메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 879-888

Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: Possible mechanism and strategy of treatment

Author keywords

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; Cholinergic deficit; Inflammation; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

4 [[2 (1 METHYL 2 PYRROLIDINYL)ETHYL]THIO]PHENOL; CHOLINE ALFOSCERATE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CITICOLINE; DONEPEZIL; GALANTAMINE; HUPERZINE A; LIGUSTILIDE; MECAMYLAMINE; METHANESULFONYL FLUORIDE; NEFIRACETAM; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGENT; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; RIVASTIGMINE;

EID: 67651166807     PISSN: 16714083     EISSN: 17457254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.82     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (105)

References (134)
  • 1
    • 49049122193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: Prevalence, management, and risk factors
    • Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, Friedland RP, Galasko D, Hall K, et al. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 812-26.
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 812-826
    • Kalaria, R.N.1    Maestre, G.E.2    Arizaga, R.3    Friedland, R.P.4    Galasko, D.5    Hall, K.6
  • 2
    • 0036250657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, 2000-2050: Potential implication of treatment advances
    • Sloane PD, Zimmerman S, Suchindran C, Reed P, Wang L, Boustani M, et al. The public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, 2000-2050: potential implication of treatment advances. Annu Rev Public Health 2002; 23: 213-31.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Public Health , vol.23 , pp. 213-231
    • Sloane, P.D.1    Zimmerman, S.2    Suchindran, C.3    Reed, P.4    Wang, L.5    Boustani, M.6
  • 3
    • 50249175050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of vascular dementia: The route of prevention
    • Sorrentino G, Migliaccio R, Bonavita V. Treatment of vascular dementia: the route of prevention. Eur Neurol 2008; 60: 217-23.
    • (2008) Eur Neurol , vol.60 , pp. 217-223
    • Sorrentino, G.1    Migliaccio, R.2    Bonavita, V.3
  • 4
    • 0026567697 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of stroke
    • Bonita R. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet 1992; 339: 342-4.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 342-344
    • Bonita, R.1
  • 5
    • 49249120035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of angiotensin converting enzyme in cerebral hypoperfusion induced anterograde memory impairment and cholinergic dysfunction in rats
    • Kumaran D, Udayabanu M, Kumar M, Aneja R, Katyal A. Involvement of angiotensin converting enzyme in cerebral hypoperfusion induced anterograde memory impairment and cholinergic dysfunction in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 155: 626-39.
    • (2008) Neuroscience , vol.155 , pp. 626-639
    • Kumaran, D.1    Udayabanu, M.2    Kumar, M.3    Aneja, R.4    Katyal, A.5
  • 6
    • 36148938725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postischemic administra tion of Z-Ligustilide ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by permanent forebrain ischemia in rats
    • Kuang X, Du JR, Liu YX, Zhang GY, Peng HY. Postischemic administra tion of Z-Ligustilide ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by permanent forebrain ischemia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 88: 213-21.
    • (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.88 , pp. 213-221
    • Kuang, X.1    Du, J.R.2    Liu, Y.X.3    Zhang, G.Y.4    Peng, H.Y.5
  • 7
    • 26044437911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
    • Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19: 493-9.
    • (2005) Brain Behav Immun , vol.19 , pp. 493-499
    • Pavlov, V.A.1    Tracey, K.J.2
  • 8
    • 0037111135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathology of ischemic-vascular dementia: An update
    • Jellinger KA. The pathology of ischemic-vascular dementia: An update. J Neurol Sci 2002; 203-204: 153-7.
    • (2002) J Neurol Sci
    • Jellinger, K.A.1
  • 9
    • 47849092520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathology of "vascular dementia": A critical update
    • Jellinger KA. The pathology of "vascular dementia": a critical update. J Alzheimers Dis 2008; 14: 107-23.
    • (2008) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.14 , pp. 107-123
    • Jellinger, K.A.1
  • 10
    • 16844366605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic dysfunction in vascular dementia
    • Roman GC. Cholinergic dysfunction in vascular dementia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2005; 7: 18-26.
    • (2005) Curr Psychiatry Rep , vol.7 , pp. 18-26
    • Roman, G.C.1
  • 11
    • 33750022878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular determinants of cholinergic defcits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia
    • Roman GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic defcits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 1769-85.
    • (2006) Neurobiol Aging , vol.27 , pp. 1769-1785
    • Roman, G.C.1    Kalaria, R.N.2
  • 12
    • 0028937449 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal damage and decrease of central acetylcholine level following permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in rat
    • Ni JW, Matsumoto K, Li HB, Murakami Y, Watanabe H. Neuronal damage and decrease of central acetylcholine level following permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in rat. Brain Res 1995; 673: 290-6.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.673 , pp. 290-296
    • Ni, J.W.1    Matsumoto, K.2    Li, H.B.3    Murakami, Y.4    Watanabe, H.5
  • 13
    • 0030570830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between cholinergic dysfunction and discrimination learning disabilities in Wistar rats following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion
    • Tanaka K, Ogawa N, Asanuma M, Kondo Y, Nomura M. Relationship between cholinergic dysfunction and discrimination learning disabilities in Wistar rats following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res 1996; 729: 55-65.
    • (1996) Brain Res , vol.729 , pp. 55-65
    • Tanaka, K.1    Ogawa, N.2    Asanuma, M.3    Kondo, Y.4    Nomura, M.5
  • 14
    • 34247376578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zhao Q, Murakami Y, Tohda M, Obi R, Shimada Y, Matsumoto K. Chotosan, a kampo formula, ameliorates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced deficits in object recognition behaviors and central cholinergic systems in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103: 360-73.
    • Zhao Q, Murakami Y, Tohda M, Obi R, Shimada Y, Matsumoto K. Chotosan, a kampo formula, ameliorates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced deficits in object recognition behaviors and central cholinergic systems in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103: 360-73.
  • 15
    • 67651164527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of somatostatin and acetylcholine contents in vascular dementia rats
    • In Chinese with English abstract
    • Zhang LL, Wang JZ, Liu SW, Chen ME. Changes of somatostatin and acetylcholine contents in vascular dementia rats. Acta Acad Med Milit Tert 2004; 26: 714-6. In Chinese (with English abstract).
    • (2004) Acta Acad Med Milit Tert , vol.26 , pp. 714-716
    • Zhang, L.L.1    Wang, J.Z.2    Liu, S.W.3    Chen, M.E.4
  • 16
    • 14844328646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methanesulfonyl fluoride, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuates simple learning and memory defcits in ischemic rats
    • Borlongan CV, Sumaya IC, Moss DE. Methanesulfonyl fluoride, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuates simple learning and memory defcits in ischemic rats. Brain Res 2005; 1038: 50-8.
    • (2005) Brain Res , vol.1038 , pp. 50-58
    • Borlongan, C.V.1    Sumaya, I.C.2    Moss, D.E.3
  • 17
    • 0019970215 scopus 로고
    • The response of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons to transient cerebral ischemia
    • Francis A, Pulsinelli W. The response of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons to transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1982; 243: 271-8.
    • (1982) Brain Res , vol.243 , pp. 271-278
    • Francis, A.1    Pulsinelli, W.2
  • 18
    • 0024536031 scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent vulnerability of brain choline acetyltransferase activity to transient cerebral ischemia in rats
    • Nyberg P, Waller S. Age-dependent vulnerability of brain choline acetyltransferase activity to transient cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1989; 20: 495-500.
    • (1989) Stroke , vol.20 , pp. 495-500
    • Nyberg, P.1    Waller, S.2
  • 19
    • 0025944890 scopus 로고
    • Experimental basis of multi-infarct dementia: Memory impairments in rodent models of ischemia
    • Naritomi H. Experimental basis of multi-infarct dementia: memory impairments in rodent models of ischemia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1991; 5: 103-11.
    • (1991) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.5 , pp. 103-111
    • Naritomi, H.1
  • 20
    • 0028158803 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical profles in cerebrospinal fuid of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Togashi H, Matsumoto M, Yoshioka M, Hirokami M, Minami M, Saito H. Neurochemical profles in cerebrospinal fuid of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 1994; 166: 117-20.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.166 , pp. 117-120
    • Togashi, H.1    Matsumoto, M.2    Yoshioka, M.3    Hirokami, M.4    Minami, M.5    Saito, H.6
  • 21
    • 0034676511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of vascular dementia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Kimura S, Saito H, Minami M, Togashi H, Nakamura N, Nemoto M, et al. Pathogenesis of vascular dementia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicology 2000; 153: 167-78.
    • (2000) Toxicology , vol.153 , pp. 167-178
    • Kimura, S.1    Saito, H.2    Minami, M.3    Togashi, H.4    Nakamura, N.5    Nemoto, M.6
  • 22
    • 0037111287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
    • Kalaria R. Similarities between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2002; 203-204: 29-34.
    • (2002) J Neurol Sci
    • Kalaria, R.1
  • 23
    • 0023007236 scopus 로고
    • Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase in postmortem brains of demented patients
    • Waller SB, Ball MJ, Reynolds MA, London ED. Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase in postmortem brains of demented patients. Can J Neurol Sci 1986; 13: 528-32.
    • (1986) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.13 , pp. 528-532
    • Waller, S.B.1    Ball, M.J.2    Reynolds, M.A.3    London, E.D.4
  • 25
    • 0029842588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fuid acetylcholine and choline in vascular dementia of Binswanger and multiple small infarct types as compared with Alzheimer-type dementia
    • Tohgi H, Abe T, Kimura M, Saheki M, Takahashi S. Cerebrospinal fuid acetylcholine and choline in vascular dementia of Binswanger and multiple small infarct types as compared with Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neural Transm 1996; 103: 1211-20.
    • (1996) J Neural Transm , vol.103 , pp. 1211-1220
    • Tohgi, H.1    Abe, T.2    Kimura, M.3    Saheki, M.4    Takahashi, S.5
  • 26
    • 0141706644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased cerebrospinal fuid acetylcholinesterase in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia
    • Wallin A, Sjogren M, Blennow K, Davidsson P. Decreased cerebrospinal fuid acetylcholinesterase in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003; 16: 200-7.
    • (2003) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.16 , pp. 200-207
    • Wallin, A.1    Sjogren, M.2    Blennow, K.3    Davidsson, P.4
  • 27
    • 0022881466 scopus 로고
    • The nucleus basalis of Meynert in multi-infarct (vascular) dementia
    • Mann DM, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B. The nucleus basalis of Meynert in multi-infarct (vascular) dementia. Acta Neuropathol 1986; 71: 332-7.
    • (1986) Acta Neuropathol , vol.71 , pp. 332-337
    • Mann, D.M.1    Yates, P.O.2    Marcyniuk, B.3
  • 29
    • 0037426446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: Observations on CADASIL
    • Mesulam M, Siddique T, Cohen B. Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: observations on CADASIL. Neurology 2003; 60: 1183-5.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.60 , pp. 1183-1185
    • Mesulam, M.1    Siddique, T.2    Cohen, B.3
  • 30
    • 1842485648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotransmitter control of the cerebral vasculature and abnormalities in vascular dementia
    • Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, editors, Martin Dunitz, London;
    • Court J, Perry E, Kalaria R. Neurotransmitter control of the cerebral vasculature and abnormalities in vascular dementia. In: Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S, editors. Vascular cognitive impairment. Martin Dunitz, London; 2002. p 167-85.
    • (2002) Vascular cognitive impairment , pp. 167-185
    • Court, J.1    Perry, E.2    Kalaria, R.3
  • 31
    • 33645237919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-infammatory properties of cholinergic up-regulation: A new role for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
    • Nizri E, Hamra-Amitay Y, Sicsic C, Lavon I, Brenner T. Anti-infammatory properties of cholinergic up-regulation: a new role for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50: 540-7.
    • (2006) Neuropharmacology , vol.50 , pp. 540-547
    • Nizri, E.1    Hamra-Amitay, Y.2    Sicsic, C.3    Lavon, I.4    Brenner, T.5
  • 33
    • 0033512004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infammatory mediators and stroke: New opportunities for novel therapeutics
    • Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ. Infammatory mediators and stroke: new opportunities for novel therapeutics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 819-34.
    • (1999) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.19 , pp. 819-834
    • Barone, F.C.1    Feuerstein, G.Z.2
  • 34
    • 26944469603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17beta-Estradiol attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in female rats
    • Liu R, Wen Y, Perez E, Wang X, Day AL, Simpkins JW, et al. 17beta-Estradiol attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in female rats. Brain Res 2005; 1060: 55-61.
    • (2005) Brain Res , vol.1060 , pp. 55-61
    • Liu, R.1    Wen, Y.2    Perez, E.3    Wang, X.4    Day, A.L.5    Simpkins, J.W.6
  • 35
    • 33846866507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: Pathophysiology, MR imaging, and potential therapies
    • Pan J, Konstas AA, Bateman B, Ortolano GA, Pile-Spellman J. Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: pathophysiology, MR imaging, and potential therapies. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 93-102.
    • (2007) Neuroradiology , vol.49 , pp. 93-102
    • Pan, J.1    Konstas, A.A.2    Bateman, B.3    Ortolano, G.A.4    Pile-Spellman, J.5
  • 36
    • 33947628060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics
    • Mehta SL, Manhas N, Raghubir R. Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics. Brain Res Rev 2007; 54: 34-66.
    • (2007) Brain Res Rev , vol.54 , pp. 34-66
    • Mehta, S.L.1    Manhas, N.2    Raghubir, R.3
  • 37
    • 0034713266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic infammatory response to endotoxin
    • Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic infammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 2000; 405: 458-62.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 458-462
    • Borovikova, L.V.1    Ivanova, S.2    Zhang, M.3    Yang, H.4    Botchkina, G.I.5    Watkins, L.R.6
  • 38
    • 0037461768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nico tinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of infammation
    • Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, Amella CA, Tanovic M, Susarla S, et al. Nico tinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of infammation. Nature 2003; 421: 384-8.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , pp. 384-388
    • Wang, H.1    Yu, M.2    Ochani, M.3    Amella, C.A.4    Tanovic, M.5    Susarla, S.6
  • 39
    • 40149104224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: A link between infammation and neuro degeneration
    • Conejero-Goldberg C, Davies P, Ulloa L. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: a link between infammation and neuro degeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32: 693-706.
    • (2008) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.32 , pp. 693-706
    • Conejero-Goldberg, C.1    Davies, P.2    Ulloa, L.3
  • 40
    • 33947239151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling infammation: The cholinergic antiinfammatory pathway
    • Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. Controlling infammation: the cholinergic antiinfammatory pathway. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34: 1037-40.
    • (2006) Biochem Soc Trans , vol.34 , pp. 1037-1040
    • Pavlov, V.A.1    Tracey, K.J.2
  • 41
    • 0033813557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptors as a treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease
    • Maelicke A. Allosteric modulation of nicotinic receptors as a treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000; 11 Suppl 1: 11-8.
    • (2000) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 11-18
    • Maelicke, A.1
  • 42
    • 22044434554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Murakami Y, Zhao Q, Harada K, Tohda M, Watanabe H, Matsumoto K. Choto-san, a Kampo formula, improves chronic cerebral hypo- perfusion-induced spatial learning deficit via stimulation of muscarinic M1 receptor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 81: 616-25.
    • Murakami Y, Zhao Q, Harada K, Tohda M, Watanabe H, Matsumoto K. Choto-san, a Kampo formula, improves chronic cerebral hypo- perfusion-induced spatial learning deficit via stimulation of muscarinic M1 receptor. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 81: 616-25.
  • 43
    • 0037276810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: A multicenter, double-blind, rando mized, placebo-controlled trial
    • De Jesus Moreno Moreno M. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, rando mized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 178-93.
    • (2003) Clin Ther , vol.25 , pp. 178-193
    • Jesus, D.1    Moreno Moreno, M.2
  • 44
    • 13844264515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) in stroke and other CNS disorders
    • Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) in stroke and other CNS disorders. Neurochem Res 2005; 30: 15-23.
    • (2005) Neurochem Res , vol.30 , pp. 15-23
    • Adibhatla, R.M.1    Hatcher, J.F.2
  • 45
    • 34547787131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effcacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: A metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials
    • Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Effcacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 782-92.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 782-792
    • Kavirajan, H.1    Schneider, L.S.2
  • 46
    • 40849137685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impair ment: A randomised double-blind trial in CADASIL
    • Dichgans M, Markus HS, Salloway S, Verkkoniemi A, Moline M, Wang Q, et al. Donepezil in patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impair ment: a randomised double-blind trial in CADASIL. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 310-8.
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 310-318
    • Dichgans, M.1    Markus, H.S.2    Salloway, S.3    Verkkoniemi, A.4    Moline, M.5    Wang, Q.6
  • 47
    • 34648824445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The seed extract of Cassia obtusifolia ameliorates learning and memory impair ments induced by scopolamine or transient cerebral hypoperfu sion in mice
    • Kim DH, Yoon BH, Kim YW, Lee S, Shin BY, Jung JW, et al. The seed extract of Cassia obtusifolia ameliorates learning and memory impair ments induced by scopolamine or transient cerebral hypoperfu sion in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105: 82-93.
    • (2007) J Pharmacol Sci , vol.105 , pp. 82-93
    • Kim, D.H.1    Yoon, B.H.2    Kim, Y.W.3    Lee, S.4    Shin, B.Y.5    Jung, J.W.6
  • 48
    • 48749121734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A exhibits antiinfammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia
    • Wang ZF, Wang J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A exhibits antiinfammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2008; 106: 1594-603.
    • (2008) J Neurochem , vol.106 , pp. 1594-1603
    • Wang, Z.F.1    Wang, J.2    Zhang, H.Y.3    Tang, X.C.4
  • 49
    • 0018610733 scopus 로고
    • Central cholinergic function: Relationship to choline administration
    • Wecker L, Schmidt DE. Central cholinergic function: relationship to choline administration. Life Sci 1979; 25: 375-84.
    • (1979) Life Sci , vol.25 , pp. 375-384
    • Wecker, L.1    Schmidt, D.E.2
  • 50
    • 34249803604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: Ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation?
    • Parnetti L, Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E, Amenta F. Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? J Neurol Sci 2007; 257: 264-9.
    • (2007) J Neurol Sci , vol.257 , pp. 264-269
    • Parnetti, L.1    Mignini, F.2    Tomassoni, D.3    Traini, E.4    Amenta, F.5
  • 52
    • 0021082911 scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral phosphatidyl choline on mouse brain choline and acetylcholine
    • Domino EF, Mathews BN, Tait SK, Ortiz A. Effects of oral phosphatidyl choline on mouse brain choline and acetylcholine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1983; 265: 49-54.
    • (1983) Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther , vol.265 , pp. 49-54
    • Domino, E.F.1    Mathews, B.N.2    Tait, S.K.3    Ortiz, A.4
  • 53
    • 21844442389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly
    • CD000269
    • Fioravanti M, Yanagi M. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2: CD000269.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Fioravanti, M.1    Yanagi, M.2
  • 55
    • 0027370167 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus of aged rats: Infuence of L-alpha-glyceryl phosphorylcholine treatment
    • Amenta F, Franch F, Ricci A, Vega JA. Cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus of aged rats: infuence of L-alpha-glyceryl phosphorylcholine treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 695: 311-3.
    • (1993) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.695 , pp. 311-313
    • Amenta, F.1    Franch, F.2    Ricci, A.3    Vega, J.A.4
  • 56
    • 33750489013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with choline alphoscerate on hippocampus microanatomy and glial reaction in spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Tomassoni D, Avola R, Mignini F, Parnetti L, Amenta F. Effect of treatment with choline alphoscerate on hippocampus microanatomy and glial reaction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2006; 1120: 183-90.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1120 , pp. 183-190
    • Tomassoni, D.1    Avola, R.2    Mignini, F.3    Parnetti, L.4    Amenta, F.5
  • 57
    • 0034810760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: An analysis of published clinical data
    • Parnetti L, Amenta F, Gallai V. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122: 2041-55.
    • (2001) Mech Ageing Dev , vol.122 , pp. 2041-2055
    • Parnetti, L.1    Amenta, F.2    Gallai, V.3
  • 58
    • 0042924142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive enhancing properties and tolerability of cholinergic agents in mice: A comparative study of nicotine, donepezil, and SIB-1553A, a subtype-selective ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    • Bontempi B, Whelan KT, Risbrough VB, Lloyd GK, Menzaghi F. Cognitive enhancing properties and tolerability of cholinergic agents in mice: a comparative study of nicotine, donepezil, and SIB-1553A, a subtype-selective ligand for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuro psychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1235-46.
    • (2003) Neuro psychopharmacology , vol.28 , pp. 1235-1246
    • Bontempi, B.1    Whelan, K.T.2    Risbrough, V.B.3    Lloyd, G.K.4    Menzaghi, F.5
  • 59
    • 0037130987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nefiracetam on spatial memory function and acetylcholine and GABA metabolism in microsphere-embolized rats
    • Fukatsu T, Miyake-Takagi K, Nagakura A, Omino K, Okuyama N, Ando T, et al. Effects of nefiracetam on spatial memory function and acetylcholine and GABA metabolism in microsphere-embolized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 453: 59-67.
    • (2002) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.453 , pp. 59-67
    • Fukatsu, T.1    Miyake-Takagi, K.2    Nagakura, A.3    Omino, K.4    Okuyama, N.5    Ando, T.6
  • 61
    • 0035057505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons
    • Zhao X, Kuryatov A, Lindstrom JM, Yeh JZ, Narahashi T. Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59: 674-83.
    • (2001) Mol Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 674-683
    • Zhao, X.1    Kuryatov, A.2    Lindstrom, J.M.3    Yeh, J.Z.4    Narahashi, T.5
  • 62
    • 0032723138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine: Not just for cigarettes anymore
    • Wonnacott S, Marks MJ. Nicotine: not just for cigarettes anymore. Drug Discov Today 1999; 4: 490-492.
    • (1999) Drug Discov Today , vol.4 , pp. 490-492
    • Wonnacott, S.1    Marks, M.J.2
  • 63
    • 0002567031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approach to drug therapy in Alzheimer's dementia
    • Maelicke A, Albuquerque E. New approach to drug therapy in Alzheimer's dementia. Drug Discov Today 1996; 1: 53-9.
    • (1996) Drug Discov Today , vol.1 , pp. 53-59
    • Maelicke, A.1    Albuquerque, E.2
  • 64
    • 0042383166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choto-san prevents occurrence of stroke and prolongs life span in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Shimada Y, Yang Q, Yokoyama K, Goto H, Kasahara Y, Sekiya N, et al. Choto-san prevents occurrence of stroke and prolongs life span in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Chin Med 2003; 31: 79-85.
    • (2003) Am J Chin Med , vol.31 , pp. 79-85
    • Shimada, Y.1    Yang, Q.2    Yokoyama, K.3    Goto, H.4    Kasahara, Y.5    Sekiya, N.6
  • 65
    • 0002262828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choto-san in the treatment of vascular dementia: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Terasawa K, Shimada Y, Kita S. Choto-san in the treatment of vascular dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine 1997; 4: 15-22.
    • (1997) Phytomedicine , vol.4 , pp. 15-22
    • Terasawa, K.1    Shimada, Y.2    Kita, S.3
  • 66
    • 0011720407 scopus 로고
    • A well-controlled study of Choto-san and placebo in the treatment of vascular dementia
    • Shimada Y, Terasawa K, Yamamoto T. A well-controlled study of Choto-san and placebo in the treatment of vascular dementia. J Tradit Med 1994; 11: 246-55.
    • (1994) J Tradit Med , vol.11 , pp. 246-255
    • Shimada, Y.1    Terasawa, K.2    Yamamoto, T.3
  • 67
    • 0034711690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lu 25-109, a muscarinic agonist, fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Lu25-109 Study Group
    • Thal LJ, Forrest M, Loft H, Mengel H. Lu 25-109, a muscarinic agonist, fails to improve cognition in Alzheimer's disease. Lu25-109 Study Group. Neurology 2000; 54: 421-6.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 421-426
    • Thal, L.J.1    Forrest, M.2    Loft, H.3    Mengel, H.4
  • 68
    • 42749100518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease
    • CD005593
    • Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD005593.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • Birks, J.1
  • 69
    • 33749263352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of antidementia agents in vascular dementia: Beyond Alzheimer disease
    • Farlow MR. Use of antidementia agents in vascular dementia: beyond Alzheimer disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81: 1350-8.
    • (2006) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.81 , pp. 1350-1358
    • Farlow, M.R.1
  • 70
    • 0036636375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-label pilot study comparing rivastigmine and low-dose aspirin for the treatment of symptoms specifc to patients with subcorticl vascular dementia
    • Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Griggio S, Bava A. An open-label pilot study comparing rivastigmine and low-dose aspirin for the treatment of symptoms specifc to patients with subcorticl vascular dementia. Curr Ther Res 2002; 63: 443-58.
    • (2002) Curr Ther Res , vol.63 , pp. 443-458
    • Moretti, R.1    Torre, P.2    Antonello, R.M.3    Cazzato, G.4    Griggio, S.5    Bava, A.6
  • 71
    • 0038387609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, et al. Effcacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 2003; 34: 2323-30.
    • Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, et al. Effcacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 2003; 34: 2323-30.
  • 72
    • 0038354968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia
    • Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Small GW, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1765-82.
    • (2003) Clin Ther , vol.25 , pp. 1765-1782
    • Erkinjuntti, T.1    Kurz, A.2    Small, G.W.3    Bullock, R.4    Lilienfeld, S.5    Damaraju, C.V.6
  • 73
    • 30144445097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A interventions on vascular dementia
    • In Chinese
    • Yin FM, Du YY, Wang LE. Huperzine A interventions on vascular dementia. Modern Rehabilit 2001; 5: 74-5. In Chinese.
    • (2001) Modern Rehabilit , vol.5 , pp. 74-75
    • Yin, F.M.1    Du, Y.Y.2    Wang, L.E.3
  • 74
    • 0022658345 scopus 로고
    • Anticholinesterase activity of huperzine A
    • In Chinese with English abstract
    • Wang YE, Yue DX, Tang XC. Anticholinesterase activity of huperzine A. Acta Pharmacol Sin 1986; 7: 110-3. In Chinese (with English abstract).
    • (1986) Acta Pharmacol Sin , vol.7 , pp. 110-113
    • Wang, Y.E.1    Yue, D.X.2    Tang, X.C.3
  • 75
    • 0037173785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical effcacy and safety of huperzine A in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, a placebo-controlled, doube-blind, randomized trial
    • In Chinese with English abstract
    • Zhang ZX, Wang XD, Chen QT, Shu L, Wang JZ, Shan GL. Clinical effcacy and safety of huperzine A in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, a placebo-controlled, doube-blind, randomized trial. Natl Med J China 2002; 82: 941-4. In Chinese (with English abstract).
    • (2002) Natl Med J China , vol.82 , pp. 941-944
    • Zhang, Z.X.1    Wang, X.D.2    Chen, Q.T.3    Shu, L.4    Wang, J.Z.5    Shan, G.L.6
  • 76
    • 30144436511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of huperzine A on cognitive function and quality of life in vascular dementia: 36 cases for 6 months follow up study
    • In Chinese
    • Wang RP, Zhao ZK, Hu LL. Effect of huperzine A on cognitive function and quality of life in vascular dementia: 36 cases for 6 months follow up study. Chin J Clin Rehabilit 2004; 8: 3892. In Chinese.
    • (2004) Chin J Clin Rehabilit , vol.8 , pp. 3892
    • Wang, R.P.1    Zhao, Z.K.2    Hu, L.L.3
  • 77
    • 0025763629 scopus 로고
    • Drug evaluation of huperzine A in the treatment of senile memory disorders
    • In Chinese with English abstract
    • Zhang RW, Tang XC, Han YY, Sang GW, Zhang YD, Ma YX, et al. Drug evaluation of huperzine A in the treatment of senile memory disorders. Acta Pharmacol Sin 1991; 12: 250-2. In Chinese (with English abstract).
    • (1991) Acta Pharmacol Sin , vol.12 , pp. 250-252
    • Zhang, R.W.1    Tang, X.C.2    Han, Y.Y.3    Sang, G.W.4    Zhang, Y.D.5    Ma, Y.X.6
  • 78
    • 30144438639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A self-control study of huperzine A on memory deficits in patients with multiple infarctions
    • In Chinese
    • Sun CY, Chen XY. A self-control study of huperzine A on memory deficits in patients with multiple infarctions. Henan Yi Yao Xin Xi 1998; 6: 31-2. In Chinese.
    • (1998) Henan Yi Yao Xin Xi , vol.6 , pp. 31-32
    • Sun, C.Y.1    Chen, X.Y.2
  • 79
    • 70349106407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of tablet huperzine A on 17 patients with vascular dementia
    • In Chinese
    • Wang YQ. Treatment of tablet huperzine A on 17 patients with vascular dementia. China Pharm 2000; 9: 32. In Chinese.
    • (2000) China Pharm , vol.9 , pp. 32
    • Wang, Y.Q.1
  • 80
    • 49349104734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical observation of huperzine A on 29 patients with vascular dementia
    • In Chinese
    • Zhong ZG, Liang KZ. Clinical observation of huperzine A on 29 patients with vascular dementia. J Hainan Med Coll 2004; 10: 251-2. In Chinese.
    • (2004) J Hainan Med Coll , vol.10 , pp. 251-252
    • Zhong, Z.G.1    Liang, K.Z.2
  • 81
    • 30144439794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A vs pyritinol in treating dementia from mulltiple infarctions
    • In Chinese with English abstract
    • Chang JJ. Huperzine A vs pyritinol in treating dementia from mulltiple infarctions. New Drugs Clin Remedies 1997; 16: 333-4. In Chinese (with English abstract).
    • (1997) New Drugs Clin Remedies , vol.16 , pp. 333-334
    • Chang, J.J.1
  • 82
    • 0003093544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A improves cognitive defcits caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats
    • Wang LM, Han YF, Tang XC. Huperzine A improves cognitive defcits caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 398: 65-72.
    • (2000) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.398 , pp. 65-72
    • Wang, L.M.1    Han, Y.F.2    Tang, X.C.3
  • 83
    • 0035834265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A attenuates cognitive defcits and hippocampal neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils
    • Zhou J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A attenuates cognitive defcits and hippocampal neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2001; 313: 137-40.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.313 , pp. 137-140
    • Zhou, J.1    Zhang, H.Y.2    Tang, X.C.3
  • 84
    • 0037072513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A attenuates cognitive deficits and brain injury in neonatal rats after hypoxiaischemia
    • Wang LS, Zhou J, Shao XM, Tang XC. Huperzine A attenuates cognitive deficits and brain injury in neonatal rats after hypoxiaischemia. Brain Res 2002; 949: 162-70.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.949 , pp. 162-170
    • Wang, L.S.1    Zhou, J.2    Shao, X.M.3    Tang, X.C.4
  • 85
    • 33744517635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of huperzine A on memory deficits and neurotrophic factors production after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice
    • Wang ZF, Tang LL, Yan H, Wang YJ, Tang XC. Effects of huperzine A on memory deficits and neurotrophic factors production after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 83: 603-11.
    • (2006) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.83 , pp. 603-611
    • Wang, Z.F.1    Tang, L.L.2    Yan, H.3    Wang, Y.J.4    Tang, X.C.5
  • 87
    • 10944268615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infammatory gene profling in the developing mouse brain after hypoxia-ischemia
    • Hedtjarn M, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Infammatory gene profling in the developing mouse brain after hypoxia-ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24: 1333-51.
    • (2004) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.24 , pp. 1333-1351
    • Hedtjarn, M.1    Mallard, C.2    Hagberg, H.3
  • 88
    • 33846849308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A protects C6 rat glioma cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury
    • Wang ZF, Tang XC. Huperzine A protects C6 rat glioma cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury. FEBS Lett 2007; 581: 596-602.
    • (2007) FEBS Lett , vol.581 , pp. 596-602
    • Wang, Z.F.1    Tang, X.C.2
  • 90
    • 49349110270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
    • Zheng CY, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86: 2432-40.
    • (2008) J Neurosci Res , vol.86 , pp. 2432-2440
    • Zheng, C.Y.1    Zhang, H.Y.2    Tang, X.C.3
  • 91
    • 30144437522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine
    • Wang R, Yan H, Tang XC. Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27: 1-26.
    • (2006) Acta Pharmacol Sin , vol.27 , pp. 1-26
    • Wang, R.1    Yan, H.2    Tang, X.C.3
  • 92
    • 0036449925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil-treated patients with probable vascular dementia demonstrate cognitive benefts
    • Pratt RD, Perdomo CA. Donepezil-treated patients with probable vascular dementia demonstrate cognitive benefts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 977: 513-22.
    • (2002) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.977 , pp. 513-522
    • Pratt, R.D.1    Perdomo, C.A.2
  • 95
    • 2942720598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment
    • CD004395
    • Malouf R, Birks J. Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 1: CD004395.
    • (2004) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • Malouf, R.1    Birks, J.2
  • 96
    • 18044372996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effect of donepezil, a nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor activator, on cerebral infarction in rats
    • Fujiki M, Kobayashi H, Uchida S, Inoue R, Ishii K. Neuroprotective effect of donepezil, a nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor activator, on cerebral infarction in rats. Brain Res 2005; 1043: 236-41.
    • (2005) Brain Res , vol.1043 , pp. 236-241
    • Fujiki, M.1    Kobayashi, H.2    Uchida, S.3    Inoue, R.4    Ishii, K.5
  • 97
    • 44249106100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuro pro tec tive and antiamnesic effect of donepezil, a nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor activator, on rats with concussive mild traumatic brain injury
    • Fujiki M, Kubo T, Kamida T, Sugita K, Hikawa T, Abe T, et al. Neuro pro tec tive and antiamnesic effect of donepezil, a nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor activator, on rats with concussive mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15: 791-6.
    • (2008) J Clin Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 791-796
    • Fujiki, M.1    Kubo, T.2    Kamida, T.3    Sugita, K.4    Hikawa, T.5    Abe, T.6
  • 98
    • 59349096696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of neuroprotection by donepezil pretreatment in rat cortical neurons chronically treated with donepezil
    • Takada-Takatori Y, Kume T, Ohgi Y, Izumi Y, Niidome T, Fujii T, et al. Mechanism of neuroprotection by donepezil pretreatment in rat cortical neurons chronically treated with donepezil. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86: 3575-83.
    • (2008) J Neurosci Res , vol.86 , pp. 3575-3583
    • Takada-Takatori, Y.1    Kume, T.2    Ohgi, Y.3    Izumi, Y.4    Niidome, T.5    Fujii, T.6
  • 100
    • 48049111171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of alpha7-nicotinic receptor up-regulation and sensitization to donepezil induced by chronic donepezil treatment
    • Takada-Takatori Y, Kume T, Ohgi Y, Fujii T, Niidome T, Sugimoto H, et al. Mechanisms of alpha7-nicotinic receptor up-regulation and sensitization to donepezil induced by chronic donepezil treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590: 150-6.
    • (2008) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.590 , pp. 150-156
    • Takada-Takatori, Y.1    Kume, T.2    Ohgi, Y.3    Fujii, T.4    Niidome, T.5    Sugimoto, H.6
  • 101
    • 34247109623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of anti-dementia drugs on LPS induced neuroinflammation in mice
    • Tyagi E, Agrawal R, Nath C, Shukla R. Effect of anti-dementia drugs on LPS induced neuroinflammation in mice. Life Sci 2007; 80: 1977-83.
    • (2007) Life Sci , vol.80 , pp. 1977-1983
    • Tyagi, E.1    Agrawal, R.2    Nath, C.3    Shukla, R.4
  • 102
    • 33645227116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, regulates a Th2 bias in Alzheimer's disease patients
    • Reale M, Iarlori C, Gambi F, Feliciani C, Isabella L, Gambi D. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, regulates a Th2 bias in Alzheimer's disease patients. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50: 606-13.
    • (2006) Neuropharmacology , vol.50 , pp. 606-613
    • Reale, M.1    Iarlori, C.2    Gambi, F.3    Feliciani, C.4    Isabella, L.5    Gambi, D.6
  • 103
    • 0034467344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of inhibitory activities of donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in vitro
    • Ogura H, Kosasa T, Kuriya Y, Yamanishi Y. Comparison of inhibitory activities of donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in vitro. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2000; 22: 609-13.
    • (2000) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 609-613
    • Ogura, H.1    Kosasa, T.2    Kuriya, Y.3    Yamanishi, Y.4
  • 104
    • 0034963186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: A comparison trial on effcacy and tolerability for 12 months follow-up
    • Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: a comparison trial on effcacy and tolerability for 12 months follow-up. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 361-2.
    • (2001) Eur J Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 361-362
    • Moretti, R.1    Torre, P.2    Antonello, R.M.3    Cazzato, G.4
  • 106
    • 0034463115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer's disease patients with concurrent vascular risk factors
    • Kumar V, Anand R, Messina J, Hartman R, Veach J. An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer's disease patients with concurrent vascular risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2000; 7: 159-69.
    • (2000) Eur J Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 159-169
    • Kumar, V.1    Anand, R.2    Messina, J.3    Hartman, R.4    Veach, J.5
  • 108
    • 0028123347 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 protects against ischemia-induced decrease in pre- and postsynaptic cholinergic indices in the gerbil brain following transient ischemia
    • Tanaka K, Ogawa N, Mizukawa K, Asanuma M, Kondo Y, Nishibayashi S, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 protects against ischemia-induced decrease in pre- and postsynaptic cholinergic indices in the gerbil brain following transient ischemia. Neurochem Res 1994; 19: 117-22.
    • (1994) Neurochem Res , vol.19 , pp. 117-122
    • Tanaka, K.1    Ogawa, N.2    Mizukawa, K.3    Asanuma, M.4    Kondo, Y.5    Nishibayashi, S.6
  • 109
    • 0027431526 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 on ischemia-induced changes in acetylcholine and aromatic amine levels in the gerbil brain
    • Tanaka K, Ogawa N, Asanuma M, Hirata H, Kondo Y, Nakayama N, et al. Effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 on ischemia-induced changes in acetylcholine and aromatic amine levels in the gerbil brain. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1993; 323: 85-96.
    • (1993) Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther , vol.323 , pp. 85-96
    • Tanaka, K.1    Ogawa, N.2    Asanuma, M.3    Hirata, H.4    Kondo, Y.5    Nakayama, N.6
  • 110
    • 0032536412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebro-protective effects of ENA713, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in closed head injury in the rat
    • Chen Y, Shohami E, Bass R, Weinstock M. Cerebro-protective effects of ENA713, a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in closed head injury in the rat. Brain Res 1998; 784: 18-24.
    • (1998) Brain Res , vol.784 , pp. 18-24
    • Chen, Y.1    Shohami, E.2    Bass, R.3    Weinstock, M.4
  • 111
    • 0029053984 scopus 로고
    • Post-ischemic administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus
    • Tanaka K, Mizukawa K, Ogawa N, Mori A. Post-ischemic administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ENA-713 prevents delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Neurochem Res 1995; 20: 663-7.
    • (1995) Neurochem Res , vol.20 , pp. 663-667
    • Tanaka, K.1    Mizukawa, K.2    Ogawa, N.3    Mori, A.4
  • 112
    • 53149137393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of neuroinflammation and immunomodulation by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine
    • Nizri E, Irony-Tur-Sinai M, Faranesh N, Lavon I, Lavi E, Weinstock M, et al. Suppression of neuroinflammation and immunomodulation by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 203: 12-22.
    • (2008) J Neuroimmunol , vol.203 , pp. 12-22
    • Nizri, E.1    Irony-Tur-Sinai, M.2    Faranesh, N.3    Lavon, I.4    Lavi, E.5    Weinstock, M.6
  • 113
    • 0036959214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotinic cholinergic modulation: Galantamine as a prototype
    • Woodruff-Pak DS, Lander C, Geerts H. Nicotinic cholinergic modulation: galantamine as a prototype. CNS Drug Rev 2002; 8: 405-26.
    • (2002) CNS Drug Rev , vol.8 , pp. 405-426
    • Woodruff-Pak, D.S.1    Lander, C.2    Geerts, H.3
  • 114
    • 0037070773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: A randomised trial
    • Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1283-90.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 1283-1290
    • Erkinjuntti, T.1    Kurz, A.2    Gauthier, S.3    Bullock, R.4    Lilienfeld, S.5    Damaraju, C.V.6
  • 115
    • 33645525966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galantamine for vascular cognitive impairment
    • CD004746
    • Craig D, Birks J. Galantamine for vascular cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD004746.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Craig, D.1    Birks, J.2
  • 116
    • 0033802751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A post-ischaemic single administration of galanthamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, improves learning ability in rats
    • Iliev AI, Traykov VB, Mantchev GT, Stoykov I, Prodanov D, Yakimova KS, et al. A post-ischaemic single administration of galanthamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, improves learning ability in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52: 1151-6.
    • (2000) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.52 , pp. 1151-1156
    • Iliev, A.I.1    Traykov, V.B.2    Mantchev, G.T.3    Stoykov, I.4    Prodanov, D.5    Yakimova, K.S.6
  • 117
    • 33947323171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-ischemic continuous administration of galantamine attenuates cognitive defcits and hippocampal neurons loss after transient global ischemia in gerbils
    • Ji X, Li C, Lu Y, Chen Y, Guo L. Post-ischemic continuous administration of galantamine attenuates cognitive defcits and hippocampal neurons loss after transient global ischemia in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2007; 416: 92-5.
    • (2007) Neurosci Lett , vol.416 , pp. 92-95
    • Ji, X.1    Li, C.2    Lu, Y.3    Chen, Y.4    Guo, L.5
  • 118
    • 34547136698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galanta mine postischemia provides neuroprotection and memory recovery against transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils
    • Lorrio S, Sobrado M, Arias E, Roda JM, Garcia AG, Lopez MG. Galanta mine postischemia provides neuroprotection and memory recovery against transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322: 591-9.
    • (2007) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.322 , pp. 591-599
    • Lorrio, S.1    Sobrado, M.2    Arias, E.3    Roda, J.M.4    Garcia, A.G.5    Lopez, M.G.6
  • 119
    • 4444232329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galantamine and nicotine have a synergistic effect on inhibition of microglial activation induced by HIV-1 gp120
    • Giunta B, Ehrhart J, Townsend K, Sun N, Vendrame M, Shytle D, et al. Galantamine and nicotine have a synergistic effect on inhibition of microglial activation induced by HIV-1 gp120. Brain Res Bull 2004; 64: 165-70.
    • (2004) Brain Res Bull , vol.64 , pp. 165-170
    • Giunta, B.1    Ehrhart, J.2    Townsend, K.3    Sun, N.4    Vendrame, M.5    Shytle, D.6
  • 120
    • 0036232874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand galantamine facilitates synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system
    • Santos MD, Alkondon M, Pereira EF, Aracava Y, Eisenberg HM, Maelicke A, et al. The nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand galantamine facilitates synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61: 1222-34.
    • (2002) Mol Pharmacol , vol.61 , pp. 1222-1234
    • Santos, M.D.1    Alkondon, M.2    Pereira, E.F.3    Aracava, Y.4    Eisenberg, H.M.5    Maelicke, A.6
  • 122
    • 0037459805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mecamylamine interactions with galantamine and donepezil: Effects on learning, acetylcholinesterase, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    • Woodruff-Pak DS, Vogel RW 3rd, Wenk GL. Mecamylamine interactions with galantamine and donepezil: effects on learning, acetylcholinesterase, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuro science 2003; 117: 439-47.
    • (2003) Neuro science , vol.117 , pp. 439-447
    • Woodruff-Pak, D.S.1    Vogel 3rd, R.W.2    Wenk, G.L.3
  • 123
    • 56949087765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain acetylcholinesterase activity controls systemic cytokine levels through the cholinergic anti-infammatory pathway
    • Pavlov VA, Parrish WR, Rosas-Ballina M, Ochani M, Puerta M, Ochani K, et al. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity controls systemic cytokine levels through the cholinergic anti-infammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23: 41-5.
    • (2009) Brain Behav Immun , vol.23 , pp. 41-45
    • Pavlov, V.A.1    Parrish, W.R.2    Rosas-Ballina, M.3    Ochani, M.4    Puerta, M.5    Ochani, K.6
  • 124
    • 0032890781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF): A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
    • Moss DE, Berlanga P, Hagan MM, Sandoval H, Ishida C. Methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF): a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13: 20-5.
    • (1999) Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord , vol.13 , pp. 20-25
    • Moss, D.E.1    Berlanga, P.2    Hagan, M.M.3    Sandoval, H.4    Ishida, C.5
  • 125
    • 33746387005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective role of Z-ligustilide against forebrain ischemic injury in ICR mice
    • Kuang X, Yao Y, Du JR, Liu YX, Wang CY, Qian ZM. Neuroprotective role of Z-ligustilide against forebrain ischemic injury in ICR mice. Brain Res 2006; 1102: 145-53.
    • (2006) Brain Res , vol.1102 , pp. 145-153
    • Kuang, X.1    Yao, Y.2    Du, J.R.3    Liu, Y.X.4    Wang, C.Y.5    Qian, Z.M.6
  • 126
    • 33846948242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effect of Z-ligustilide against permanent focal ischemic damage in rats
    • Peng HY, Du JR, Zhang GY, Kuang X, Liu YX, Qian ZM, et al. Neuroprotective effect of Z-ligustilide against permanent focal ischemic damage in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30: 309-12.
    • (2007) Biol Pharm Bull , vol.30 , pp. 309-312
    • Peng1    HY, D.J.2    Zhang, G.Y.3    Kuang, X.4    Liu, Y.X.5    Qian, Z.M.6
  • 127
    • 0035933639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A and donepezil protect rat pheochromo cytoma cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation
    • Zhou J, Fu Y, Tang XC. Huperzine A and donepezil protect rat pheochromo cytoma cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 53-6.
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.306 , pp. 53-56
    • Zhou, J.1    Fu, Y.2    Tang, X.C.3
  • 129
    • 0242523117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the regional blood fow in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
    • Lojkowska W, Ryglewicz D, Jedrzejczak T, Minc S, Jakubowska T, Jarosz H, et al. The effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the regional blood fow in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2003; 216: 119-26.
    • (2003) J Neurol Sci , vol.216 , pp. 119-126
    • Lojkowska, W.1    Ryglewicz, D.2    Jedrzejczak, T.3    Minc, S.4    Jakubowska, T.5    Jarosz, H.6
  • 130
    • 0030893633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huperzine A, a potential therapeutic agent for dementia, reduces neuronal cell death caused by glutamate
    • Ved HS, Koenig ML, Dave JR, Doctor BP. Huperzine A, a potential therapeutic agent for dementia, reduces neuronal cell death caused by glutamate. Neuroreport 1997; 8: 963-8.
    • (1997) Neuroreport , vol.8 , pp. 963-968
    • Ved, H.S.1    Koenig, M.L.2    Dave, J.R.3    Doctor, B.P.4
  • 131
    • 24044456340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel dimeric acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor bis7-tacrine, but not donepezil, prevents glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis by blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
    • Li W, Pi R, Chan HH, Fu H, Lee NT, Tsang HW, Pu Y, et al. Novel dimeric acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor bis7-tacrine, but not donepezil, prevents glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis by blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 18179-88.
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 18179-18188
    • Li, W.1    Pi, R.2    Chan, H.H.3    Fu, H.4    Lee, N.T.5    Tsang, H.W.6    Pu, Y.7
  • 132
    • 50649117539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of neuroprotection of donepezil, a therapy for Alzheimer's disease
    • Akasofu S, Kimura M, Kosasa T, Sawada K, Ogura H. Study of neuroprotection of donepezil, a therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175: 222-6.
    • (2008) Chem Biol Interact , vol.175 , pp. 222-226
    • Akasofu, S.1    Kimura, M.2    Kosasa, T.3    Sawada, K.4    Ogura, H.5
  • 133
    • 33745202817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of PMS777, a new type of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in human HepG2 cells. Comparison with tacrine and galanthamine on oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment
    • Ezoulin MJ, Dong CZ, Liu Z, Li J, Chen HZ, Heymans F, et al. Study of PMS777, a new type of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in human HepG2 cells. Comparison with tacrine and galanthamine on oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20: 824-31.
    • (2006) Toxicol In Vitro , vol.20 , pp. 824-831
    • Ezoulin, M.J.1    Dong, C.Z.2    Liu, Z.3    Li, J.4    Chen, H.Z.5    Heymans, F.6
  • 134
    • 0037437598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine enhance the mitochondrial electron transport chain in lymphocytes of patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • Casademont J, Miro O, Rodriguez-Santiago B, Viedma P, Blesa R, Cardellach F. Cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine enhance the mitochondrial electron transport chain in lymphocytes of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2003; 206: 23-6.
    • (2003) J Neurol Sci , vol.206 , pp. 23-26
    • Casademont, J.1    Miro, O.2    Rodriguez-Santiago, B.3    Viedma, P.4    Blesa, R.5    Cardellach, F.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.