Immunogenetics of Experimentally Induced Arthritis

Immunogenomics and Human Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 271-297

  Glant, Tibor T ^a   Adarichev, Vyacheslav A ^a  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromosome loci; Complex autoimmune diseases; Conventional linkage analysis; Genome screening; Hierarchical clustering; Rheumatoid arthritis (RA); Synovial lining cells; Synteny mapping

Indexed keywords

EID: 67651227538     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0470034092.ch12     Document Type: Chapter

References (72)

1. Adarichev VA, Otto JM, Bárdos T, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Glant TT. 2001. Collagen-induced and proteoglycan-induced arthritis: two murine models with diverse pathophysiologogy and genetic background. Arthrit Rheum 44: S177.
2. Adarichev VA, Bárdos T, Christodoulou S, Phillips MT, Mikecz K, Glant TT. 2002a. Major histocompatibility complex controls susceptibility and dominant inheritance, but not the severity of the disease in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunogenetics 54: 184-192.
3. Adarichev VA, Bárdos T, Nesterovitch AB, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Glant TT. 2002b. Gender effects on clinical and immunological traits of proteoglycan-induced arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 46: S273.
4. Adarichev VA, Nesterovitch AB, Bárdos T, Biesczat D, Chandrasekaran R, Vermes C, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Glant TT. 2003a. Sex effect on clinical and immunological quantitative trait loci in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 48: 1708-1720.
5. Adarichev VA, Valdez JC, Bárdos T, Finnegan A, Mikecz K, Glant TT. 2003b. Combined autoimmune models of arthritis reveal shared and independent qualitative (binary) and quantitative trait loci. J Immunol 170: 2283-2292.
6. Adarichev VA, Vermes C, Hanyecz A, Mikecz K, Bremer E, Glant TT. 2005. Gene expression profiling in murine autoimmune arthritis during the initiation and progression of joint inflammation. Arthrit Res Ther 7: R196-R207.
7. Bali D, Gourley S, Kostyu DD, Goel N, Bruce I, Bell A, Walker DJ, Tran K, Zhu DK, Costello TJ, Amos CI, Seldin MF. 1999. Genetic analysis of multiplex rheumatoid arthritis families. Genes Immun 1: 28-36.
8. Bárdos T, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Zhang J, Glant TT. 2002. T and B cell recovery in arthritis adoptively transferred to SCID mice: antigen-specific activation is required for restoration of autopathogenic CD4{thorn} Th1 cells in a syngeneic system. J Immunol 168: 6013-6021.
9. Barnes MG, Aronow BJ, Luyrink LK, Moroldo MB, Pavlidis P, Passo MH, Grom AA, Hirsch R, Giannini EH, Colbert RA, Glass DN, Thompson SD. 2004. Gene expression in juvenile arthritis and spondyloarthropathy: pro-angiogenic ELR{thorn} chemokine genes relate to course of arthritis. Rheumatol (Oxford) 43: 973-979.
10. Beck JA, Lloyd S, Hafezparast M, Lennon-Pierce M, Eppig JT, Festing MFW, Fisher EMC. 2000. Geneologies of mouse inbred strains. Nat Genet 24: 23-25.
11. Becker KG, Simon RM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Freidlin B, Biddison WE, McFarland HF, Trent JM. 1998. Clustering of non-major histocompatibility complex susceptibility candidate loci in human autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 9979-9984.
12. Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, Huang Q, Smith AM, Spoerke JM, Conn MT, Chang M, Chang SY, Saiki RK, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Garcia VE, McAllister LB, Jeffery DA, Lee AT, Batliwalla F, Remmers E, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Amos CI, Sninsky JJ, Gregersen PK. 2004. A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 75: 330-337.
13. Bergsteinsdottir K, Yang H-T, Pettersson U, Holmdahl R. 2000. Evidence for common autoimmune disease genes controlling onset, severity, and chronicity based on experimental models for multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 164: 1564-1568.
14. Carlow DA, Marth J, Clark-Lewis I, Teh HS. 1995. Isolation of a gene encoding a developmentally regulated T cell-specific protein with a guanine nucleotide triphosphate-binding motif. J Immunol 154: 1724-1734.
15. Cornelis F, Faure S, Martinez M, Prud'homme JF, Fritz P, Dib C, Alves H, Barrera P, De Vries N, Balsa A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Maenaut K, Westhovens R, Migliorini P, Tran TH, Delaye A, Prince N, Lefevre C, Thomas G, Poirier M, Soubigou S, Alibert O, Lasbleiz S, Fouix S, Weissenbach J, for ECRAF. 1998. New susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis suggested by a genome-wide linkage study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 10746-10750.
16. Courtenay JS, Dallman MJ, Dayan AD, Martin A, Mosedale B. 1980. Immunization against heterologous type II collagen induces arthritis in mice. Nature 282: 666-668.
17. Coutinho A, Möller G, Gronowicz E. 1975. Genetical control of B-cell responses. IV. Inheritance of the unresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med 142: 253-258.
18. Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D. 1998. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 14863-14868.
19. Etzioni A, Doerschuk CM, Harlan JM. 1999. Of man and mouse: leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecule deficiencies. Blood 94: 3281-3288.
20. Glant TT, Finnegan A, Mikecz K. 2003. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis: immune regulation, cellular mechanisms and genetics. Cr Rev Immunol 23: 199-250.
21. Glant TT, Mikecz K, Arzoumanian A, Poole AR. 1987. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice. Clinical features and histopathology. Arthrit Rheum 30: 201-212.
22. Glant TT, Bárdos T, Vermes C, Chandrasekaran R, Valdéz JC, Otto JM, Gerard D, Velins S, Lovász G, Zhang J, Mikecz K, Finnegan A. 2001. Variations in susceptibility to proteoglycan-induced arthritis and spondylitis among C3H substrains of mice. Evidence of genetically acquired resistance to autoimmune disease. Arthrit Rheum 44: 682-692.
23. Glant TT, Kamath RV, Bárdos T, Gál I, Szanto S, Murad YM, Sandy JD, Mort JS, Roughley PJ, Mikecz K. 2002. Cartilage-specific constitutive expression of TSG-6 protein (product of tumor necrosis factor a-stimulated gene 6) provides a chondroprotective, but not anti-inflammatory, effect in antigen-induced arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 46: 2207-2218.
24. Grant EP, Pickard MD, Briskin MJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. 2002. Gene expression profiles: creating new perspectives in arthritis research. Arthrit Rheum 46: 874-884.
25. Gregersen PK. 1999. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis: confronting complexity. Arthrit Res 1: 37-44.
26. Gregory SG, Sekhon M, Schein J, Zhao S, Osoegawa K, Scott CE, Evans RS, Burridge PW, Cox TV, Fox CA, Hutton RD, Mullenger IR, Phillips KJ, Smith J, Stalker J, Threadgold GJ, Birney E, Wylie K, Chinwalla A, Wallis J, Hillier L, Carter J, Gaige T, Jaeger S, Kremitzki C, Layman D, Maas J, McGrane R, Mead K, Walker R, Jones S, Smith M, Asano J, Bosdet I, Chan S, Chittaranjan S, Chiu R, Fjell C, Fuhrmann D, Girn N, Gray C, Guin R, Hsiao L, Krzywinski M, Kutsche R, Lee SS, Mathewson C, McLeavy C, Messervier S, Ness S, Pandoh P, Prabhu AL, Saeedi P, Smailus D, Spence L, Stott J, Taylor S, Terpstra W, Tsai M, Vardy J, Wye N, Yang G, Shatsman S, Ayodeji B, Geer K, Tsegaye G, Shvartsbeyn A, Gebregeorgis E, Krol M, Russell D, Overton L, Malek JA, Holmes M, Heaney M, Shetty J, Feldblyum T, Nierman WC, Catanese JJ, Hubbard T, Waterston RH, Rogers J, De Jong PJ, Fraser CM, Marra M, McPherson JD, Bentley, DR. 2002. A physical map of the mouse genome. Nature 418: 743-750.
27. Hanyecz A, Bárdos T, Berlo SE, Buzás E, Nesterovitch AB, Mikecz K, Glant TT. 2003. Induction of arthritis in SCID mice by T cells specific for the ''shared epitope'' sequence in the G3 domain of human cartilage proteoglycan. Arthrit Rheum 48: 2959-2973.
28. Heller RA, Schena M, Chai A, Shalon D, Bedilion T, Gilmore J, Woolley DE, Davis RW. 1997. Discovery and analysis of inflammatory disease-related genes using cDNA microarrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 2150-2155.
29. Ho AM, Johnson MD, Kingsley DM. 2000. Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis. Science 289: 265-270.
30. Hochberg MC. 1990. Changes in the incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in England and Wales, 1970-1982. Sem Arthrit Rheum 19: 294-302.
31. Hochberg MC, Spector TD. 1990. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: update. Epidemiol Rev 12: 247-252.
32. Jawaheer D, Seldin MF, Amos CI, Chen WV, Shigeta R, Monteiro J, Kern M, Criswell LA, Albani S, Nelson JL, Clegg DO, Pope R, Schroeder HWJr, Bridges SL Jr, Pisetsky DS, Ward R, Kastner DL, Wilder RL, Pincus T, Callahan LF, Flemming D, Wener MH, Gregersen PK. 2001. A genome-wide screen in multiplex rheumatoid arthritis families suggests genetic overlap with other autoimmune diseases. Am J Hum Genet 68: 927-936.
33. Jawaheer D, Seldin MF, Amos CI, ChenWV, Shigeta R, Etzel C, Damle A, Xiao X, Chen D, Lum RF, Monteiro J, Kern M, Criswell LA, Albani S, Nelson JL, Clegg DO, Pope R, Schroeder HW Jr, Bridges SL Jr, Pisetsky DS, Ward R, Kastner DL, Wilder RL, Pincus T, Callahan LF, Flemming D, Wener MH, Gregersen, PK. 2003. Screening the genome for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes: A replication study and combined analysis of 512 multicase families. Arthrit Rheum 48: 906-916.
34. Jirholt J, Cook A, Emahazion T, Sundvall M, Jansson L, Nordquist N, Pettersson U, Holmdahl R. 1998. Genetic linkage analysis of collagen-induced arthritis in the mouse. Eur J Immunol 28: 3321-3328.
35. John S, Eyre S, Myerscough A, Barrett J, Silman A, Ollier W, Worthington J. 2001. Linkage and association analysis of candidate genes in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 28: 1752-1755.
36. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann N, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la BM, Dedhia N, Blocker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowski J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, Szustakowki J. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860-921.
37. Lawrence RC, Hochberg MC, Kelsey JL, McDuffie FC, Medsger TA Jr, Felts WR, Shulman LE. 1989. Estimates of the prevalence of selected arthritic and musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. J Rheumatol 16: 427-441.
38. Lin JP, Cash JM, Doyle SZ, Peden S, Kanik K, Amos CI, Bale SJ, Wilder RL. 1998. Familial clustering of rheumatoid arthritis with other autoimmune diseases. Hum Genet 103(4): 475-482.
39. Linos A, Worthington JW, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. 1980. The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota: a study of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 111: 87-98.
40. Maas K, Chan S, Parker J, Slater A, Moore J, Olsen N, Aune TM. 2002. Cutting edge: molecular portrait of human autoimmune disease. J Immunol 169: 5-9.
41. MacKay K, Eyre S, Myerscough A, Milicic A, Barton A, Laval S, Barrett J, Lee D, White S, John S, Brown MA, Bell J, Silman A, Ollier W, Wordsworth P, Worthington J. 2002. Whole-genome linkage analysis of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in 252 affected sibling pairs in the United Kingdom. Arthrit Rheum 46: 632-639.
42. Marrack P, Kappler J, Kotzin BL. 2001. Autoimmune disease: why and where it occurs. Nat Med 7: 899-905.
43. McIndoe RA, Bohlman B, Chi E, Schuster E, Lindhardt M, Hood L. 1999. Localization of non-MHC collagen-induced arthritis susceptibility loci in DBA/1j mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 2210-2214.
44. Merriman TR, Cordell J, Eaves IA, Danoy PA, Coraddu F, Barber R, Cucca F, Broadley S, Sawcer S, Compston A, Wordsworth P, Shatford J, Laval S, Jirholt J, Holmdahl R, Theofilopoulos AN, Kono DH, Tuomilehto J, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Buzzetti R, Marrosu MG, Undlien DE, Ronningen KS, Ionesco-Tirgoviste C, Shield JP, Pociot F, Nerup J, Jacob CO, Polychronakos C, Bain SC, Todd JA. 2001. Suggestive evidence for associatioin of human chromosome 18q12-q21 and its orthologue on rat and mouse chromosome 18 with several autoimmune diseases. Diabetes 50: 184-194.
45. Mikecz K, Glant TT. 1994. Migration and homing of lymphocytes to lymphoid and synovial tissues in proteoglycan-induced murine arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 37: 1395-1403.
46. Mikecz K, Glant TT, Poole AR. 1987. Immunity to cartilage proteoglycans in BALB/c mice with progressive polyarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis induced by injection of human cartilage proteoglycan. Arthrit Rheum 30: 306-318.
47. Okamoto K, Makino S, Yoshikawa Y, Takaki A, Nagatsuka Y, Ota M, Tamiya G, Kimura A, Bahram S, Inoko H. 2003. Identification of I kappa BL as the second major histocompatibility complexlinked susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 72: 303-312.
48. Ollier WER, Worthington J. 1997. New horizons in rheumatoid arthritis genetics. J Rheumatol 24: 193.
49. Ota M, Katsuyama Y, Kimura A, Tsuchiya K, Kondo M, Naruse T, Mizuki N, Itoh K, Sasazuki T, Inoko H. 2001. A second susceptibility gene for developing rheumatoid arthritis in the human MHC is localized within a 70-kb interval telomeric of the TNF genes in the HLA class III region. Genomics 71: 263-270.
50. Otto JM, Cs-Szabó G, Gallagher J, Velins S, Mikecz K, Buzás EI, Enders JT, Li Y, Olsen BR, Glant TT. 1999. Identification of multiple loci linked to inflammation and autoantibody production by a genome scan of a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 42: 2524-2531.
51. Otto JM, Chandrasekaran R, Vermes C, Mikecz K, Finnegan A, Rickert SE, Enders JT, Glant TT. 2000. A genome scan using a novel genetic cross identifies new susceptibility loci and traits in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 165: 5278-5286.
52. Reichenberger E, Tiziani V, Watanabe S, Park L, Ueki Y, Santanna C, Baur ST, Shiang R, Grange DK, Beighton P, Gardner J, Hamersma H, Sellars S, Ramesar R, Lideral AC, Sommer A, Raposo Do Amaral CM, Gorlin RJ, Mulliken JB, Olsen BR. 2001. Autosomal dominant craniometaphyseal dysplasia is caused by mutations in the transmembrane protein ANK. Am J Hum Genet 68: 1321-1326.
53. Remmers EF, Longman RE, Du Y, O'Hare A, Cannon GW, Griffiths MM, Wilder RL. 1996. A genome scan localizes five non-MHC loci controlling collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Nat Genet 14: 82-85.
54. Schaible UE, Kramer MD, Museteanu C, Zimmer G, Mossmann H, Simon MM. 1989. The severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse. A laboratory model for the analysis of lyme arthritis and carditis. J Exp Med 170: 1427-1432.
55. Seldin MF, Amos CI, Ward R, Gregersen PK. 1999. The genetics revolution and the assault on rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 42: 1071-1079.
56. Shiozawa S, Hayashi S, Tsukamoto Y, Goko H, Kawasaki H, Wada T, Shimizu K, Yasuda N, Kamatani N, Takasugi K, Tanaka Y, Shiozawa K, Imura S. 1998. Identification of the gene loci that predispose to rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunol 10: 1891-1895.
57. Sweeney SE, Firestein GS. 2004. Signal transduction in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 16: 231-237.
58. Taniuchi I, Osato M, Egawa T, Sunshine MJ, Bae SC, Komori T, Ito Y, Littman DR. 2002. Differential requirements for Runx proteins in CD4 repression and epigenetic silencing during T lymphocyte development. Cell 111: 621-633.
59. Theofilopoulos AN. 1995. The basis of autoimmunity: part II. Genetic predisposition. Immunol Today 16: 150-159.
60. Thornton S, Sowders D, Aronow B, Witte DP, Brunner HI, Giannini EH, Hirsch R. 2002. DNA microarray analysis reveals novel gene expression profiles in collagen-induced arthritis. Clin Immunol 105: 155-168.
61. Tokuhiro S, Yamada R, Chang X, Suzuki A, Kochi Y, Sawada T, Suzuki M, Nagasaki M, Ohtsuki M, Ono M, Furukawa H, Nagashima M, Yoshino S, Mabuchi A, Sekine A, Saito S, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K. 2003. An intronic SNP in a RUNX1 binding site of SLC22A4, encoding an organic cation transporter, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 35: 341-348.
62. Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG, Smith HO, Yandell M, Evans CA, Holt RA, Gocayne JD, Amanatides P, Ballew RM, Huson DH, Wortman JR, Zhang Q, Kodira CD, Zheng XH, Chen L, Skupski M, Subramanian G, Thomas D, Zhang J, Gabor Miklos GL, Nelson C, Broder S, Clark AG, Nadeau J, McKusick VA, Zinder N, Levine AJ, Roberts RJ, Simon M, Slayman C, Hunkapiller M, Bolanos R, Delcher A, Dew I, Fasulo D, Flanigan M, Florea L, Halpern A, Hannenhalli S, Kravitz S, Levy S, Mobarry C, Reinert K, Remington K, Abu-Threideh J, Beasley E, Biddick K, Bonazzi V, Brandon R, Cargill M, Chandramouliswaran I, Charlab R, Chaturvedi K, Deng Z, Di F, V, Dunn P, Eilbeck K, Evangelista C, Gabrielian AE, Gan W, Ge W, Gong F, Gu Z, Guan P, Heiman TJ, Higgins ME, Ji RR, Ke Z, Ketchum KA, Lai Z, Lei Y, Li Z, Li J, Liang Y, Lin X, Lu F, Merkulov GV, Milshina N, Moore HM, Naik AK, Narayan VA, Neelam B, Nusskern D, Rusch DB, Salzberg S, Shao W, Shue B, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang A, Wang X, Wang J, Wei M, Wides R, Xiao C, Yan C, Yao A, Ye J, Zhan M, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zheng L, Zhong F, Zhong W, Zhu S, Zhao S, Gilbert D, Baumhueter S, Spier G, Carter C, Cravchik A, Woodage T, Ali F, An H, Awe A, Baldwin D, Baden H, Barnstead M, Barrow I, Beeson K, Busam D, Carver A, Center A, Cheng ML, Curry L, Danaher S, Davenport L, Desilets R, Dietz S, Dodson K, Doup L, Ferriera S, Garg N, Gluecksmann A, Hart B, Haynes J, Haynes C, Heiner C, Hladun S, Hostin D, Houck J, Howland T, Ibegwam C, Johnson J, Kalush F, Kline L, Koduru S, Love A, Mann F, May D, McCawley S, McIntosh T, McMullen I, Moy M, Moy L, Murphy B, Nelson K, Pfannkoch C, Pratts E, Puri V, Qureshi H, Reardon M, Rodriguez R, Rogers YH, Romblad D, Ruhfel B, Scott R, Sitter C, Smallwood M, Stewart E, Strong R, Suh E, Thomas R, Tint NN, Tse S, Vech C, Wang G, Wetter J, Williams S, Williams M, Windsor S, Winn-Deen E, Wolfe K, Zaveri J, Zaveri K, Abril JF, Guigo R, Campbell MJ, Sjolander KV, Karlak B, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Lazareva B, Hatton T, Narechania A, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Guo N, Sato S, Bafna V, Istrail S, Lippert R, Schwartz R, Walenz B, Yooseph S, Allen D, Basu A, Baxendale J, Blick L, Caminha M, Carnes-Stine J, Caulk P, Chiang YH, Coyne M, Dahlke C, Mays A, Dombroski M, Donnelly M, Ely D, Esparham S, Fosler C, Gire H, Glanowski S, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gorokhov M, Graham K, Gropman B, Harris M, Heil J, Henderson S, Hoover J, Jennings D, Jordan C, Jordan J, Kasha J, Kagan L, Kraft C, Levitsky A, Lewis M, Liu X, Lopez J, Ma D, MajorosW, McDaniel J, Murphy S, Newman M, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nodell M. 2001. The sequence of the human genome. Science 291: 1304-1351.
63. Verheijden GFM, Rijnders AWM, Bos E, De Roo CJJC, van Staveren CJ, Miltenburg AMM, Meijerink JH, Elewaut D, De Keyser F, Veys E, Boots AMH. 1997. Human cartilage glycoprotein-39 as a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 40: 1115-1125.
64. Vyse TJ, Todd JA. 1996. Genetic analysis of autoimmune disease. Cell 85: 311-318.
65. Wanstrat A, Wakeland E. 2001. The genetics of complex autoimmune diseases: non-MHC susceptibility genes. Nat Immunol 2: 802-809.
66. Watanabe N, Ando K, Yoshida S, Inuzuka S, Kobayashi M, Matsui N, Okamoto T. 2002. Gene expression profile analysis of rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures revealing the overexpression of genes responsible for tumor-like growth of rheumatoid synovium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294: 1121-1129.
67. Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, Agarwala R, Ainscough R, Alexandersson M, An P, Antonarakis SE, Attwood J, Baertsch R, Bailey J, Barlow K, Beck S, Berry E, Birren B, Bloom T, Bork P, Botcherby M, Bray N, Brent MR, Brown DG, Brown SD, Bult C, Burton J, Butler J, Campbell RD, Carninci P, Cawley S, Chiaromonte F, Chinwalla AT, Church DM, Clamp M, Clee C, Collins FS, Cook LL, Copley RR, Coulson A, Couronne O, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Daly M, David R, Davies J, Delehaunty KD, Deri J, Dermitzakis ET, Dewey C, Dickens NJ, Diekhans M, Dodge S, Dubchak I, Dunn DM, Eddy SR, Elnitski L, Emes RD, Eswara P, Eyras E, Felsenfeld A, Fewell GA, Flicek P, Foley K, Frankel WN, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furey TS, Gage D, Gibbs RA, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Goldman N, Goodstadt L, Grafham D, Graves TA, Green ED, Gregory S, Guigo R, Guyer M, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Hayashizaki Y, Hillier LW, Hinrichs A, HlavinaW, Holzer T, Hsu F, Hua A, Hubbard T, Hunt A, Jackson I, Jaffe DB, Johnson LS, Jones M, Jones TA, Joy A, Kamal M, Karlsson EK, Karolchik D, Kasprzyk A, Kawai J, Keibler E, Kells C, Kent WJ, Kirby A, Kolbe DL, Korf I, Kucherlapati RS, Kulbokas EJ, Kulp D, Landers T, Leger JP, Leonard S, Letunic I, LeVine R, Li J, Li M, Lloyd C, Lucas S, Ma B, Maglott DR, Mardis ER, Matthews L, Mauceli E, Mayer JH, McCarthy M, McCombie WR, McLaren S, McLay K, McPherson JD, Meldrim J, Meredith B, Mesirov JP, Miller W, Miner TL, Mongin E, Montgomery KT, Morgan M, Mott R, Mullikin JC, Muzny DM, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Nhan MN, Nicol R, Ning Z, Nusbaum C, O'Connor MJ, Okazaki Y, Oliver K, Overton-Larty E, Pachter L, Parra G, Pepin KH, Peterson J, Pevzner P, Plumb R, Pohl CS, Poliakov A, Ponce TC, Ponting CP, Potter S, Quail M, Reymond A, Roe BA, Roskin KM, Rubin EM, Rust AG, Santos R, Sapojnikov V, Schultz B, Schultz J, Schwartz MS, Schwartz S, Scott C, Seaman S, Searle S, Sharpe T, Sheridan A, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Singer JB, Slater G, Smit A, Smith DR, Spencer B, Stabenau A, Stange-Thomann N, Sugnet C, Suyama M, Tesler G, Thompson J, Torrents D, Trevaskis E, Tromp J, Ucla C, Ureta-Vidal A, Vinson JP, Von Niederhausern AC, Wade CM, Wall M, Weber RJ, Weiss RB, Wendl MC, West AP, Wetterstrand K, Wheeler R, Whelan S, Wierzbowski J, Willey D, Williams S, Wilson RK, Winter E, Worley KC, Wyman D, Yang S, Yang SP, Zdobnov EM, Zody MC, Lander ES. 2002. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 420: 520-562.
68. Watson J, Riblet R. 1974. Genetic control of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice. I. Evidence for a single gene that influences mitogenic and immunogenic responses to lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med 140: 1147-1161.
69. Weiss KM. 1993. Genetic Variation and Human Disease: Principles and Evolutionary Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Wise CA, Bennett LB, Pascual V, Gillum JD, Bowcock AM. 2000. Localization of a gene for familial recurrent arthritis. Arthrit Rheum 43: 2041-2045.
71. Zanders ED, Goulden MG, Kennedy TC, Kempsell KE. 2000. Analysis of immune system gene expression in small rheumatoid arthritis biopsies using a combination of subtractive hybridization and high-density cDNA arrays. J Immunol Meth 233: 131-140.
72. Zhang Y, Guerassimov A, Leroux, J-Y, Cartman A, Webber C, Lalic R, De Miguel E, Rosenberg LC, Poole AR. 1998. Induction of arthritis in BALB/c mice by cartilage link protein. Involvement of distinct regions recognized by T-and B lymphocytes. Am J Pathol 153: 1283-1291.