메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 211-220

Trends in Clostridium difficile disease: Epidemiology and intervention

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; Pseudomembranous colitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACITRACIN; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; FUSIDIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 67849108212     PISSN: 07496524     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (12)

References (128)
  • 1
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in new-born infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall IC, O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in new-born infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child. 1935;49:390-402.
    • (1935) Am J Dis Child , vol.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 2
    • 0017801430 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia
    • Bartlett JG, Chang TW, Gurwith M, et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N Engl J Med. 1978;298:531-534. (Pubitemid 8295586)
    • (1978) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.298 , Issue.10 , pp. 531-534
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Chang, T.W.2    Gurwith, M.3
  • 3
    • 0017757971 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-associated colitis due to a toxin-producing species of Clostridium in hamsters
    • Bartlett JG, Onderdonk AB, Cisneros RL, Kasper DL. Clindamycin-associated colitis due to a toxin-producing species of Clostridium in hamsters. J Infect Dis. 1977;136:701-705.
    • (1977) J Infect Dis , vol.136 , pp. 701-705
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Onderdonk, A.B.2    Cisneros, R.L.3    Kasper, D.L.4
  • 5
    • 8944243542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients. A French multicenter study
    • Barbut F, Corthier G, Charpak Y, et al. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients. A French multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1449-1454.
    • (1996) Arch Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 1449-1454
    • Barbut, F.1    Corthier, G.2    Charpak, Y.3
  • 6
    • 33746333279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease
    • DOI 10.1016/j.gtc.2006.03.009, PII S088985530600029X
    • Aslam S, Musher DM. An update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006;35:315-335. (Pubitemid 44118670)
    • (2006) Gastroenterology Clinics of North America , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 315-335
    • Aslam, S.1    Musher, D.M.2
  • 7
    • 0035436311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated infections
    • Barbut F, Petit JC. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001;7:405-410.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.7 , pp. 405-410
    • Barbut, F.1    Petit, J.C.2
  • 8
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents
    • Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, et al. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:992-998.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Zabarsky, T.F.3
  • 9
    • 0036847456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in long-term-care facilities for the elderly
    • SHEA Long-Term-Care Committee
    • Simor AE, Bradley SF, Strausbaugh LJ, et al; SHEA Long-Term-Care Committee. Clostridium difficile in long-term-care facilities for the elderly. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:696-703.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 696-703
    • Simor, A.E.1    Bradley, S.F.2    Strausbaugh, L.J.3
  • 10
    • 0026727849 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: Evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection
    • Clabots CR, Johnson S, Olson MM, et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:561-567.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 561-567
    • Clabots, C.R.1    Johnson, S.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 12
    • 0019497353 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Kim KH, Fekety R, Batts DH, et al. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. J Infect Dis. 1981;143:42-50. (Pubitemid 11152596)
    • (1981) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.143 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-50
    • Kim, K.-H.1    Fekety, R.2    Batts, D.H.3
  • 14
    • 40449114824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a setting of endemicity: Identification of novel risk factors
    • Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Yan Y, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a setting of endemicity: identification of novel risk factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1543-1549.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1543-1549
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Reske, K.A.2    Yan, Y.3
  • 15
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006;54:2200]
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006;54:2200]. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2442-2449.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3
  • 16
    • 0032574193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08062-8
    • Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, et al. Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet. 1998;351:633-636. (Pubitemid 28098446)
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9103 , pp. 633-636
    • Shim, J.K.1    Johnson, S.2    Samore, M.H.3    Bliss, D.Z.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 17
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM200002103420604
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:390-397. (Pubitemid 30084537)
    • (2000) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.342 , Issue.6 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 18
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003
    • McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:409-415.
    • (2006) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 20
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67420-X, PII S014067360567420X
    • Wamy M, Pepin J, Fang A, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet. 2005;366:1079-1084. (Pubitemid 41338761)
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9491 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5    Brazier, J.6    Frost, E.7    McDonald, L.C.8
  • 23
    • 32544446901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk-four states, 2005. MMWR. 2005;54:1201-1205.
    • (2005) MMWR , vol.54 , pp. 1201-1205
  • 24
    • 41649114003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance for community-associated Clostridium difficile - Connecticut, 2006
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for community-associated Clostridium difficile - Connecticut, 2006. MMWR. 2008;57:340-343.
    • (2008) MMWR , vol.57 , pp. 340-343
  • 26
    • 33846451108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea
    • DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.013, PII S0378113506003981
    • Arroyo LG, Staempfli H, Weese JS. Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea. Vet Microbiol. 2007;120:179-183. (Pubitemid 46149211)
    • (2007) Veterinary Microbiology , vol.120 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 179-183
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Staempfli, H.2    Weese, J.S.3
  • 27
    • 33747334107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile
    • Bojesen AM, Olsen KE, Bertelsen MF. Fatal enterocolitis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) caused by Clostridium difficile. Vet Microbiol. 2006;116:329-335.
    • (2006) Vet Microbiol , vol.116 , pp. 329-335
    • Bojesen, A.M.1    Olsen, K.E.2    Bertelsen, M.F.3
  • 28
    • 0029129028 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Clostridium difficile toxins from the small intestine and cecum of rabbits with naturally acquired enterotoxemia
    • Perkins SE, Fox JG, Taylor NS, et al. Detection of Clostridium difficile toxins from the small intestine and cecum of rabbits with naturally acquired enterotoxemia. Lab Anim Sci.1995;45:379-384.
    • (1995) Lab Anim Sci , vol.45 , pp. 379-384
    • Perkins, S.E.1    Fox, J.G.2    Taylor, N.S.3
  • 29
    • 28844494379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: An important pathogen of food animals
    • Songer JG, Anderson MA. Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. Anaerobe. 2006;12:1-4.
    • (2006) Anaerobe , vol.12 , pp. 1-4
    • Songer, J.G.1    Anderson, M.A.2
  • 30
    • 41949117132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit
    • Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L, Weese JS. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet Microbiol. 2008;129:209-214.
    • (2008) Vet Microbiol , vol.129 , pp. 209-214
    • Clooten, J.1    Kruth, S.2    Arroyo, L.3    Weese, J.S.4
  • 31
    • 34250660545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.00224-07
    • Keel K, Brazier JS, Post KW, et al. Prevalence of PCR ribotypes among Clostridium difficile isolates from pigs, calves, and other species. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:1963-1964. (Pubitemid 46933933)
    • (2007) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.45 , Issue.6 , pp. 1963-1964
    • Keel, K.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Post, K.W.3    Weese, S.4    Songer, J.G.5
  • 32
    • 45249086113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Clostridium difficile from food animals in Slovenia
    • DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.47669-0
    • Pirs T, Ocepek M, Rupnik M. Isolation of Clostridium difficile from food animals in Slovenia. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57(pt 6):790-792. (Pubitemid 351842074)
    • (2008) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 790-792
    • Pirs, T.1    Ocepek, M.2    Rupnik, M.3
  • 33
    • 43849106225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility
    • Simango C, Mwakurudza S. Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;124:268-270.
    • (2008) Int J Food Microbiol , vol.124 , pp. 268-270
    • Simango, C.1    Mwakurudza, S.2
  • 35
    • 40749128497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078: An emerging strain in humans and in pigs?
    • author reply 1158
    • Goorhuis A, Debast SB, van Leengoed LA, et al. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078: an emerging strain in humans and in pigs? J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1157; author reply 1158.
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 1157
    • Goorhuis, A.1    Debast, S.B.2    Van Leengoed, L.A.3
  • 36
    • 58549107018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans
    • Debast SB, van Leengoed LA, Goorhuis A, et al. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. Environ Microbiol. 2009;11:505-511.
    • (2009) Environ Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 505-511
    • Debast, S.B.1    Van Leengoed, L.A.2    Goorhuis, A.3
  • 37
    • 0028935286 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro
    • Riegler M, Sedivy R, Pothoulakis C, et al. Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2004-2011.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 2004-2011
    • Riegler, M.1    Sedivy, R.2    Pothoulakis, C.3
  • 38
    • 33644974808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated disease: New challenges from an established pathogen
    • Sunenshine RH, McDonald LC. Clostridium difficile-associated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:187-197.
    • (2006) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.73 , pp. 187-197
    • Sunenshine, R.H.1    McDonald, L.C.2
  • 39
    • 0031752883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90019-6
    • Bignardi GE. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40:1-15. (Pubitemid 28438966)
    • (1998) Journal of Hospital Infection , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-15
    • Bignardi, G.E.1
  • 40
    • 0017609086 scopus 로고
    • Diarrhea associated with clindamycin and ampicillin therapy: Preliminary results of a cooperative study
    • Gurwith MJ, Rabin HR, Love K. Diarrhea associated with clindamycin and ampicillin therapy: preliminary results of a cooperative study. J Infect Dis. 1977;135(suppl):S104-S110. (Pubitemid 8072570)
    • (1977) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.135 , Issue.SUP.MARCH , pp. 104-110
    • Gurwith, M.J.1    Rabin, H.R.2    Love, K.3
  • 41
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ. 2004;171:466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 42
    • 28044454742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial diarrhea in persons with HIV infechon, United States, 1992-2002
    • Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Study Group
    • Sanchez TH, Brooks JT, Sullivan PS, et al; Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Study Group. Bacterial diarrhea in persons with HIV infechon, United States, 1992-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1621-1627.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 1621-1627
    • Sanchez, T.H.1    Brooks, J.T.2    Sullivan, P.S.3
  • 43
    • 0038075105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of nosocomial infections in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703920
    • Dettenkofer M, Ebner W, Bertz H, et al. Surveillance of nosocomial infections in adult recipients of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31:795-801. (Pubitemid 36656672)
    • (2003) Bone Marrow Transplantation , vol.31 , Issue.9 , pp. 795-801
    • Dettenkofer, M.1    Ebner, W.2    Bertz, H.3    Babikir, R.4    Finke, J.5    Frank, U.6    Ruden, H.7    Daschner, F.D.8
  • 46
    • 34547635096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: A potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and C. difficile-associated diarrhea?
    • Jump RL, Pultz MJ, Donskey CJ. Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and C. difficile-associated diarrhea? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:2883-2887.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 2883-2887
    • Jump, R.L.1    Pultz, M.J.2    Donskey, C.J.3
  • 47
    • 34548189728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: Five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors
    • Jayatilaka S, Shakov R, Eddi R, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2007;37:241-247. (Pubitemid 47311340)
    • (2007) Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 241-247
    • Jayatilaka, S.1    Shakov, R.2    Eddi, R.3    Bakaj, G.4    Baddoura, W.J.5    Debari, V.A.6
  • 48
    • 0141992657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • DOI 10.1016/S0195-6701(03)00088-4, PII S0195670103000884
    • Cunningham R, Dale B, Undy B, Gaunt N. Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. J Hosp Infect. 2003;54:243-245. (Pubitemid 38002001)
    • (2003) Journal of Hospital Infection , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 243-245
    • Cunningham, R.1    Dale, B.2    Undy, B.3    Gaunt, N.4
  • 50
    • 0032535407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile- Associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding
    • Bliss DZ, Johnson S, Savik K, et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:1012-1019. (Pubitemid 29005824)
    • (1998) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.129 , Issue.12 , pp. 1012-1019
    • Bliss, D.Z.1    Johnson, S.2    Savik, K.3    Clabots, C.R.4    Willard, K.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 51
    • 0021141415 scopus 로고
    • Role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile
    • Rolfe RD. Role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun. 1984;45:185-191.
    • (1984) Infect Immun , vol.45 , pp. 185-191
    • Rolfe, R.D.1
  • 53
    • 0037190698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Hurley BW, Nguyen CC. The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2177-2184.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 2177-2184
    • Hurley, B.W.1    Nguyen, C.C.2
  • 54
    • 0019979693 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis: Pathogenesis and therapy
    • Tedesco FJ. Pseudomembranous colitis: pathogenesis and therapy. Med Clin North Am. 1982;66:655-664.
    • (1982) Med Clin North Am , vol.66 , pp. 655-664
    • Tedesco, F.J.1
  • 55
    • 0032927506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1093/ageing/28.2.107
    • Kyne L, Merry C, O'Connell B, et al. Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to Clostridium difficile. Age Ageing. 1999;28:107-113. (Pubitemid 29161213)
    • (1999) Age and Ageing , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-113
    • Kyne, L.1    Merry, C.2    O'Connell, B.3    Kelly, A.4    Keane, C.5    O'Neill, D.6
  • 57
    • 0242266614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis
    • DOI 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00420-0
    • Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Marino BJ, Musher DM. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. Am J Med. 2003;115:543-546. (Pubitemid 37352800)
    • (2003) American Journal of Medicine , vol.115 , Issue.7 , pp. 543-546
    • Wanahita, A.1    Goldsmith, E.A.2    Marino, B.J.3    Musher, D.M.4
  • 58
    • 30844473095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ileal perforation secondary to Clostridium difficile enteritis: Report of 2 cases
    • DOI 10.1001/archsurg.141.1.97
    • Hayetian FD, Read TE, Brozovich M, et al. Ileal perforation secondary to Clostridium difficile enteritis: report of 2 cases. Arch Surg. 2006;141:97-99. (Pubitemid 43107399)
    • (2006) Archives of Surgery , vol.141 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-99
    • Hayetian, F.D.1    Read, T.E.2    Brozovich, M.3    Garvin, R.P.4    Caushaj, P.F.5
  • 59
    • 0024351762 scopus 로고
    • Protein-losing enteropathy associated with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Rybolt AH, Bennett RG, Laughon BE, et al. Protein-losing enteropathy associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Lancet. 1989;1(8651): 1353-1355.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8651 , pp. 1353-1355
    • Rybolt, A.H.1    Bennett, R.G.2    Laughon, B.E.3
  • 60
    • 0035074089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracolonic manifestations of Clostridium difficile infections. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature
    • Jacobs A, Barnard K, Fishel R, Gradon JD. Extracolonic manifestations of Clostridium difficile infections. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2001;80:88-101.
    • (2001) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.80 , pp. 88-101
    • Jacobs, A.1    Barnard, K.2    Fishel, R.3    Gradon, J.D.4
  • 61
    • 55349108861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of diarrhea and its association with drug use in elderly outpatients: A multicenter study
    • FIRI (Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sull'Invecchiamento); SOFIA Project Investigators
    • Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Vitale D, et al; FIRI (Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sull'Invecchiamento); SOFIA Project Investigators. The prevalence of diarrhea and its association with drug use in elderly outpatients: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2816-2823.
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , pp. 2816-2823
    • Pilotto, A.1    Franceschi, M.2    Vitale, D.3
  • 62
    • 66949151443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: An assessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients in remission
    • Clayton EM, Rea MC, Shanahan F, et al. The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: an assessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients in remission. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1162-1169.
    • (2009) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.104 , pp. 1162-1169
    • Clayton, E.M.1    Rea, M.C.2    Shanahan, F.3
  • 63
    • 62249130833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Lo TS, Borchardt SM. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;63:388-389.
    • (2009) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.63 , pp. 388-389
    • Lo, T.S.1    Borchardt, S.M.2
  • 64
  • 65
    • 0027249935 scopus 로고
    • The role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in the management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Peterson LR, Kelly PJ. The role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in the management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993;7:277-293. (Pubitemid 23218448)
    • (1993) Infectious Disease Clinics of North America , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 277-293
    • Peterson, L.R.1    Kelly, P.J.2
  • 66
    • 39749170731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1086/521863
    • Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(suppl 1):S12-S18. (Pubitemid 351323661)
    • (2008) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 67
    • 0031975060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicenter evaluation of the Clostridium difficile TOX A/B TEST
    • Lyerly DM, Neville LM, Evans DT, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Clostridium difficile TOX A/B TEST. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:184-190.
    • (1998) J Clin Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 184-190
    • Lyerly, D.M.1    Neville, L.M.2    Evans, D.T.3
  • 69
    • 33645218226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of value of repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Mohan SS, McDermott BP, Parchuri S, Cunha BA. Lack of value of repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile toxin. Am J Med. 2006;119:356.e7-356.e8.
    • (2006) Am J Med , vol.119
    • Mohan, S.S.1    McDermott, B.P.2    Parchuri, S.3    Cunha, B.A.4
  • 70
    • 42449163448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is a two-step glutamate dehyrogenase antigen-cytotoxicity neutralization assay algorithm superior to the premier toxin A and B enzyme immunoassay for laboratory detection of Clostridium difficile?
    • Gilligan PH. Is a two-step glutamate dehyrogenase antigen-cytotoxicity neutralization assay algorithm superior to the premier toxin A and B enzyme immunoassay for laboratory detection of Clostridium difficile? J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1523-1525.
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 1523-1525
    • Gilligan, P.H.1
  • 71
    • 33644902113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin
    • Ticehurst JR, Aird DZ, Dam LM, et al. Effective detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1145-1149.
    • (2006) J Clin Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 1145-1149
    • Ticehurst, J.R.1    Aird, D.Z.2    Dam, L.M.3
  • 72
    • 0037312024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile testing: After 20 years, still challenging
    • Wilkins TD, Lyerly DM. Clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:531-534.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 531-534
    • Wilkins, T.D.1    Lyerly, D.M.2
  • 75
    • 35348821180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Peterson LR, Manson RU, Paule SM, et al. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1152-1160.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1152-1160
    • Peterson, L.R.1    Manson, R.U.2    Paule, S.M.3
  • 76
    • 0035111747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the CT diagnosis of Clostridium difficile colitis: Should CT guide therapy?
    • Kirkpatrick ID, Greenberg HM. Evaluating the CT diagnosis of Clostridium difficile colitis: should CT guide therapy? AJR. 2001;176:635-639.
    • (2001) AJR , vol.176 , pp. 635-639
    • Kirkpatrick, I.D.1    Greenberg, H.M.2
  • 77
    • 0033163474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis: Spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic correlation
    • Kawamoto S, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Pseudomembranous colitis: spectrum of imaging findings with clinical and pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999;19:887-897.
    • (1999) Radiographics , vol.19 , pp. 887-897
    • Kawamoto, S.1    Horton, K.M.2    Fishman, E.K.3
  • 79
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis
    • Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet. 1983;2:1043-1046.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 80
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, et al. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:813-818. (Pubitemid 26255600)
    • (1996) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhundl, M.3    Hirschl, A.M.4    Graninger, W.5
  • 81
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:302-307.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 82
    • 68249088727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamar, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)
    • Paper presented at
    • Louie T, Gerson M, Grimard D, et al. Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamar, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Paper presented at: 47th Annual ICAAC; September 17-20, 2007; Chicago.
    • 47th Annual ICAAC; September 17-20, 2007; Chicago
    • Louie, T.1    Gerson, M.2    Grimard, D.3
  • 83
    • 0037105769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series and review of the literature
    • DOI 10.1086/342334
    • Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:690-696. (Pubitemid 35024729)
    • (2002) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 690-696
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Razavi, B.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 84
    • 0036840870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Malnick SD, Zimhony O. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Ann Pharmacotlier. 2002;36:1767-1775. (Pubitemid 35265616)
    • (2002) Annals of Pharmacotherapy , vol.36 , Issue.11 , pp. 1767-1775
    • Malnick, S.D.H.1    Zimhony, O.2
  • 85
    • 0035664178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon: Report of a case
    • Nathanson DR, Sheahan M, Chao L, Wallack MK. Intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1871-1872.
    • (2001) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.44 , pp. 1871-1872
    • Nathanson, D.R.1    Sheahan, M.2    Chao, L.3    Wallack, M.K.4
  • 86
    • 0027218488 scopus 로고
    • Systemic absorption after local intracolonic vancomycin in pseudomembranous colitis [23]
    • Pasic M, Carrel T, Opravil M, et al. Systemic absorption after local intracolonic vancomycin in pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet. 1993;342:443. (Pubitemid 23236382)
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , Issue.8868 , pp. 443
    • Pasic, M.1    Carrel, T.2    Opravil, M.3    Milhaljevic, T.4    Von Segesser, L.5    Turina, M.6
  • 87
    • 40749117283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis
    • Ali SO, Welch JP, Dring RJ. Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. Am Surg. 2008;74:20-26.
    • (2008) Am Surg , vol.74 , pp. 20-26
    • Ali, S.O.1    Welch, J.P.2    Dring, R.J.3
  • 88
    • 33846436449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain
    • DOI 10.1097/01.sla.0000236628.79550.e5, PII 0000065820070200000016
    • Lamontagne F, Labbe AC, Haeck O, et al. Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain. Ann Surg. 2007;245:267-272. (Pubitemid 46148486)
    • (2007) Annals of Surgery , vol.245 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-272
    • Lamontagne, F.1    Labbe, A.-C.2    Haeck, O.3    Lesur, O.4    Lalancette, M.5    Patino, C.6    Leblanc, M.7    Laverdiere, M.8    Pepin, J.9
  • 89
    • 39549119111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis
    • discussion 155
    • Byrn JC, Maun DC, Gingold DS, et al. Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Arch Surg. 2008;143:150-154; discussion 155.
    • (2008) Arch Surg , vol.143 , pp. 150-154
    • Byrn, J.C.1    Maun, D.C.2    Gingold, D.S.3
  • 90
    • 35248881442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004610.pub3
    • Nelson R. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD004610. (Pubitemid 351805429)
    • (2007) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , Issue.3
    • Nelson, R.1
  • 91
    • 24044452865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease [1]
    • DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.46096-0
    • Lawrence SJ, Korzenik JR, Mundy LM. Probiotics for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(pt 9):905-906. (Pubitemid 41216291)
    • (2005) Journal of Medical Microbiology , vol.54 , Issue.9 , pp. 905-906
    • Lawrence, S.J.1    Korzenik, J.R.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 92
    • 0028226085 scopus 로고
    • A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease
    • [published correction appears in JAMA. 1994;272:518]
    • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease [published correction appears in JAMA. 1994;272:518]. JAMA. 1994;271:1913-1918.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 1913-1918
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 93
    • 0034450738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: Use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Greenberg RN, et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1012-1017.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 94
    • 0042922857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • DOI 10.1080/00365540310010985
    • Wullt M, Hagslatt ML, Odenholt I. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35:365-367. (Pubitemid 37038627)
    • (2003) Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.35 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 365-367
    • Wullt, M.1    Hagslatt, M.-L.J.2    Odenholt, I.3
  • 95
    • 0242677561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Subtype boulardii Fungemia in Patients Neighboring Those Treated with a Probiotic Preparation of the Organism
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5340-5343.2003
    • Cassone M, Serra P, Mondello F, et al. Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5340-5343. (Pubitemid 37429976)
    • (2003) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.41 , Issue.11 , pp. 5340-5343
    • Cassone, M.1    Serra, P.2    Mondello, F.3    Girolamo, A.4    Scafetti, S.5    Pistella, E.6    Venditti, M.7
  • 96
    • 0036278211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seven cases of fungemia with Saccharomyces boulardii in critically ill patients
    • Lherm T, Monet C, Nougière B, et al. Seven cases of fungemia with Saccharomyces boulardii in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:797-801.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 797-801
    • Lherm, T.1    Monet, C.2    Nougière, B.3
  • 97
    • 0025326303 scopus 로고
    • The role of anion-exchange resins in the treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Ariano RE, Zhanel GG, Harding GK. The role of anion-exchange resins in the treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. CMAJ. 1990;142:1049-1051.
    • (1990) CMAJ , vol.142 , pp. 1049-1051
    • Ariano, R.E.1    Zhanel, G.G.2    Harding, G.K.3
  • 98
    • 0019165414 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: Pathogenesis and management
    • Keighley MR. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: pathogenesis and management. Drugs. 1980;20:49-56.
    • (1980) Drugs , vol.20 , pp. 49-56
    • Keighley, M.R.1
  • 100
    • 0018844685 scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins
    • Taylor NS, Bartlett JG. Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins. J Infect Dis. 1980;141:92-97.
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.141 , pp. 92-97
    • Taylor, N.S.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 101
    • 0022641416 scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine
    • Kunimoto D, Thomson AB. Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine. Digestion. 1986;33:225-228.
    • (1986) Digestion , vol.33 , pp. 225-228
    • Kunimoto, D.1    Thomson, A.B.2
  • 102
    • 0024602516 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine
    • Pruksananonda P, Powell KR. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:175-178. (Pubitemid 19077624)
    • (1989) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 175-178
    • Pruksananonda, P.1    Powell, K.R.2
  • 103
    • 28844460476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new Clostridium difficile - What does it mean?
    • Bartlett JG, Perl TM. The new Clostridium difficile - what does it mean? N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2503-2505.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2503-2505
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Perl, T.M.2
  • 104
    • 4344559215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with failure of metronidazole in Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Fernandez A, Anand G, Friedenberg F. Factors associated with failure of metronidazole in Clostridium difficile-associated disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:414-418.
    • (2004) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.38 , pp. 414-418
    • Fernandez, A.1    Anand, G.2    Friedenberg, F.3
  • 105
    • 0032435128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colitis: Factors influencing treatment failure and relapse a prospective evaluation
    • DOI 10.1016/S0002-9270(98)00422-5, PII S0002927098004225
    • Nair S, Yadav D, Corpuz M, Pitchumoni CS. Clostridium difficile colitis: factors influencing treatment failure and relapse - a prospective evaluation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:1873-1876. (Pubitemid 29071697)
    • (1998) American Journal of Gastroenterology , vol.93 , Issue.10 , pp. 1873-1876
    • Nair, S.1    Yadav, D.2    Corpuz, M.3    Pitchumoni, C.S.4
  • 106
    • 46249099130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • DOI 10.1128/AAC.00090-08
    • Al-Nassir WN, Sethi AK, Li Y, et al. Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:2403-2406. (Pubitemid 351915669)
    • (2008) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , vol.52 , Issue.7 , pp. 2403-2406
    • Al-Nassir, W.N.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Li, Y.3    Pultz, M.J.4    Riggs, M.M.5    Donskey, C.J.6
  • 107
    • 0033141281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metronidazole susceptibility in Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from cases of C. difficile-associated disease treatment failures and successes
    • DOI 10.1006/anae.1999.0268
    • Sanchez JL, Gerding DN, Olson M, et al. Metronidazole susceptibility in Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from cases of C. difficile-associated disease treatment failures and successes. Anaerobe. 1999;5:201-204. (Pubitemid 30088856)
    • (1999) Anaerobe , vol.5 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 201-204
    • Sanchez, J.L.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3    Johnson, S.4
  • 108
    • 0034050010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Barbut F, Richard A, Hamadi K, et al. Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2386-2388.
    • (2000) J Clin Microbiol , vol.38 , pp. 2386-2388
    • Barbut, F.1    Richard, A.2    Hamadi, K.3
  • 109
    • 0031016896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea: Characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial
    • Fekety R, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, et al. Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea: characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:324-333. (Pubitemid 27096783)
    • (1997) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 324-333
    • Fekety, R.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Surawicz, C.M.3    Greenberg, R.N.4    Elmer, G.W.5    Mulligan, M.E.6
  • 110
    • 15544372997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative treatments for Clostridium difficile disease: What really works?
    • McFarland LV. Alternative treatments for Clostridium difficile disease: what really works? J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(pt 2):101-111.
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , Issue.PART 2 , pp. 101-111
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 111
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1769-1775.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 112
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985;80:867-868. (Pubitemid 16233533)
    • (1985) American Journal of Gastroenterology , vol.80 , Issue.11 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 113
    • 44649148512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifamycin antibiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • DOI 10.1345/aph.1K675
    • Garey KW, Salazar M, Shah D, et al. Rifamycin antibiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42:827-835. (Pubitemid 351778089)
    • (2008) Annals of Pharmacotherapy , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 827-835
    • Garey, K.W.1    Salazar, M.2    Shah, D.3    Rodrigue, R.4    Dupont, H.L.5
  • 114
    • 17844402953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin: A nonabsorbable rifamycin antibiotic for use in nonsystemic gastrointestinal infections
    • DOI 10.1586/14787210.3.2.201
    • Gerard L, Garey KW, DuPont HL. Rifaximin: a nonabsorbable rifamycin antibiotic for use in nonsystemic gastrointestinal infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005;3:201-211. (Pubitemid 40590326)
    • (2005) Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-211
    • Gerard, L.1    Garey, K.W.2    Dupont, H.L.3
  • 115
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • DOI 10.1086/511870
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:846-848. (Pubitemid 46365312)
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 117
    • 36048999595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive "bundle" approach
    • Muto CA, Blank MK, Marsh JW, et al. Control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive "bundle" approach. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1266-1273.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1266-1273
    • Muto, C.A.1    Blank, M.K.2    Marsh, J.W.3
  • 118
    • 42449133334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile
    • European C difficile-Infection Control Group; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).
    • Vonberg RP, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH, et al; European C difficile-Infection Control Group; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(suppl 5):2-20.
    • (2008) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 5 , pp. 2-20
    • Vonberg, R.P.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 119
    • 0031702508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of infection control program in controlling nosocomial Clostridium difficile
    • Zafar AB, Gaydos LA, Furlong WB, et al. Effectiveness of infection control program in controlling nosocomial Clostridium difficile. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26:588-593.
    • (1998) Am J Infect Control , vol.26 , pp. 588-593
    • Zafar, A.B.1    Gaydos, L.A.2    Furlong, W.B.3
  • 120
    • 23044492188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of selected oxidizing microbicides against the spores of Clostridium difficile: Relevance to environmental control
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.240, PII S0196655305004220
    • Perez J, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA. Activity of selected oxidizing microbicides against the spores of Clostridium difficile: relevance to environmental control. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33:320-325. (Pubitemid 41074575)
    • (2005) American Journal of Infection Control , vol.33 , Issue.6 , pp. 320-325
    • Perez, J.1    Springthorpe, V.S.2    Sattar, S.A.3
  • 123
    • 34548267536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain
    • DOI 10.1086/519258
    • Valiquette L, Cossette B, Garant MP, et al. Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(suppl 2):S112-S121. (Pubitemid 47328625)
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Valiquette, L.1    Cossette, B.2    Garant, M.-P.3    Diab, H.4    Pepin, J.5
  • 124
    • 33947234953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce Clostridium difficile infection: A controlled interrupted time series
    • Fowler S, Webber A, Cooper BS, et al. Successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce Clostridium difficile infection: a controlled interrupted time series. J Antimicrob Chemother. 200739:990-995.
    • (2007) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 990-995
    • Fowler, S.1    Webber, A.2    Cooper, B.S.3
  • 125
    • 0032526223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: Effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and cost
    • Climo MW, Israel DS, Wong ES, et al. Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and cost. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(12 pt 1):989-995.
    • (1998) Ann Intern Med , vol.128 , Issue.12 PART 1 , pp. 989-995
    • Climo, M.W.1    Israel, D.S.2    Wong, E.S.3
  • 126
    • 33644875731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients
    • CD003543
    • Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD003543.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.4
    • Davey, P.1    Brown, E.2    Fenelon, L.3
  • 127
    • 0042520977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of changes in antibiotic policy on Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) over a five-year period in a district general hospital
    • Khan R, Cheesbrough J. Impact of changes in antibiotic policy on Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) over a five-year period in a district general hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2003;54:104-108.
    • (2003) J Hosp Infect , vol.54 , pp. 104-108
    • Khan, R.1    Cheesbrough, J.2
  • 128
    • 3242777000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prescribing policy and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • O'Connor KA, Kingston M, O'Donovan M, et al. Antibiotic prescribing policy and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. QJM. 2004;97:423-429.
    • (2004) QJM , vol.97 , pp. 423-429
    • O'Connor, K.A.1    Kingston, M.2    O'Donovan, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.