. 2000. Significance of pulsatility in the HPA axis. Novartis Found Symp 227:244-257
59. Lim MM, Nair HP, Young LJ. 2005. Species and sex differences in brain distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in monogamous and promiscuous vole species. J Comp Neurol 487:75-92
60. Linthorst AC, Flachskamm C, Hopkins SJ, Hoadley ME, Labeur MS, Holsboer F, Reul JM. 1997. Long-term intracer-ebroventricular infusion of corticotropin-releasing hormone alters neuroendocrine, neurochemical, autonomic, behavioral, and cytokine responses to a systemic inflammatory challenge. J Neurosci 17:4448-4460
61. Linthorst AC, Penalva RG, Flachskamm C, Holsboer F, Reul JM. 2002. Forced swim stress activates rat hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission involving a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-dependent mechanism. Eur J Neurosci 16:2441-2452
62. Linthorst ACE. 2005. Interactions between corticotropin-releasing hormone and serotonin: Implications for the ætiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. In: Holsboer F, Ströhle A, editors. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. vol.169. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. p 181-204
63. Lowry CA, Evans AK, Gasser PJ, Hale MW, Staub DR, Shekhar A. 2008. Topographical organization and chemoarchitecture of the dorsal raphe nucleus and the median raphe nucleus. In: Monti JM, Pandi-Perumal BL, Jacobs BL, Nutt DL, editors. Serotonin and sleep: Molecular, functional and clinical aspects. Basel: Birkhauser. p 25-68
64. Lowry CA, Johnson PL, Hay-Schmidt A, Mikkelsen J, Shekhar A. 2005. Modulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems. Stress 8:233-246
65. Lowry CA, Rodda JE, Lightman SL, Ingram CD. 2000. Corticotropin-releasing factor increases in vitro firing rates of serotonergic neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: Evidence for activation of a topographically organized mesolimbocortical serotonergic system. J Neurosci 20:7728-7736
66. Lukkes JL, Forster GL, Renner KJ, Summers CH. 2008. Corticotropin- releasing factor 1 and 2 receptors in the dorsal raphe differentially affect serotonin release in the nucleus accumbens. Eur J Pharmacol 578:185-193
67. Maier SF, Watkins LF. 1998. Stressor controllability, anxiety, and serotonin. Cognitive Therapy Res 22:595-613
68. Maier SF, Watkins LR. 2005. Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: The roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29: 829-841
69. Martin P, Bateson P. 1986. Measuring behaviour: An introductory guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 1-200
70. Matsuzaki I, Takamatsu Y, Moroji T. 1989. The effects of intracerebroventricularly injected corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on the central nervous system: Behavioural and biochemical studies. Neuropeptides 13:147-155
71. Meloni EG, Reedy CL, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA, Jr. 2007. Activation of raphe efferents to the medial prefrontal cortex by corticotropin-releasing factor: Correlation with anxiety-like behavior. Biol Psychiatry 63:832-839
72. Menzaghi F, Howard RL, Heinrichs SC, Vale W, Rivier J, Koob GF. 1994. Characterization of a novel and potent corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269: 564-572
73. Mogensen GJ, Swanson LW, Wu M. 1983. Neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus, substantia innominata, and lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic area: An anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the rat. J Neurosci 3: 189-202
74. Nijsen MJ, Croiset G, Stam R, Bruijnzeel A, Diamant M, de Wied D, Wiegant VM. 2000. The role of the CRH type 1 receptor in autonomic responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:388-399
75. Owens MJ, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB. 2001. Second-generation SSRIs: Human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 50:345-350
76. Owens MJ, Morgan WN, Plott SJ, Nemeroff CB. 1997. Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1305-1322
77. Palkovits M, Brownstein MJ. 1988. Maps and guide to micro-dissection of the rat brain. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc
78. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1986. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2nd ed., Sydney: Academic Press
79. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1998. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 4th ed., San Diego, CA: Academic Press
80. Pernar L, Curtis AL, Vale WW, Rivier JE, Valentino RJ. 2004. Selective activation of corticotropin-releasing factor-2 receptors on neurochemically identified neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus reveals dual actions. J Neurosci 24:1305-1311
81. Perrin MH, Sutton SW, Cervini LA, Rivier JE, Vale WW. 1999. Comparison of an agonist, urocortin, and an antagonist, astressin, as radioligands for characterization of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288:729-734
82. Perry KW, Fuller RW. 1997. Fluoxetine increases norepinephrine release in rat hypothalamus as measured by tissue levels of MHPG-SO4 and microdialysis in conscious rats. J Neural Transm 104:953-966
83. Petersen RG. 1985. Design and analysis of experiments. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc
84. Pett KV, Viau V, Bittencourt JC, Chan RKW, Li H-Y, Arias C, Prins GS, Marilyn P, Vale W, Sawchenko PE. 2000. Distribution of mRNAs encoding CRF receptors in brain and pituitary of rat and mouse. J Comp Neurol 428:191-212
85. Price ML, Curtis AL, Kirby LG, Valentino RJ, Lucki I. 1998. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on brain serotonergic activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 18:492-502
86. Price ML, Lucki I. 2001. Regulation of serotonin release in the lateral septum and striatum by corticotropin-releasing factor. J Neurosci 21:2833-2841
87. Primus RJ, Yevich E, Baltazar C, Gallager DW. 1997. Autoradio-graphic localization of CRF1 and CRF2 binding sites in adult rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 17:308-316
88. Renner KJ, Luine VN. 1984. Determination of monoamines in brain nuclei by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: Young vs. middle aged rats. Life Sci 34:2193-2199
89. Renner KJ, Luine VN. 1986. Analysis of temporal and dose-dependent effects of estrogen on monoamines in brain nuclei. Brain Res 366:64-71
90. Ribotta MG, Provencher J, Feraboli-Lohnherr D, Rossignol S, Privat A, Orsal D. 2000. Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic raphe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level. J Neurosci 20: 5144-5152
91. Richelson E, Pfenning M. 1984. Blockade by antidepressants and related compounds of biogenic amine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes: Most antidepressants selectively block norepi-nephrine uptake. Eur J Pharmacol 104:277-286
92. Sakanaka MST, Lederis K. 1986. Distribution of efferent projections of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreac-tivity in the rat amygdaloid complex. Brain Res 382:213-238
93. Sakanaka M, Shibasaki T, Lederis K. 1987. Corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain as revealed by a modified cobalt-glucose oxidase-diaminobenzidine method. J Comp Neurol 260:256-298
94. Sarnyai Z, Shaham Y, Heinrichs SC. 2001. The role of corticotropin- releasing factor in drug addiction. Pharmacol Rev 53:209-243
95. Sherman JE, Kalin NH. 1987. The effects of ICV-CRH on novelty-induced behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26:699-703
96. Spina MG, Basso AM, Zorrilla EP, Heyser CJ, Rivier J, Vale W, Merlo-Pich E, Koob GF. 2000. Behavioral effects of central administration of the novel CRF antagonist astressin in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:230-239
97. Stanford SC. 1996. Prozac: Panacea or puzzle? Trends Pharmacol Sci 17:150-154
98. Staub DR, Evans AK, Lowry CA. 2006. Evidence supporting a role for corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 (CRF(2)) receptors in the regulation of subpopulations of serotonergic neurons. Brain Res 1070:77-89
99. Staub DR, Spiga F, Lowry CA. 2005. Urocortin 2 increases c-Fos expression in topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Res 1044:176-189
100. Sutton RE, Koob GF, Le Moal M, Rivier J, Vale W. 1982. Corticotropin releasing factor produces behavioural activation in rats. Nature 297:331-333
101. Swerdlow NR, Koob GF. 1985. Separate neural substrates of the locomotor-activating properties of amphetamine, heroin, caffeine and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23:303-307
102. Swerdlow NR, Vaccarino FJ, Amalric M, Koob GF. 1986. The neural substrates for the motor-activating properties of psychostimulants: A review of recent findings. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:233-248
103. Taber MT, Kinney GG, Pieschl RL, Yocca FD, Gribkoff VK. 2000. Differential effects of coadministration of fluoxetine and WAY-100635 on serotonergic neurotransmission in vivo: Sensitivity to sequence of injections. Synapse 38:17-26
104. Tan H, Zhong P, Yan Z. 2004. Corticotropin-releasing factor and acute stress prolongs serotonergic regulation of GABA transmission in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 24: 5000-5008 (Pubitemid 38697833)
105. Thome J, Sakai N, Shin K, Steffen C, Zhang YJ, Impey S, Storm D, Duman RS. 2000. cAMP response element-mediated gene transcription is upregulated by chronic antidepressant treatment. J Neurosci 20:4030-4036
106. Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Bittencourt J, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Sutton S, Chan R, Turnbull AV, Lovejoy D, Rivier C, Rivier J, Sawchenko PE, Vale W. 1995. Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin-I and to corticotropin-releasing factor. Nature 378:287-292
107. Veldhuis HD, de Wied D. 1984. Differential behavioral actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21:707-713
108. Windle RJ, Wood S, Shanks N, Perks P, Conde GL, da Costa APC, Ingram CD, Lightman SL. 1996. Endocrine and behavioural responses to noise stress: Comparison of virgin and lactating rats during non-disrupted maternal activity. J Neuroendocrinol 9: 407-414
109. Zocchi A, Varnier G, Arban R, Griffante C, Zanetti L, Bettelini L, Marchi M, Gerrard PA, Corsi M. 2003. Effects of antidepressant drugs and GR 205171, an neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, on the response in the forced swim test and on monoamine extracellular levels in the frontal cortex of the mouse. Neurosci Lett 345:73-76
110. Zorrilla EP, Valdez GR, Nozulak J, Koob GF, Markou A. 2002. Effects of antalarmin, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist, on anxiety-like behavior and motor activation in the rat. Brain Res 952:188-199