Experimental measurements of intracellular mechanics

Cytoskeletal Mechanics: Models and Measurements

Volumn 9780521846370, Issue , 2006, Pages 18-49

  Janmey, Paul ^a   Schmidt, Christoph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CYTOLOGY; MAPPING; VISCOELASTICITY;

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE CANTILEVERS; HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS; HIGH-RESOLUTION MAPPING; MECHANICAL MANIPULATION; OPTICAL TRACKING METHOD; VISCO-ELASTIC MATERIAL; VISCO-ELASTIC PARAMETERS; VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES;

CELLS;

EID: 67651057749     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511607318.003     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Addas KM, Schmidt CF, Tang JX. (2004). “Microrheology of solutions of semiflexible biopolymer filaments using laser tweezers interferometry.” Phys. Rev. E., 70(2):Art. No. 021503.
2. Agayan RR, Gittes F, Kopelman R, Schmidt CF. (2002). “Optical trapping near resonance absorption.” Appl. Opt., 41(12):2318–27.
3. Ashkin A. (1992). “Forces of a single-beam gradient laser trap on a dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime.” Biophys. J., 61(2):569–82.
4. Ashkin A. (1997). “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94(10):4853–60.
5. Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM, Bjorkholm JE, Chu S. (1986). “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles.” Opt. Lett., 11(5):288–90.
6. Bacabac RG, Smit TH, Heethaar RM, van Loon JJWA, Pourquie MJMB, Nieuwstadt FTM, Klein-Nulend J. (2002). “Characteristics of the parallel-plate flow chamber for mechanical stimulation of bone cells under microgravity.” J. Gravitat. Physiol., 9:P181–2.
7. Bacabac RG, Smit TH, Mullender MG, Dijcks SJ, Van Loon J, Klein-Nulend J. (2004). “Nitric oxide production by bone cells is fluid shear stress rate dependent.” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 315(4):823–9.
8. Barbee KA, Mundel T, Lal R, Davies PF. (1995). “Subcellular distribution of shear stress at the surface of flow-aligned and nonaligned endothelial monolayers.” Am. J. Physiol., 268(4 Pt 2): H1765–72.
9. Bausch AR, Hellerer U, Essler M, Aepfelbacher M, Sackmann E. (2001). “Rapid stiffening of integrin receptor-actin linkages in endothelial cells stimulated with thrombin: A magnetic bead microrheology study.” Biophys. J., 80(6):2649–57.
10. Bausch AR, Moller W, Sackmann E. (1999). “Measurement of local viscoelasticity and forces in living cells by magnetic tweezers.” Biophys. J., 76(1):573–9.
11. Bausch AR, Ziemann F, Boulbitch AA, Jacobson K, Sackmann E. (1998). “Local measurements of viscoelastic parameters of adherent cell surfaces by magnetic bead microrheometry.” Biophys. J., 75(4):2038–49.
12. Berne BJ, Pecora R. 1990. Dynamic light scattering. Malabar: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.
13. Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C. (1986). “Atomic Force Microscope.” Phys., Rev., Lett., 56(9):930–3.
14. Bray D. (1984). “Axonal growth in response to experimentally applied mechanical tension.” Dev. Biol., 102(2):379–89.
15. Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J. (1999). “Mechanotransduction in bone – role of the lacuno-canalicular network.” Faseb. J., 13:S101–S112.
16. Caille N, Thoumine O, Tardy Y, Meister JJ. (2002). “Contribution of the nucleus to the mechanical properties of endothelial cells.” J. Biomech., 35(2):177–87.
17. Charras GT, Horton MA. (2002). “Determination of cellular strains by combined atomic force microscopy and finite element modeling.” Biophys. J., 83(2):858–79.
18. Chien S, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Sung KL, Schmalzer EA, Skalak R. (1984). “Viscoelastic properties of leukocytes.” Kroc. Found Ser., 16:19–51.
19. Crick F, Hughes A. (1950). “The physical properties of cytoplasm.” Exp. Cell Res., 1:37–80.
20. Crocker JC, Grier DG. (1996). “Methods of digital video microscopy for colloidal studies.” J. Colloid. Interface Sci., 179(1):298–310.
21. Crocker JC, Valentine MT, Weeks ER, Gisler T, Kaplan PD, Yodh AG, Weitz DA. (2000). “Two-point microrheology of inhomogeneous soft materials.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 85(4):888–91.
22. Cunningham CC, Gorlin JB, Kwiatkowski DJ, Hartwig JH, Janmey PA, Byers HR, Stossel TP. (1992). “Actin-binding protein requirement for cortical stability and efficient locomotion.” Science, 255(5042):325–7.
23. Daily B, Elson EL, Zahalak GI. (1984). “Cell poking. Determination of the elastic area compressibility modulus of the erythrocyte membrane.” Biophys. J., 45(4):671–82.
24. Dao M, Lim CT, Suresh S. (2003). “Mechanics of the human red blood cell deformed by optical tweezers.” J. Mechan. Phys. Solids, 51(11–12):2259–80.
25. Davies PF, Remuzzi A, Gordon EJ, Dewey CF, Jr., Gimbrone MA, Jr. (1986). “Turbulent fluid shear stress induces vascular endothelial cell turnover in vitro.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83(7): 2114–17.
26. de Pablo PJ, Colchero J, Gomez-Herrero J, Baro AM. (1998). “Jumping mode scanning force microscopy.” Appl. Phys. Lett., 73(22):3300–2.
27. Denk W, Webb WW. (1990). “Optical measurement of picometer displacements of transparent microscopic objects.” Appl. Opt., 29(16):2382–91.
28. Desprat N, Richert A, Simeon J, Asnacios A. (2005). “Creep function of a single living cell.” Biophys. J., 88(3):2224–33.
29. Dewey CF, Jr., Bussolari SR, Gimbrone MA, Jr., Davies PF. (1981). “The dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to fluid shear stress.” J. Biomech. Eng., 103(3):177–85.
30. Discher DE, Mohandas N, Evans EA. (1994). “Molecular maps of red cell deformation: hidden elasticity and in situ connectivity.” Science, 266(5187):1032–5.
31. Dong C, Skalak R, Sung KL, Schmid SG, Chien S. (1988). “Passive deformation analysis of human leukocytes.” J. Biomech. Eng., 110(1):27–36.
32. Dufrene YF. (2003). “Recent progress in the application of atomic force microscopy imaging and force spectroscopy to microbiology.” Curr. Op. Microbiol., 6(3):317–23.
33. Dvorak JA, Nagao E. (1998). “Kinetic analysis of the mitotic cycle of living vertebrate cells by atomic force microscopy” Exp. Cell Res., 242:69–74.
34. Ehrlich PJ, Lanyon LE. (2002). “Mechanical strain and bone cell function: a review.” Osteoporos. Int., 13(9):688–700.
35. Eichinger L, Koppel B, Noegel AA, Schleicher M, Schliwa M, Weijer K, Witke W, Janmey PA. (1996). “Mechanical perturbation elicits a phenotypic difference between Dictyostelium wild-type cells and cytoskeletal mutants.” Biophys. J., 70(2):1054–60.
36. Evans E, Yeung A. (1989). “Apparent viscosity and cortical tension of blood granulocytes determined by micropipet aspiration.” Biophys. J., 56(1):151–60.
37. Evans EA, Hochmuth RM. (1976). “Membrane viscoelasticity.” Biophys. J., 16(1):1–11.
38. Fabry B, Maksym GN, Butler JP, Glogauer M, Navajas D, Fredberg JJ. (2001). “Scaling the microrheology of living cells.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 8714(14):Art. No.148102.
39. Fabry B, Maksym GN, Hubmayr RD, Butler JP, Fredberg JJ. (1999). “Implications of heterogeneous bead behavior on cell mechanical properties measured with magnetic twisting cytometry.” J. Magn. and Magn. Mater., 194(1–3):120–5.
40. Feneberg W, Aepfelbacher M, Sackmann E. (2004). “Microviscoelasticity of the apical cell surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) within confluent monolayers.” Biophys. J., 87(2):1338–50.
41. Feneberg W, Westphal M, Sackmann E. (2001). “Dictyostelium cells’ cytoplasm as an active viscoplastic body.” Eur. Biophys. J., 30(4):284–94.
42. Florian JA, Kosky JR, Ainslie K, Pang ZY, Dull RO, Tarbell JM. (2003). “Heparan sulfate proteoglycan is a mechanosensor on endothelial cells.” Circul. Res., 93(10):E136–42.
43. Freundlich H, Seifriz W. (1922). “Über die Elastizita¨t von Sollen und Gelen.” Z. Phys. Chem., 104:233–61.
44. Fukuda S, Schmid-Schonbein GW. (2003). “Regulation of CD18 expression on neutrophils in response to fluid shear stress.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100(23):13152–7.
45. Gittes F, Schmidt CF. (1998). “Interference model for back-focal-plane displacement detection in optical tweezers.” Opt. Lett., 23(1):7–9.
46. Glogauer M, Arora P, Yao G, Sokholov I, Ferrier J, McCulloch CA. (1997). “Calcium ions and tyrosine phosphorylation interact coordinately with actin to regulate cytoprotective responses to stretching.” J. Cell Sci., 110 (Pt 1):11–21.
47. Grodzinsky AJ, Levenston ME, Jin M, Frank EH. (2000). “Cartilage tissue remodeling in response to mechanical forces.” Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 2:691–713.
48. Guck J, Ananthakrishnan R, Mahmood H, Moon TJ, Cunningham CC, Kas J. (2001). “The optical stretcher: a novel laser tool to micromanipulate cells.” Biophys. J., 81(2):767–84.
49. Guck J, Ananthakrishnan R, Moon TJ, Cunningham CC, Kas J. (2000). “Optical deformability of soft biological dielectrics.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 84(23):5451–4.
50. Hansma PK, Cleveland JP, Radmacher M, Walters DA, Hillner PE, Bezanilla M, Fritz M, Vie D, Hansma HG, Prater CBet al. (1994). “Tapping Mode Atomic-Force Microscopy in Liquids.” Appl. Phys. Lett., 64(13):1738–40.
51. Harada Y, Asakura T. (1996). “Radiation forces on a dielectric sphere in the Rayleigh scattering regime.” Opt. Commun., 124(5–6):529–41.
52. Heidemann SR, Buxbaum RE. (1994). “Mechanical tension as a regulator of axonal development.” Neurotoxicology, 15(1):95–107.
53. Heidemann SR, Kaech S, Buxbaum RE, Matus A. (1999). “Direct observations of the mechanical behaviors of the cytoskeleton in living fibroblasts.” J. Cell Biol., 145(1):109–22.
54. Heilbronn A. (1922). “Eine Neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Viskosität lebender Protoplasten” Jahrb. Wiss. Botan, 61:284–338.
55. Heilbrunn L. 1952. An outline of general physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 818 p.
56. Heilbrunn L. 1956. The dynamics of living protoplasm. New York: Academic Press. 327 p.
57. Helmke BP, Rosen AB, Davies PF. (2003). “Mapping mechanical strain of an endogenous cytoskeletal network in living endothelial cells.” Biophys. J., 84(4):2691–9.
58. Helmke BP, Thakker DB, Goldman RD, Davies PF. (2001). “Spatiotemporal analysis of flow-induced intermediate filament displacement in living endothelial cells.” Biophys. J., 80(1):184–94.
59. Henon S, Lenormand G, Richert A, Gallet F. (1999). “A new determination of the shear modulus of the human erythrocyte membrane using optical tweezers.” Biophys. J., 76(2):1145–51.
60. Hertz H. (1882). “Ueber den Kontakt elastischer Koerper.” J. Reine. Angew. Mathematik.92:156–71.
61. Hess ST, Huang SH, Heikal AA, Webb WW. (2002). “Biological and chemical applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: A review.” Biochem., 41(3):697–705.
62. Hochmuth RM. (2000). “Micropipette aspiration of living cells.” J. Biomech., 33(1):15–22.
63. Howard J. 2001. Mechanics of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
64. Hu SH, Chen JX, Fabry B, Numaguchi Y, Gouldstone A, Ingber DE, Fredberg JJ, Butler JP, Wang N. (2003). “Intracellular stress tomography reveals stress focusing and structural anisotropy in cytoskeleton of living cells.” A. J. Physiol. -Cell Physiol., 285(5):C1082–90.
65. Isambert H, Venier P, Maggs AC, Fattoum A, Kassab R, Pantaloni D, Carlier MF. (1995). “Flexibility of actin filaments derived from thermal fluctuations. Effect of bound nucleotide, phalloidin, and muscle regulatory proteins.” J. Biol. Chem., 270(19):11437–44.
66. Jackson JD. 1975. Class electrodyn. New York: Wiley.
67. Janmey PA, Weitz DA. (2004). “Dealing with mechanics: mechanisms of force transduction in cells.” Trends Biochem. Sci., 29(7):364–70.
68. Jones JD, Luby Phelps K. (1996). “Tracer diffusion through F-actin: Effect of filament length and cross-linking.” Biophys. J., 71(5):2742–50.
69. Jones JD, Ragsdale GK, Rozelle A, Yin HL, Luby-Phelps K. (1997). “Diffusion of vesicle-sized particles in living cells is restricted by intermediate filaments.” Mol. Biol. Cell, 8:1006.
70. Keller M, Schilling J, Sackmann E. (2001). “Oscillatory magnetic bead rheometer for complex fluid microrheometry” Rev. Sci. Instr., 72(9):3626–34.
71. Kellermayer MS, Smith SB, Granzier HL, Bustamante C. (1997). “Folding-unfolding transitions in single titin molecules characterized with laser tweezers.” Science, 276(5315):1112–16.
72. Klein-Nulend J, Bacabac RG, Veldhuijzen JP, Van Loon JJWA. (2003). “Microgravity and bone cell mechanosensitivity” Adv. Space Res., 32:1551–9.
73. Klemenz A, Schwinger C, Brandt J, Kressler J. (2003). “Investigation of elasto-mechanical properties of alginate microcapsules by scanning acoustic microscopy.” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 65A(2): 237–43.
74. Landau LD, Lifshitz EM. 1970. Theory of elasticity. New York: Pergamon Press.
75. Landau LD, Lifshitz EM, Pitaevskii LP. 1980. Statist. phys. Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press.
76. Lau AWC, Hoffman BD, Davies A, Crocker JC, Lubensky TC. (2003). “Microrheology, Stress Fluctuations and Active Behavior of Living Cells.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 91:198101.
77. Lenormand G, Henon S, Richert A, Simeon J, Gallet F. (2001). “Direct measurement of the area expansion and shear moduli of the human red blood cell membrane skeleton.” Biophys. J., 81(1): 43–56.
78. Levine AJ, Lubensky TC. (2000). “One- and two-particle microrheology.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 85(8):1774–7.
79. Levine AJ, Lubensky TC. (2001). “The Response Function of a Sphere in a Viscoelastic Two-Fluid Medium.” Phys. Rev. E., 63:0415101–12.
80. Levine AJ, Lubensky TC. (2002). “Two-point microrheology and the electrostatic analogy.” Phys. Rev. E. Stat. Nonlin. Soft. Matter. Phys., 65:011501.
81. Lim CT, Dao M, Suresh S, Sow CH, Chew KT. (2004). “Large deformation of living cells using laser traps.” Acta. Mater., 52(7):1837–45.
82. Lincoln B, Erickson HM, Schinkinger S, Wottawah F, Mitchell D, Ulvick S, Bilby C, Guck J. (2004). “Deformability-based flow cytometry.” Cytometry, 59A(2):203–9.
83. Liverpool TB, Maggs AC. (2001). “Dynamic scattering from semiflexible polymers.” Macromol, 34(17):6064–73.
84. Luby-Phelps K. (1994). “Physical-Properties of Cytoplasm.” Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 6(1):3–9.
85. MacKintosh FC, Schmidt CF. (1999). “Microrheology.” Curr. Opin. Colloid. & Inter. Sci., 4(4): 300–7.
86. Mahaffy RE, Park S, Gerde E, Kas J, Shih CK. (2004). “Quantitative analysis of the viscoelastic properties of thin regions of fibroblasts using atomic force microscopy.” Biophys. J., 86(3): 1777–93.
87. Mahaffy RE, Shih CK, MacKintosh FC, Kas J. (2000). “Scanning probe-based frequency-dependent microrheology of polymer gels and biological cells.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 85(4):880–3.
88. Maksym GN, Fabry B, Butler JP, Navajas D, Tschumperlin DJ, Laporte JD, Fredberg JJ. (2000). “Mechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0.05 to 0.4 Hz.” J. Appl. Phys., 89(4):1619–32.
89. Mason TG, Gang H, Weitz DA. (1997). “Diffusing-wave-spectroscopy measurements of viscoelasticity of complex fluids.” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. Opt. & Image Sci., 14(1):139–49.
90. Mason TG, Gisler T, Kroy K, Frey E, Weitz DA. (2000). “Rheology of F-actin solutions determined from thermally driven tracer motion.” J. Rheol., 44(4):917–28.
91. Mijailovich SM, Kojic M, Zivkovic M, Fabry B, Fredberg JJ. (2002). “A finite element model of cell deformation during magnetic bead twisting.” J. Appl. Phys., 93(4):1429–36.
92. Mitchison J, Swann M. (1954). “The mechanical properties of the cell surface. I: The cell elastimeter.” J. Exp. Biol., 31:445–59.
93. Ohura N, Yamamoto K, Ichioka S, Sokabe T, Nakatsuka H, Baba A, Shibata M, Nakatsuka T, Harii K, Wada, et al. (2003). “Global analysis of shear stress-responsive genes in vascular endothelial cells.” J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 10(5):304–13.
94. Peetermans JA, Matthews EK, Nishio I, Tanaka T. (1987a). “Particle Motion in Single Acinar-Cells Observed by Microscope Laser-Light Scattering Spectroscopy.” Eur. Biophys. J., 15(2): 65–9.
95. Peetermans JA, Nishio I, Ohnishi ST, Tanaka T. (1987b). “Single Cell Laser-Light Scattering Spectroscopy in a Flow Cell – Repeated Sickling of Sickle Red-Blood-Cells.” Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 931(3):320–5.
96. Peterman EJ, Gittes F, Schmidt CF. (2003a). “Laser-induced heating in optical traps.” Biophys. J., 84(2 Pt 1):1308–16.
97. Peterman EJG, DijkMAv, Kapitein LC, Schmidt CF. (2003b). “Extending the Bandwidth of Optical-Tweezers Interferometry.” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74(7):3246–9.
98. Petersen NO, McConnaughey WB, Elson EL. (1982). “Dependence of locally measured cellular deformability on position on the cell, temperature, and cytochalasin B.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79(17):5327–31.
99. Pine DJ, Weitz DA, Chaikin PM, Herbolzheimer E. (1988). “Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy.” Phys. Rev. Lett., 60:1134.
100. Pralle A, Prummer M, Florin EL, Stelzer EHK, Horber JKH. (1999). “Three-dimensional highresolution particle tracking for optical tweezers by forward scattered light.” Micros. Res. Tech., 44(5):378–86.
101. Puig-de-Morales M, Grabulosa M, Alcaraz J, Mullol J, Maksym GN, Fredberg JJ, Navajas D. (2001). “Measurement of cell microrheology by magnetic twisting cytometry with frequency domain demodulation.” J. Appl. Phys., 91(3):1152–59.
102. Putman CAJ, Vanderwerf KO, Degrooth BG, Vanhulst NF, Greve J. (1994). “Viscoelasticity of Living Cells Allows High-Resolution Imaging by Tapping Mode Atomic-Force Microscopy.” Biophys. J., 67(4):1749–53.
103. Reiser P. (1949). “The protoplasmic viscosity of muscle.” Protoplasma, 39:95–8.
104. Richelme F, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P. (2000). “Dynamic study of cell mechanical and structural responses to rapid changes of calcium level.” Cell Motil. Cytoskel., 45(2):93–105.
105. Rockwell MA, Fechheimer M, Taylor DL. (1984). “A comparison of methods used to characterize gelation of actin in vitro.” Cell Motil., 4(3):197–213.
106. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE. (1984). “Regulation of Bone-Formation by Applied Dynamic Loads.” J. Bone. Joint Surgery-Am. Vol., 66A(3):397–402.
107. Sato M, Wong TZ, Brown DT, Allen RD. (1984). “Rheological properties of living cytoplasm: A preliminary investigation of squid axoplasm (Loligo pealei).” Cell Motil., 4(1):7–23.
108. Schmidt CF, Barmann M, Isenberg G, Sackmann E. (1989). “Chain Dynamics, Mesh Size, and Diffusive Transport in Networks of Polymerized Actin – A Quasielastic Light Scattering and Microfluorescence Study.” Macromolecules., 22(9):3638–49.
109. Schmidt FG, Hinner B, Sackmann E, Tang JX. (2000). “Viscoelastic Properties of Semiflexible Filamentous Bacteriophage fd.” Phys. Rev. E., 62(4):5509–17.
110. Schnurr B, Gittes F, MacKintosh FC, Schmidt CF. (1997). “Determining microscopic viscoelasticity in flexible and semiflexible polymer networks from thermal fluctuations.” Macromol., 30:7781–92.
111. Sleep J, Wilson D, Simmons R, Gratzer W. (1999). “Elasticity of the red cell membrane and its relation to hemolytic disorders: An optical tweezers study.” Biophys. J., 77(6):3085–95.
112. Storm C, Pastore JJ, MacKintosh FC, Lubensky TC, Janmey PA. (2005). “Nonlinear Elasticity in Biological Gels.” Nature:in press.
113. Stossel T. (1990). “How Cells Crawl.” Am. Scientist, 78:408–23.
114. Svoboda K, Block SM. (1994). “Biological applications of optical forces.” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 23:247–85.
115. Thoumine O, Ott A. (1997). “Time scale dependent viscoelastic and contractile regimes in fibroblasts probed by microplate manipulation.” J. Cell Sci., 110 (Pt 17):2109–16.
116. Thoumine O, Ott A, Cardoso O, Meister JJ. (1999). “Microplates: A new tool for manipulation and mechanical perturbation of individual cells.” J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 39(1–2): 47–62.
117. Trepat X, Grabulosa M, Buscemi L, Rico F, Fabry B, Fredberg JJ, Farre R. (2003). “Oscillatory magnetic tweezers based on ferromagnetic beads and simple coaxial coils.” Rev. Sci. Instr., 74(9):4012–20.
118. Turner CH, Owan I, Takano Y. (1995). “Mechanotransduction in Bone – Role of Strain-Rate.” Am. J. Physiology-Endocrinol and Metab, 32(3):E438–42.
119. Valberg PA, Butler JP. (1987). “Magnetic Particle Motions within Living Cells – Physical Theory and Techniques.” Biophys. J., 52(4):537–50.
120. Valberg PA, Feldman HA. (1987). “Magnetic Particle Motions within Living Cells – Measurement of Cytoplasmic Viscosity and Motile Activity.” Biophys. J., 52(4):551–61.
121. Valentine MT, Kaplan PD, Thota D, Crocker JC, Gisler T, Prud’homme RK, Beck M, Weitz DA. (2001). “Investigating the microenvironments of inhomogeneous soft materials with multiple particle tracking.” Phys. Rev. E., 6406(6):Art. No. 061506.
122. Viola F, Walker WF. (2003). “Radiation force imaging of viscoelastic properties with reduced artifacts.” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control, 50(6):736–42.
123. Vonna L, Wiedemann A, Aepfelbacher M, Sackmann E. (2003). “Local force induced conical protrusions of phagocytic cells.” J. Cell Sci., 116(5):785–90.
124. Wagner O, Schuler H, Hofmann P, Langer D, Dancker P, Bereiter-Hahn J. (2001). “Sound attenuation of polymerizing actin reflects supramolecular structures: Viscoelastic properties of actin gels modified by cytochalasin D, profilin and alpha-actinin.” Biochem. J., 355(Pt 3):771–8.
125. Wagner O, Zinke J, Dancker P, Grill W, Bereiter-Hahn J. (1999). “Viscoelastic properties of F-actin, microtubules, F-actin/alpha-actinin, and F-actin/hexokinase determined in microliter volumes with a novel nondestructive method.” Biophys. J., 76(5):2784–96.
126. Wang N, Butler JP, Ingber DE. (1993). “Mechanotransduction across the Cell-Surface and through the Cytoskeleton.” Science, 260(5111):1124–27.
127. Waters CM, Sporn PH, Liu M, Fredberg JJ. (2002). “Cellular biomechanics in the lung.” Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell Mol. Physiol., 283(3):L503–9.
128. Webb WW. (2001). “Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: Inception, biophysical experimentations, and prospectus.” Appl. Opt., 40(24):3969–83.
129. Weinbaum S, Zhang XB, Han YF, Vink H, Cowin SC. (2003). “Mechanotransduction and flowacross the endothelial glycocalyx.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100(13):7988–95.
130. Weitz DA, Pine DJ. (1993). Diffusing-wave spectroscopy. In: Brown W, editor. Dynamic light scattering. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
131. Weitz DA, Zhu JX, Durian DJ, Gang H, Pine DJ. (1993). “Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy – the Technique and Some Applications.” Physica. Scripta, T49B:610–21.
132. Wolff J. 1986. The law of bone remodelling. Berlin: Springer.
133. Yagi K. (1961). “Mechanical and Colloidal Properties of Amoeba Protoplasm and Their Relations to Mechanism of Amoeboid Movement.” Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 3(2):73–&.