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At the time of submission (Dec 2008), Chemical Abstracts listed over 205 publications reporting on the efficient application of "Pd(1)" in asymmetric catalysis.
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Molecular mechanics structures of several allyl complexes of Pd-1 and analogues have been calculated: Helena Hagelin, Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic Coupling and Allylic Substitution - An Experimental and Theoretical Study Ph D. thesis, Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999.
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Molecular mechanics structures of several allyl complexes of Pd-1 and analogues have been calculated: Helena Hagelin, "Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic Coupling and Allylic Substitution - An Experimental and Theoretical Study" Ph D. thesis, Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999.
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67651215490
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A detailed analysis of the anion, solvent, temperature and concentration-dependencies of the monomer-oligomer populations will be reported in due course
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A detailed analysis of the anion, solvent, temperature and concentration-dependencies of the monomer-oligomer populations will be reported in due course.
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67651205184
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To avoid complications arising from the memory effects that are known to attend these reactions under some conditions (see ref 10, we analysed the enantiomeric excess of 6 after ca. 10 turnovers, at which point the conversion of cyclohexenyl acetate (5) is ≤50% after which turnover rate drops precipitously. In this manner, the powerful kinetic resolution for this process leads to selective study of the outcome of generation and attack on [8, OAc, via the matched manifold involving (S)-5. For reactions involving Bu4N as escort ion, subsequent slow turnover via the mismatched manifold proceeded without drop in selectivity. In contrast, and as expected,10 with reactions involving Na+ as the escort ion, the selectivity dropped after the onset of turnover via the mismatched manifold
-
+ as the escort ion, the selectivity dropped after the onset of turnover via the mismatched manifold.
-
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67
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0000899217
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Induced rotation of the allyl moiety can have a major influence on the relative reactivity of the two allyl termini: Oslob, J. D, Åkermark, B, Helquist, P, Norrby, P.-O. Organometallics 1997, 16, 3015
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Induced rotation of the allyl moiety can have a major influence on the relative reactivity of the two allyl termini: Oslob, J. D.; Åkermark, B.; Helquist, P.; Norrby, P.-O. Organometallics 1997, 16, 3015.
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68
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0037020302
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For cyclopentenyl substrates the same trend in M+ is observed, except that reaction with LiCHE2 gives rise to the opposite enantiomer of product in moderate selectivity (ca. 40% ee R; see ref 19, Due to the propensity of Pd η3-cyclopentenyl species to undergo β-H elimination to generate cyclopentadiene (see: (a) Fairlamb, I. J. S, Lloyd-Jones, G. C, Vyskočil, S, Kočovský, P. Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 4443, We have only studied the η3-cyclohexenyl complexes. However, the mechanistic rationale presented herein is fully consistent with the results obtained with η3-cyclopentenyl substrates under catalytic conditions. The difference between the two systems is simply that the 'crossing point' where the net selectivity for pro-R attack by CHE2 begins to dominate over pro-S attack is at M, Li for η3-cyclohexenyl, but between M, Li
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3-cyclopentenyl.
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Due to the stabilization provided by the continuum model, it was also possible to find completely open approaches without interaction with any ligand moiety. These open approaches were insignificant for pro-S attack where these had a higher energy than the amide H-bonded transition states. For pro-R attack, these open approaches were more prevalent and it was necessary in all cases to locate both types of transition states and compare their energies.
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Due to the stabilization provided by the continuum model, it was also possible to find completely "open approaches" without interaction with any ligand moiety. These open approaches were insignificant for pro-S attack where these had a higher energy than the amide H-bonded transition states. For pro-R attack, these open approaches were more prevalent and it was necessary in all cases to locate both types of transition states and compare their energies.
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Higher enantioselectivity is obtained in CH2Cl2 versus THF under catalytic conditions see ref 9, This may arise from a combination of factors, including less oligomerization of 8+ and lower MCHE2 concentration in CH2Cl2, the latter allowing more efficient equilibration of oligomeric 8 +/endo monomeric 8+ with exo-8+ relative to nucleophilic attack
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+ relative to nucleophilic attack.
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74
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- as nucleophile for the asymmetric 'hydrolysis' of cycloalkenyl esters to the corresponding alcohols, via decarboxylation of an intermediate cycloalkenyl hydrogen carbonate ester, see. (a) Lüssem, B. J.; Gais, H.-J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6066.
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- as nucleophile for the asymmetric 'hydrolysis' of cycloalkenyl esters to the corresponding alcohols, via decarboxylation of an intermediate cycloalkenyl hydrogen carbonate ester, see. (a) Lüssem, B. J.; Gais, H.-J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6066.
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3) would augment the inherent (R)-torquoselectivity for attack in exo-8. However, with (R,R)-1, pro-S selectivity still dominates (70 pro-S/30 pro-R). Nonetheless, in agreement with the preceding discussion noting the possible interaction of the escort ion with aromatic rings, replacement of the cyclohexane scaffold in (R,R)-1 with a 9,10-dihydroanthracene moiety results in highly selective nucleophilic attack at the pro-R carbon.
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3) would augment the inherent (R)-torquoselectivity for attack in exo-8. However, with (R,R)-1, pro-S selectivity still dominates (70 pro-S/30 pro-R). Nonetheless, in agreement with the preceding discussion noting the possible interaction of the escort ion with aromatic rings, replacement of the cyclohexane scaffold in (R,R)-1 with a 9,10-dihydroanthracene moiety results in highly selective nucleophilic attack at the pro-R carbon.
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76
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(a) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A.; Mensah, L.; Meyer, G.; Fiaud, J.-C.; Legros, J.-Y. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 1185.
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Amatore, C.1
Jutand, A.2
Mensah, L.3
Meyer, G.4
Fiaud, J.-C.5
Legros, J.-Y.6
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77
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(b) Amatore, C.; Gamez, S.; Jutand, A.; Meyer, G.; Moreno-Mañas, M.; Morral, L.; Pleixats, R. Chem. - Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3372.
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Amatore, C.1
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Moreno-Mañas, M.5
Morral, L.6
Pleixats, R.7
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78
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2 where the Cl centers hydrogen bond to the amide NH groups: (a) Burger, S.; Therrien, B.; Süss-Fink, G. Acta Crystallogr. 2004, E60, m1163.
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2 where the Cl centers hydrogen bond to the amide NH groups: (a) Burger, S.; Therrien, B.; Süss-Fink, G. Acta Crystallogr. 2004, E60, m1163.
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79
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Pd(0) complexes of ligand 1, and its naphtho analogue, are unstable in solution, losing both amide hydrogens to form two covalent Pd-N bonds, thus generating a neutral, P,P,N,N-tetracoordinate mononuclear species. This bright yellow complex is catalytically inactive for allylation reactions and has been characterized by X-ray crystallography (see footnote 11 in ref 18).
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Pd(0) complexes of ligand 1, and its naphtho analogue, are unstable in solution, losing both amide hydrogens to form two covalent Pd-N bonds, thus generating a neutral, P,P,N,N-tetracoordinate mononuclear species. This bright yellow complex is catalytically inactive for allylation reactions and has been characterized by X-ray crystallography (see footnote 11 in ref 18).
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80
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Hayashi, T.; Yamamoto, A.; Ito, Y.; Nishioka, E.; Miura, H.; Yanagi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 6301.
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For an example involving malononitriles in asymmetric decarboxylative cycloaddition of electron-deficient olefins see: (a) Wang, C, Tunge, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8118
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For an example involving malononitriles in asymmetric decarboxylative cycloaddition of electron-deficient olefins see: (a) Wang, C.; Tunge, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8118.
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Berrisford, D. J.; Bolm, C.; Sharpless, K. B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1059.
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MM3* is a modification of the original MM3(89) force field: (a) Allinger, N. L.; Yuh, Y. H.; Lii, J.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8551.
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MM3* is a modification of the original MM3(89) force field: (a) Allinger, N. L.; Yuh, Y. H.; Lii, J.-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8551.
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87
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For some additions in the MM3(94) force field, see: Allinger, N. L.; Zhou, X.; Bergsma, J. J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 1994, 312, 69.
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(b) For some additions in the MM3(94) force field, see: Allinger, N. L.; Zhou, X.; Bergsma, J. J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 1994, 312, 69.
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An error of ca 2 kJ mol-1 corresponds to a factor of 2 in the calculated populations at ambient temperature, for both equilibria and rates. Comparisons to experimental data for typical organic molecules indicate that this accuracy is achievable with well-parameterized molecular mechanics, and improved to slightly below 2 kJ mol-1 using B3LYP with a double-ζ basis set: (a) Liljefors, T, Gundertofte, K, Norrby, P.-O, Pettersson, I. In Computational Medicinal Chemistry for Drug Discovery; Bultinck, P, Tollenaere, J. P, De Winter, H, Langenaeker, W, Eds, Marcel Dekker: New York, 2004; p 1
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-1 using B3LYP with a double-ζ basis set: (a) Liljefors, T.; Gundertofte, K.; Norrby, P.-O.; Pettersson, I. In Computational Medicinal Chemistry for Drug Discovery; Bultinck, P., Tollenaere, J. P., De Winter, H., Langenaeker, W., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2004; p 1.
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(b) Gundertofte, K.; Liljefors, T.; Norrby, P.-O.; Pettersson, I. J. Comput. Chem. 1996, 17, 429.
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Lipkowitz, K. B, Boyd, D. B, Eds, VCH: New York
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(c) Pettersson, I.; Liljefors, T. In Reviews in Computational Chemistry; Lipkowitz, K. B., Boyd, D. B., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1996; Vol. 9, p 167.
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Maestro 8.5, MacroModel 9.5, and Jaguar 7.5, Schrodinger, LLC, New York, NY, 2008. For documentation and current versions of the programs see www.schrodinger.com.
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Maestro 8.5, MacroModel 9.5, and Jaguar 7.5, Schrodinger, LLC, New York, NY, 2008. For documentation and current versions of the programs see www.schrodinger.com.
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The LACVP* basis set uses 6-31G* for the lighter elements. Heavy metals (Pd, Cs, K) use the Hay-Wadt small-core ECP with accompanying basis set: Hay, P. J.; Wadt, W. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 299.
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The LACVP* basis set uses 6-31G* for the lighter elements. Heavy metals (Pd, Cs, K) use the Hay-Wadt small-core ECP with accompanying basis set: Hay, P. J.; Wadt, W. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 299.
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(a) Tannor, D. J; Marten, B.; Murphy, R.; Friesner, R. A.; Sitkoff, D.; Nicholls, A.; Ringnalda, M.; Goddard, W. A., III; Honig, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11875.
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