메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1917-1929

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) for the treatment of alcohol dependence: A review

Author keywords

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome; Anti craving drug; Gamma hydroxybutyric acid

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; CLOMETHIAZOLE; DIAZEPAM; DISULFIRAM; ESCITALOPRAM; METHADONE; NALTREXONE;

EID: 67649933506     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6061917     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (63)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 57749112923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral analyses of GHB: Receptor mechanisms
    • Carter, L.P.; Koek, W.; France, C.P. Behavioral analyses of GHB: receptor mechanisms. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009, 121, 100-114.
    • (2009) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.121 , pp. 100-114
    • Carter, L.P.1    Koek, W.2    France, C.P.3
  • 2
    • 0029920634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of endogenous opioids and dopamine in alcoholism: Human and basic science studies
    • Gianoulakis, C. Implication of endogenous opioids and dopamine in alcoholism: human and basic science studies. Alcohol Alcoholism 1996, 31, 33-42. (Pubitemid 26150743)
    • (1996) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.31 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 33-42
    • Gianoulakis, C.1
  • 3
    • 0000581642 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric, a normal brain metabolite
    • Bessmann, S.P.; Fishbein, W.M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric, a normal brain metabolite. Nature 1963, 200, 1207-1208.
    • (1963) Nature , vol.200 , pp. 1207-1208
    • Bessmann, S.P.1    Fishbein, W.M.2
  • 4
    • 3543142078 scopus 로고
    • Summary of an experimental and clinical study on a metabolic substrate with inhibitory central action: Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate
    • Laborit, H.; Jouany, J.M.; Gerard, J.; Fabiani, F. Summary of an experimental and clinical study on a metabolic substrate with inhibitory central action: sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. Presse Medicale 1960, 68, 1867-1869.
    • (1960) Presse Medicale , vol.68 , pp. 1867-1869
    • Laborit, H.1    Jouany, J.M.2    Gerard, J.3    Fabiani, F.4
  • 6
    • 0021186382 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites in rat and human brain synaptosomal membranes
    • Snead, O.C.; Liu, C.C. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites in rat and human brain synaptosomal membranes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1984, 33, 2587-2590.
    • (1984) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.33 , pp. 2587-2590
    • Snead, O.C.1    Liu, C.C.2
  • 7
    • 0141595051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and characterization of a rat brain receptor that binds the endogenous neuromodulator gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
    • Andriamampandry, C.; Taleb, O.; Viry, S.; Muller, C.; Humbert, J.P.; Gobaille, S.; Aunis, D.; Maitre, M. Cloning and characterization of a rat brain receptor that binds the endogenous neuromodulator gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). FASEB J. 2003, 17, 1691-1693.
    • (2003) FASEB J. , vol.17 , pp. 1691-1693
    • Andriamampandry, C.1    Taleb, O.2    Viry, S.3    Muller, C.4    Humbert, J.P.5    Gobaille, S.6    Aunis, D.7    Maitre, M.8
  • 8
    • 33847406317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and functional characterization of a gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor identified in the human brain
    • DOI 10.1096/fj.06-6509com
    • Andriamampandry, C.; Taleb, O.; Kemmel, V.; Humbert, J.P.; Aunis, D.; Maitre, M. Cloning and functional characterization of a gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor identified in the human brain. FASEB. J. 2007, 21, 885-895. (Pubitemid 46348261)
    • (2007) FASEB Journal , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 885-895
    • Andriamampandry, C.1    Taleb, O.2    Kemmel, V.3    Humbert, J.-P.4    Aunis, D.5    Maitre, M.6
  • 9
    • 0014342335 scopus 로고
    • 4-Hydroxybutyrate anaesthesia for cardiovascular surgery. A comparison with halothane
    • Aldrete, J.A.; Barnes, D.P. 4-Hydroxybutyrate anaesthesia for cardiovascular surgery. A comparison with halothane. Anaesthesia 1968, 23, 558-565.
    • (1968) Anaesthesia , vol.23 , pp. 558-565
    • Aldrete, J.A.1    Barnes, D.P.2
  • 10
    • 0031460943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate or midazolam in combination with sufentanil for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery
    • Kleinschmidt, S.; Grundmann, U.; Janneck, U.; Kreienmeyer, J.; Kulosa, R.; Larsen, R. Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate or midazolam in combination with sufentanil for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 1997, 14, 590-599.
    • (1997) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.14 , pp. 590-599
    • Kleinschmidt, S.1    Grundmann, U.2    Janneck, U.3    Kreienmeyer, J.4    Kulosa, R.5    Larsen, R.6
  • 11
    • 0031770155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total intravenous anaesthesia with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and sufentanil in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A comparison in patients with unimpaired and impaired left ventricular function
    • Kleinschmidt, S.; Grundmann, U.; Knocke, T; Silomon, M; Bach, F; Larsen, R. Total intravenous anaesthesia with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and sufentanil in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a comparison in patients with unimpaired and impaired left ventricular function. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. 1998, 15, 559-564.
    • (1998) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.15 , pp. 559-564
    • Kleinschmidt, S.1    Grundmann, U.2    Knocke, T.3    Silomon, M.4    Bach, F.5    Larsen, R.6
  • 14
    • 0017345452 scopus 로고
    • The effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate on sleep
    • Mamelak, M.; Escrui, J.M.; Stokan, O. The effects of γ- hydroxybutyrate on sleep. Biol. Psychiatry. 1977, 12, 273-278.
    • (1977) Biol. Psychiatry. , vol.12 , pp. 273-278
    • Mamelak, M.1    Escrui, J.M.2    Stokan, O.3
  • 15
    • 0022842842 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings
    • Mamelak, M.; Scharf, M.B.; Woods, M. Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings. Sleep 1986, 9, 285-289.
    • (1986) Sleep , vol.9 , pp. 285-289
    • Mamelak, M.1    Scharf, M.B.2    Woods, M.3
  • 16
  • 17
    • 0018889118 scopus 로고
    • Effects of nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate on sleep/waking patterns in narcolepsy-cataplexy
    • Broughton, R.; Mamelak, M. Effects of nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate on sleep/waking patterns in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1980, 7, 23-31.
    • (1980) Can. J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 23-31
    • Broughton, R.1    Mamelak, M.2
  • 18
  • 20
    • 0034123323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients
    • DOI 10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00085-3, PII S0741832999000853
    • Beghè, F.; Campanini, M.T. Safety and tolerability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol-dependents patients. Alcohol 2000, 20, 223-225. (Pubitemid 30408570)
    • (2000) Alcohol , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-225
    • Beghe, F.1    Carpanini, M.T.2
  • 25
    • 0141829702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system
    • Davies, M. The role of GABAA receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2003, 28, 263-274. (Pubitemid 37158025)
    • (2003) Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 263-274
    • Davies, M.1
  • 26
    • 0028149213 scopus 로고
    • Ethanol inhibits glutamatergic neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens neurons by multiple mechanisms
    • Nie, Z.; Madamba, S.G.; Siggins, G.R. Ethanol inhibits glutamatergic neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens neurons by multiple mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 271, 1566-1573.
    • (1994) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.271 , pp. 1566-1573
    • Nie, Z.1    Madamba, S.G.2    Siggins, G.R.3
  • 27
    • 0027339743 scopus 로고
    • GABAA receptor function in the g-hydroxybutyrate model of generalized absence seizures
    • Snead, O.C., III; Liu, C.C. GABAA receptor function in the g-hydroxybutyrate model of generalized absence seizures. Neuropharmacology 1993, 32, 401-409.
    • (1993) Neuropharmacology , vol.32 , pp. 401-409
    • Snead III, O.C.1    Liu, C.C.2
  • 28
    • 0037237413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABA systems, benzodiazepines, and substance dependence
    • Malcolm, R.J. GABA systems, benzodiazepines, and substance dependence. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2003, 64, 36-40. (Pubitemid 36389870)
    • (2003) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , vol.64 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 36-40
    • Malcolm, R.J.1
  • 29
    • 49849087800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New developments for the pharmacological treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. A focus on non-benzodiazepine GABAergic medications
    • Leggio, L.; Kenna, G.A.; Swift, R.M. New developments for the pharmacological treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. A focus on non-benzodiazepine GABAergic medications. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 32, 1106-1117.
    • (2008) Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry , vol.32 , pp. 1106-1117
    • Leggio, L.1    Kenna, G.A.2    Swift, R.M.3
  • 31
    • 0032747467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine
    • Addolorato, G.; Balducci, G.; Capristo, E.; Attilia, M.L.; Taggi, F.; Gasbarrini, G.; Ceccanti, M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1999, 23, 1596-1604.
    • (1999) Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 1596-1604
    • Addolorato, G.1    Balducci, G.2    Capristo, E.3    Attilia, M.L.4    Taggi, F.5    Gasbarrini, G.6    Ceccanti, M.7
  • 32
    • 34447121393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate reduces both withdrawal syndrome and hypercortisolism in severe abstinent alcoholics: An open study vs. diazepam
    • DOI 10.1080/00952990701315046, PII 779735400
    • Nava, F.; Premi, S.; Manzato, E.; Campagnola, W.; Lucchini, A.; Gessa, G.L. Gammahydroxybutyrate reduces both withdrawal syndrome and hypercortisolism in severe abstinent alcoholics: an open study vs. diazepam. Amer. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007, 33, 379-392. (Pubitemid 47037171)
    • (2007) American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 379-392
    • Nava, F.1    Premi, S.2    Manzato, E.3    Campagnola, W.4    Lucchini, A.5    Gessa, G.L.6
  • 33
    • 0036181841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-blind controlled trial of γ-hydroxybutyrate and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal
    • Nimmerrichter, A.A.; Walter, H.; Gutierrez-Lobos, K.E.; Lesch, O.M. Double blind controlled trial of γ-hydroxybutyrate and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Alcoholism 2002, 37, 67-73. (Pubitemid 34173312)
    • (2002) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-73
    • Nimmerrichter, A.A.1    Walter, H.2    Gutierrez-Lobos, K.E.3    Lesch, O.M.4
  • 34
    • 0141922088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in patients admitted to hospital
    • Korninger, C.; Roller, R.E.; Lesch, O.M. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in patients admitted to hospital. Acta. Med. Austriaca. 2003, 3, 83-86.
    • (2003) Acta. Med. Austriaca. , vol.3 , pp. 83-86
    • Korninger, C.1    Roller, R.E.2    Lesch, O.M.3
  • 35
    • 0031752553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid reducing effect on ethanol intake: Evidence in favour of a substitution mechanism
    • DOI 10.1093/alcalc/33.5.465
    • Agabio, R.; Colombo, G.; Loche, A.; Lobina, C.; Pani, M.L.; Reali, R.; Gessa, G.L. Gammahydroxybutyric acid reducing effect on ethanol intake: evidence in favour of a substitution mechanism. Alcohol Alcoholism 1998, 33, 465-474. (Pubitemid 28477179)
    • (1998) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 465-474
    • Agabio, R.1    Colombo, G.2    Loche, A.3    Lobina, C.4    Pani, M.L.5    Reali, R.6    Gessa, G.L.7
  • 37
    • 0034043187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of the antialcohol effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
    • DOI 10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00091-9, PII S0741832999000919
    • Gessa, G.L.; Agabio, R.; Carai, M.A.; Lobina, C.; Pani, M.; Reali, R.; Colombo, G. Mechanism of the anti-alcohol effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Alcohol 2000, 20, 271-276. (Pubitemid 30408576)
    • (2000) Alcohol , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-276
    • Gessa, G.L.1    Agabio, R.2    Carai, M.A.M.3    Lobina, C.4    Pani, M.5    Reali, R.6    Colombo, G.7
  • 39
    • 0026709519 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependance: A double-blind study
    • Gallimberti, L.; Ferri, M.; Ferrara, S.D.; Fadda, F.; Gessa, G.L. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependance: a double-blind study. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1992, 16, 673-676.
    • (1992) Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 673-676
    • Gallimberti, L.1    Ferri, M.2    Ferrara, S.D.3    Fadda, F.4    Gessa, G.L.5
  • 40
    • 0029743299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open multicentric study evaluating 4-hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt in the medium-term treatment of 179 alcohol dependent subjects
    • Addolorato, G.; Castelli, E.; Stefanini, G.F.; Casella, G.; Caputo, F.; Marsigli, L.; Bernardi, M.; Gasbarrini, G. An open multicentric study evaluating 4-hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt in the medium-term treatment of 179 alcohol dependent subjects. GHB Study Group. Alcohol Alcoholism 1996, 31, 341-345. (Pubitemid 26302563)
    • (1996) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 341-345
    • Addolorato, G.1    Castelli, E.2    Stefanini, G.F.3    Casella, G.4    Caputo, F.5    Marsigli, L.6    Bernardi, M.7    Gasbarrini, G.8
  • 41
    • 0032227323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcoholism: Dosage fractioning utility in non-responder alcoholic patients
    • PII S0376871698000945
    • Addolorato, G.; Cibin, M.; Caputo, F.; Capristo, E.; Gessa, G.L.; Stefanini, G.F.; Gasbarrini, G. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcoholism: dosage fractioning utility in nonresponder alcoholic patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998, 53, 7-10. (Pubitemid 128712675)
    • (1998) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-10
    • Addolorato, G.1    Cibin, M.2    Caputo, F.3    Capristo, E.4    Gessa, G.L.5    Stefanini, G.F.6    Gasbarrini, G.7
  • 42
    • 0034960118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term therapy using GHB (sodium gamma hydroxybutyrate) for treatment-resistant chronic alcoholics
    • Maremmani, I.; La Manna, F.; Tagliamone, A. Long-term therapy using GHB (sodium gamma hydroxybutyrate) for treatment-resistant chronic alcoholics. J. Psychoactive Drug. 2001, 33, 135-142. (Pubitemid 32643295)
    • (2001) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 135-142
    • Maremmani, I.1    Lamanna, F.2    Tagliamonte, A.3
  • 43
    • 33748740640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and ethanol effects and interactions in humans
    • Thai, D.; Dyer, J.E.; Benowitz, N.L.; Haller, C.A. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and ethanol effects and interactions in humans. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2006, 26, 524-529.
    • (2006) J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , vol.26 , pp. 524-529
    • Thai, D.1    Dyer, J.E.2    Benowitz, N.L.3    Haller, C.A.4
  • 46
    • 34447537966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of alcohol during the treatment of alcohol dependence with gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Risk of severe events are avoided by the dose fractioning of the drug
    • Caputo, F.; Stoppo, M.; Vignoli, T.; Francini, S.; Lorenzini, F.; Bernardi, M. Use of alcohol during the treatment of alcohol dependence with gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Risk of severe events are avoided by the dose fractioning of the drug. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007, 27, 418.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , vol.27 , pp. 418
    • Caputo, F.1    Stoppo, M.2    Vignoli, T.3    Francini, S.4    Lorenzini, F.5    Bernardi, M.6
  • 47
    • 33751065826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing treatments of alcoholism on craving and biochemical measures of alcohol consumptions
    • Nava, F.; Premi, S.; Manzato, E.; Lucchini, A. Comparing treatments of alcoholism on craving and bio-chemical measures of alcohol consumptions. J. Psychoactive Drug. 2006, 38, 211-217. (Pubitemid 44759957)
    • (2006) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-217
    • Nava, F.1    Premi, S.2    Manzato, E.3    Lucchini, A.4
  • 49
    • 42749090464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open randomized study of the treatment of escitalopram alone and combined with γ-hydroxybutyric acidand naltrexone in alcoholic patients
    • Stella, L.; Addolorato, G.; Rinaldi, B.; Capuano, A.; Berrino, L.; Rossi, F.; Maione, F. An open randomized study of the treatment of escitalopram alone and combined with γ-hydroxybutyric acidand naltrexone in alcoholic patients. Pharmacol. Res. 2008, 57, 312-317.
    • (2008) Pharmacol. Res. , vol.57 , pp. 312-317
    • Stella, L.1    Addolorato, G.2    Rinaldi, B.3    Capuano, A.4    Berrino, L.5    Rossi, F.6    Maione, F.7
  • 50
    • 0032905099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol
    • DOI 10.1093/alcalc/34.2.197
    • Verheul, R.; van Den Brink, W.; Geerlings, P. A three-patways psychological model of craving for alcohol. Alcohol Alcoholism 1999, 34, 197-222. (Pubitemid 29213715)
    • (1999) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-222
    • Verheul, R.1    Van Den Brink, W.2    Geerlings, P.3
  • 51
    • 17144369890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: A review
    • DOI 10.1159/000084161
    • Addolorato, G.; Abenavoli, L.; Leggio, L.; Gasbarrini, G. How many cravings? Pharmacological aspects of craving treatment in alcohol addiction: a review. Neuropsychobiology 2005, 51, 59-66. (Pubitemid 40522796)
    • (2005) Neuropsychobiology , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 59-66
    • Addolorato, G.1    Abenavoli, L.2    Leggio, L.3    Gasbarrini, G.4
  • 52
    • 62949138353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typologies of alcohol dependence from jellinek to genetics and beyond
    • doi: 10.1007/s11065-008-9080
    • Leggio, L.; Kenna, G.A.; Fenton, M.; Bonenfant, E.; Swift, R.M. Typologies of alcohol dependence from jellinek to genetics and beyond. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s11065-008-9080.
    • (2009) Neuropsychol. Rev.
    • Leggio, L.1    Kenna, G.A.2    Fenton, M.3    Bonenfant, E.4    Swift, R.M.5
  • 53
    • 0034046688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: Efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction
    • DOI 10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00084-1, PII S0741832999000841
    • Addolorato, G.; Caputo, F.; Capristo, E.; Stefanini, G.F.; Gasbarrini, G. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction. Alcohol 2000, 20, 217-222. (Pubitemid 30408569)
    • (2000) Alcohol , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 217-222
    • Addolorato, G.1    Caputo, F.2    Capristo, E.3    Stefanini, G.F.4    Gasbarrini, G.5
  • 55
    • 17644374100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice
    • DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403
    • Kalivas, P.W.; Volkow, N.D. The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162, 1403-1413. (Pubitemid 41105554)
    • (2005) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.162 , Issue.8 , pp. 1403-1413
    • Kalivas, P.W.1    Volkow, N.D.2
  • 56
    • 0030811315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in opioid-dependent patients
    • Rosen, M.I.; Pearsall, H.R.; Woods, S.W.; Kosten, T.R. Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in opioid-dependent patients. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1997, 14, 149-154.
    • (1997) J. Subst. Abuse Treat. , vol.14 , pp. 149-154
    • Rosen, M.I.1    Pearsall, H.R.2    Woods, S.W.3    Kosten, T.R.4
  • 57
    • 19444366055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine-induced alterations in dopamine receptor signalling: Implications for reinforcement and reinstatement
    • Anderson, S.M.; Pierce, R.C. Cocaine-induced alterations in dopamine receptor signalling: implications for reinforcement and reinstatement. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005, 106, 389-403.
    • (2005) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.106 , pp. 389-403
    • Anderson, S.M.1    Pierce, R.C.2
  • 58
    • 3042779902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: Results from imaging studies and treatment implications
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4001507
    • Volkow, N.D.; Fowler, J.S.; Wang, G.J.; Swanson, J.M. Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9, 557-569. (Pubitemid 38850435)
    • (2004) Molecular Psychiatry , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 557-569
    • Volkow, N.D.1    Fowler, J.S.2    Wang, G.-J.3    Swanson, J.M.4
  • 59
    • 0037657967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABA transmission in the nucleus accumbens is altered after withdrawal from repeated cocaine
    • Xi, Z.X.; Ramamoorthy, S.; Shen, H.; Lake, R.; Samuvel, D.J.; Kalivas, P.W. GABA transmission in the nucleus accumbens is altered after withdrawal from repeated cocaine. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23, 3498-3505. (Pubitemid 36531993)
    • (2003) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 3498-3505
    • Xi, Z.-X.1    Ramamoorthy, S.2    Shen, H.3    Lake, R.4    Samuvel, D.J.5    Kalivas, P.W.6
  • 60
    • 4143139697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B receptor modulation of neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02525.x
    • Jayaram, P.; Steketee, J.D. Effects of repeated cocaine on medial prefrontal cortical GABAB receptor modulation of neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. J. Neurochem. 2004, 90, 839-847. (Pubitemid 39099965)
    • (2004) Journal of Neurochemistry , vol.90 , Issue.4 , pp. 839-847
    • Jayaram, P.1    Steketee, J.D.2
  • 61
    • 33846226075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential regional effects of methadone maintenance compared to heroin dependence on mu-opioid receptor desensitization in rat brain
    • DOI 10.1002/syn.20355
    • Martin, T.J.; Kahn, W.R.; Xiao, R.; Childers, S.R. Differential regional effects of methadone maintenance compared to heroin dependence on mu-opioid receptor desensitization in rat brain. Synapse 2007, 61, 176-184. (Pubitemid 46106814)
    • (2007) Synapse , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 176-184
    • Martin, T.J.1    Kahn, W.R.2    Xiao, R.3    Childers, S.R.4
  • 62
    • 37549060737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PET imaging of dopamine transporter and drug craving during methadone maintenance treatment and after prolonged abstinence in heroin users
    • Shi, J.; Zhao, L.Y.; Copersino, M.L.; Fang, Y.X.; Chen, Y.; Tian, J.; Deng, Y.; Shuai, Y.; Jin, J.; Lu, L. PET imaging of dopamine transporter and drug craving during methadone maintenance treatment and after prolonged abstinence in heroin users. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 28, 160-166.
    • (2007) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.28 , pp. 160-166
    • Shi, J.1    Zhao, L.Y.2    Copersino, M.L.3    Fang, Y.X.4    Chen, Y.5    Tian, J.6    Deng, Y.7    Shuai, Y.8    Jin, J.9    Lu, L.10
  • 64
    • 33846239323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of alcohol dependence
    • Tambour, S.; Quertemont, E. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of alcohol dependence. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007, 21, 9-28.
    • (2007) Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.21 , pp. 9-28
    • Tambour, S.1    Quertemont, E.2
  • 67
    • 20444498341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition and management of complications of new recreational drug use
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66737-2, PII S0140673605667372
    • Ricaurte, G.A.; McCann, U.D. Recognition and management of complications of new recreational drug use. Lancet 2005, 365, 2137-2145. (Pubitemid 40826972)
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , Issue.9477 , pp. 2137-2145
    • Ricaurte, G.A.1    McCann, U.D.2
  • 68
    • 40849140797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden
    • Knudsen, K.; Greter, J.; Verdicchio, M. High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden. Clin. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 187-192.
    • (2008) Clin. Toxicol. , vol.46 , pp. 187-192
    • Knudsen, K.1    Greter, J.2    Verdicchio, M.3
  • 69
    • 24944565182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate as a treatment for alcoholism
    • Caputo, F.; Addolorato, G.; Trevisani, F.; Bernardi, M. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate as a treatment for alcoholism. Lancet 2005, 366, 981-982.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 981-982
    • Caputo, F.1    Addolorato, G.2    Trevisani, F.3    Bernardi, M.4
  • 70
    • 67649604205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for alcohol dependence: Balancing the risks and benefits. A focus on clinical data
    • Addolorato, G.; Leggio, L.; Ferrulli, A.; Caputo, F.; Gasbarrini, A. The therapeutic potential of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for alcohol dependence: balancing the risks and benefits. A focus on clinical data. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drug. 2009, 18, 1-12.
    • (2009) Expert. Opin. Investig. Drug. , vol.18 , pp. 1-12
    • Addolorato, G.1    Leggio, L.2    Ferrulli, A.3    Caputo, F.4    Gasbarrini, A.5
  • 71
    • 65349120730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of alcohol use disorders
    • Caputo, F.; Bernardi, M.; Zoli, G. Treatment of alcohol use disorders. Lancet 2009, 373, 1519.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 1519
    • Caputo, F.1    Bernardi, M.2    Zoli, G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.