InforMatrix for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 755-772

  Janknegt, Robert ^a   Faber, Adrianne ^b   Pereira, Rob Rodrigues ^c   Kalverdijk, Luuk J ^d  

^a Zuyderland Medical Centre   (Netherlands)

^b SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy   (Netherlands)

^c Zuiderziekenhuis   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

ADHD; Atomoxetine; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Concerta; Equasym; Medikinet; Methylphenidate

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; AMITRIPTYLINE; AMPHETAMINE; ATOMOXETINE; BICARBONATE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DIAZEPAM; DOSULEPIN; DOXEPIN; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MIDAZOLAM; MIRTAZAPINE; MODAFINIL; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYLBUTAZONE; PHENYTOIN; PLACEBO; PRIMIDONE; QUINIDINE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; WARFARIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGGRESSION; ANOREXIA; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ASTHENIA; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG UTILIZATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSKINESIA; DYSPEPSIA; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART PALPITATION; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER INJURY; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MORNING DOSAGE; NAUSEA; NETHERLANDS; NIGHTMARE; QUALITY CONTROL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SLEEP DISORDER; SLOW DRUG RELEASE; SOMNOLENCE; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TACHYCARDIA; TIC; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; VOMITING;

ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; METHYLPHENIDATE; NETHERLANDS; PROPYLAMINES;

EID: 67649612544     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656560902765769     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Taylor E, Sergeant J, Doepfner M, et al. Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder. European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;7:184-200 • European guideline.
2. American Academy of Pediatrics. Subcommittee on Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Committee on Quality Improvement. Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2001;108:1033-1044
3. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2000;105:1158-1170 •• Leading guidenline for the treatment of ADHD.
4. Krull KR. Evaluation and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Available from: http://www.utdol.com/online/content/ topic.do?topicKey=behavior/8293&selecte dTitle=4~150&source=search- result [Accessed 27 August 2008]
5. Searight HR, Burke JM. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Available from: http://www.utdol.com/online/ content/topic.do?topicKey=psychiat/ 8007 &selectedTitle=2~150&source=searc h-result [Accessed 27 August 2008]
6. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine (review). Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ index.jsp?action= byID&o=11572 [Accessed 27 August 2008] •• Extensive review.
7. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorders in children and young people. A national clinical guideline. Publication no. 52. June 2001. Available from: http://www.sign.ac.uk [Accessed 27 August 2008]
8. Robison LM, Sclar DA, Skaer TL, et al. National trends in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the prescribing of methylphenidate among school-age children: 1990-1995. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1999;38:209-217
9. Gezondheidsraad. Diagnostiek en behandeling van ADHD. Gezondheidsraad. Den Haag. 2000: publicatie nr. 2000/24. Available from: http://www.gr.nl/pdf. php?ID=178&p=1 [Accessed 27 August 2008]
10. Brenninkmeijer R, Mairs J, Timoney M, et al. InforMatrix as an alternative tool in rational and transparent drug-decision making. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8(Suppl 1):S31-6 (Pubitemid 47629218)
11. Van den Bemt BJ, van den Hoogen FH, Breedveld FC, et al. InforMatrix: treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using biologicals. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006;7:1769-1789
12. Klassen A, Miller A, Raina P, et al. A review of therapies for ADHD. Part 2: the efficacy of medical and other therapies for ADHD in children and youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical experience. 1999. Available from: http://www.ccohta.ca/entry-e.html [Accessed 27 August 2008]
13. Spencer T, Heiligenstein JH, Biederman J, et al. Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:1140-1147 (Pubitemid 36084059)
14. Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1896-1901 (Pubitemid 35283256)
15. Biederman J, Heiligenstein JH, Faries DE, et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus placebo in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2002;110:e75:1-7
16. Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Pediatrics 2001;108:e83:1-9
17. Kelsey DK, Sumner CR, Casat CR, et al. Once daily atomoxetine treatment for children with ADHD, including an assessment of evening and morning behaviour: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 2004;114:e1-8
18. Newcorn JH, Spencer TJ, Biederman J, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid ODD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:240-248
19. Weiss M, Tannock R, Kratochvil C, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:647-655 (Pubitemid 40875359)
20. Gau SS, Huang YS, Soong WT, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on once-daily atomoxetine hydrochloride in Taiwanese children and adolescents with ADHD. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17:447-459 (Pubitemid 47417773)
21. Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology 2005;65:1941-1949 (Pubitemid 43970115)
22. Spencer TJ, Sallee FR, Gilbert DL, et al. Atomoxetine treatment of ADHD in children with comborbid Tourette syndrome. J Atten Disord 2008;11:470-481
23. Bangs ME, Emslie GJ, Spencer TJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in adolescents with ADHD and major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17:407-419
24. Geller D, Donnelly C, Lopez F, et al. Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with ADHD with comorbid anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:1119-1127
25. Bangs ME, Hazell P, Danckaerts M, et al. Atomoxetine for the treatment of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder. Pediatrics 2008;121:e314-20
26. Michelson D, Buitelaar JK, Danckaerts M, et al. Relapse prevention in pediatric patients with ADHD treated with atomoxetine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:896-904 •• Large long-term study. (Pubitemid 38808495)
27. Buitelaar JK, Michelson D, Danckaerts M, et al. A Randomized, double-blind study of continuation treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after 1 year. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:694-699 (Pubitemid 46328852)
28. Garces K. Atomoxetine for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Issues Emerg Health Technol 2003;46:1-4
29. Simpson D, Plosker GL. Atomoxetine: a review of its use in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drugs 2004;64:205-222 (Pubitemid 38186965)
30. Kratochvil CJ, Wilens TE, Greenhill LL, et al. Effects of long-term atomoxetine treatment for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:919-927 • Important study providing evicence for atomoxetine. (Pubitemid 43932908)
31. Wilens TE, Kratochvil C, Newcorn JH, et al. Do children and adolescents with ADHD respond differently to atomoxetine? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:149-157
32. Wilens TE, Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, et al. Long-term atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr 2006;149:112-119 (Pubitemid 44081915)
33. Cheng YY, Chen EY, Ko JS, et al. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine for ADHD in children and adolescents-meta analysis and meta-regression analysis. Psychopharmacol 2007;194:197-209
34. Wigal SB, McGough JJ, Mccracken JT, et al. A laboratory school comparison of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR) and atomoxetine (Strattera) in school-aged children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 2005;9:275-289 (Pubitemid 41551759)
35. Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ, et al. Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD: acute comparison and differential response. Am J Psychiatry 2008;epub, dpo:10.1176/appi/ajp.05091676) •• Important large scale comparative study between atomoxetine and Concerta.
36. Greenhill L, Beyer DH, Finkleson J, et al. Guidelines and algorithms for the use of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 2002;6(Suppl 1):S89-100 • Important guideline for the treatment of ADHD. (Pubitemid 44850821)
37. Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, et al. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41(2 Suppl):26S-49S
38. Schachter HM, Pham B, King J, et al. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ 2001;27:1475-1488 • Important meta-analysis. (Pubitemid 34060190)
39. Conners CK. Forty years of methylphenidate treatment in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 2002;6(Suppl 1):S17-30 (Pubitemid 44850814)
40. Anonymous. Treatment of ADHD. AHRQ Evidence reports. Number 11. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View. ShowSection&rid=hstat1.chapter.14677 [Accessed 27 August 2008]
41. Miller A, Lee SK, Raina P. A review of therapies for ADHD. 1999. Available from: http://www.cadth.ca/index.php/en/ publication/20 [Accessed 27 August 2008]
42. Rodriguez A, Järvelin MR, Obel C, et al. Do inattention and hyperactivity symptoms equal scholastic impairment? Evidence from three European cohorts. BMC Public Health 2007;7:327 (Pubitemid 351178227)
43. Diamond IR, Tannock R, Schachar RJ. Response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:402-409 (Pubitemid 29153111)
44. Schachar RJ, Tannock R, Cunningham C. Behavioral, situational, and temporal effects of treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:754-763 (Pubitemid 27250438)
45. Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, et al. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Res 1991;36:141-155
46. Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Rapoport JL, et al. Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: is there a common vulnerability? Psychiatry Res 1990;33:83-94
47. Aman MG, Kern RA, McGhee DE, et al. Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and ADHD: clinical and side effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32(4):851-859 (Pubitemid 23187787)
48. Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Fitzpatrick PA, et al. Clinical effects of a controlled trial of methylphenidate on adolescents with attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:702-709 (Pubitemid 20311703)
49. Zeiner P, Bryhn G, Bjercke C, et al. Response to methylphenidate in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:298-303 (Pubitemid 29144137)
50. Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Richardson E, et al. Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading-disabled children: I. Behavior and cognitive performance effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988;27:70-77
51. Gross-Tsur V, Shalev RS, Badihi, et al. Efficacy of methylphenidate in patients with cerebral palsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol 2002;17(12):863-866
52. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF, Katz S, et al. Comparative effects of methylphenidate and thioridazine in hyperkinetic children. I. Clinical results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1217-1231
53. Arnold LE, Christopher J, Huestis R, et al. Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:463-473 (Pubitemid 8337038)
54. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Roe C. Comparative efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:468-473
55. MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1073-1086 •• Large scale and long term study in ADHD.
56. MTA Cooperative Group. Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with ADHD: the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1088-1096 •• Large scale and long term study in ADHD.
57. Biederman J, Mick E, Surman C, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:829-835
58. Medori R, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Casas M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three fixed dosages of prolonged-release OROS methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 2008. [Epub ahead of print]
59. Sinzig J, Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G, et al. Long-acting methylphenidate has an effect on aggressive behavior in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17:421-432 (Pubitemid 47422214)
60. Kratochvil CJ, Heiligenstein JH, Dittmann R, et al. Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:776-784 (Pubitemid 38338092)
61. Kemner JE, Starr HL, Ciccone PE, et al. Outcomes of OROS methylphenidate compared with atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a multicenter, randomized prospective study. Adv Ther 2005;22:498-512 (Pubitemid 43130867)
62. Starr HL, Kemner J. Multicenter, randomized, open-label study of OROS methylphenidate versus atomoxetine: treatment outcomes in African-American children with ADHD. J Nat Med Asoc 2005;97(suppl):11S-16S (Pubitemid 41429050)
63. CFH rapport 06/05. Atomoxetine, Strattera, herbeoordeling. Available from: http://www.cvz.nl/resources/cfh0605%20 atomoxetine-Strattera%20rapport- tcm28- 18820.pdf [Accessed 27 August 2008]
64. Wolraich ML, Greenhill LL, Pelham W, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate once a day in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2001;108:883-892 (Pubitemid 32947657)
65. Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows-Maclean L, et al. Once-a-day Concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics 2001;107(6):E105:1-15
66. Steele M, Weiss M, Swanson J, et al. A randomized, controlled effectiveness trial of Oros methylphenidate compared to usual care with immediate-release methylphenidate in ADHD. Can J Clin Pharmcol 2006;13:e50-62
67. Findling RL, Quinn D, Hatch SJ, et al. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of twice-daily Ritalin((R)) and once-daily Equasym (trade mark) XL with placebo in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;15:450-459 (Pubitemid 46020530)
68. Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Wigal T, et al. A comparison of once-daily extended-release methylphenidate formulations in children with ADHD in the laboratory school (The Comacs study). Pediatrics 2004;e206
69. Döpfner M, Gerber WD, Banaschewski T, et al. Comparative efficacy of once-a-day extended-release methylphenidate, two-times-daily immediate-release methylphenidate, and placebo in a laboratory school setting. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;13(Suppl 1):I93-101 (Pubitemid 39165255)
70. Drugdex Editorial Staff. Atomoxetine. Drugdex Evaluation. Micromedex Healthcare Series. 2008. Available from: http://healthcare. micromedex.com/ mdxcgi/display. exe?CTL=/u01/mdx/mdxcgi/MEGAT.SYS &SET= 80F0225F4158096B1B00&SYS= &T=170 [Accessed 27 August 2008]
71. Wernicke JF, Kratochvil CJ. Safety profile of atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 12):50-55 (Pubitemid 36025588)
72. Polzer J, Bangs ME, Zhang S, et al. Meta-analysis of aggression or hostility events in randomized, controlled clinical trials of atomoxetine for ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:713-719 (Pubitemid 46328864)
73. FDA Memorandum D060163. Available from: www.fda.gov/ohrms/ dockets/ac/06/briefing/2006- 4210b-10-01-Mosholder.pdf [Accessed 27 August 2008]
74. Sonuga-Barke EJ, Swanson JM, Coghill D, et al. Efficacy of two once daily mehtylphenidate formulations compared across dose levels at different times of the day: preliminary indications from a secondary analysis of the COMACS study data. BMC Psychiatry 2004;4:28 doi:10.1186/147I-244X/4/28. (Pubitemid 40177141)
75. Bangs ME, Tauschner-Wisniewski S, Polzer J, et al. Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psyhiatry 2008;47:209-218 (Pubitemid 351158789)
76. Swanson J, Greenhill L, Wigal T, et al. Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:1304-1313 (Pubitemid 44665447)
77. Hodding GC, Johnston PM, Marjomacki D, et al. Methylphenidate. Drugdex Evaluation. Micromedex Healthcare Series. 2008. Available from: http://healthcare.micromedex.com/ mdxcgi/display.exe?CTL=/u01/mdx/ mdxcgi/megat.sys&SET=80F0225F41581 157F22900&SYS=1&T=1305&D=1 [Accessed 27 August 2008]
78. Heil SH, Holmes HW, Bickel WK, et al. Comparison of the subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in light drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;67:149-156 (Pubitemid 34722402)
79. Kollins SH, MacDonald EK, Rush CR. Assessing the abuse potential of methylphenidate in nonhuman and human subjects: a review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001;68:611-627 (Pubitemid 32452420)
80. Kollins SH. Comparing the abuse potential of methylphenidate versus other stimulants: a review of available evidence and relevance to the ADHD patient. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(Suppl 11):14-18 (Pubitemid 37169644)
81. Volkow ND, Swanson JM. Variables that affect the clinical use and abuse of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1909-1918 • Review on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate. (Pubitemid 39619623)
82. Huss M, Lehmkuhl U. Methylphenidate and substance abuse: a review of pharmacology, animal, and clinical studies. J Atten Disord 2002;6(Suppl 1):S65-71 (Pubitemid 44850819)
83. Klein-Schwartz W. Abuse and toxicity of methylphenidate. Curr Opin Pediatr 2002;14:219-223 (Pubitemid 34412168)
84. Scarnati R. An outline of hazardous side effects of Ritalin (methylphenidate). Int J Addict 1986;21:837-841 (Pubitemid 16005810)
85. Parasrampuria DA, Schoedel KA, Schuller R, et al. Assessment of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects related to abuse potential of a unique oral osmotic-controlled extended-release methylphenidate formulation in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47:1476-1488 (Pubitemid 350115303)
86. Parasrampuria DA, Schoedel KA, Schuller R, et al. Do formulation differences alter abuse liability of methylphenidate? A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study in recreational drug users. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:459-467 (Pubitemid 47415043)
87. Dupont RL, Coleman JJ, Bucher RH, et al. Characteristics and motives of college students who engage in nonmedical use of methylphenidate. Am J Addict 2008;17:167-171 (Pubitemid 351883180)
88. Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:21-31
89. Dupont RL, Bucher RH, Wilford BB, et al. School-based administration of ADHD drugs decline, along with diversion, theft, and misuse. J Sch Nurs 2007;23:349-352
90. Krull KR. Treatment and prognosis of ADHD in children. Available from: http://www.utdol.com/application/topic. asp?file=gen-pedi/20789&type= P&selecte dTitle=7~18 [Accessed 27 August 2008]
91. Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Daughton JM, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of ADHD. Exp Rev Neurother 2004;4:601-611
92. Wernicke JF, Faries D, Girod D, et al. Cardiovascular effects of atomoxetine in children, adolescents, and adults. Drug Saf 2003;26:729-740 (Pubitemid 36976134)
93. Simpson D, Perry CM. Atomoxetine. Paediatr Drugs 2003;5:407-415
94. Leonard BE, McCartan D, White J, et al. Methylphenidate: a review of its neuropharmacological, neuropsychological and adverse clinical effects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2004;19:151-180 (Pubitemid 38514828)
95. Golinko BE. Side effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children-a brief review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1984;8:1-8 (Pubitemid 14126051)
96. Rapport MD, Moffitt C. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and methylphenidate. A review of height/weight, cardiovascular, and somatic complaint side effects. Clin Psychol Rev 2002;22:1107-1131
97. Law SF, Schachar RJ. Do typical clinical doses of methylphenidate cause tics in children treated for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:944-951
98. Dulcan M. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(10 Suppl):85S-121S
99. Pentikis HS, Simmons RD, Benedict MF, et al. Methylphenidate bioavailability in adults when an extended-release multiplarticulate formulation is administered sprinkled on food or as an intact capsule. A Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:443-449 (Pubitemid 38327921)
100. Ring BJ, Gillespie JS, Eckstein JA, et al. Identification of the human cytochromes P450 responsible for atomoxetine metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:319-323 (Pubitemid 34175024)
101. Belle DJ, Ernest CS, Sauer JM, et al. Effect of potent CYP2D6 inhibition by paroxetine on atomoxetine pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 2002;42:1219-1227 (Pubitemid 35205057)
102. Sauer JM, Long AJ, Ring B, et al. Atomoxetine hydrochloride: clinical drug-drug interaction prediction and outcome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;308:410-418 (Pubitemid 38134198)
103. Eiland LS, Guest AL. Atomoxetine treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:86-90 (Pubitemid 38018013)
104. Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Harrington MJ, et al. Atomoxetine: a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003;4:1165-1174 (Pubitemid 36857196)
105. Markowitz JS, Straughn AB, Patrick KS. Advances in the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: focus on methylphenidate formulations. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:1281-1299 (Pubitemid 37221923)
106. Hellriegel ET, Arora S, Nelson M, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil given alone or in combination with methylphenidate in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:895-904 (Pubitemid 32692101)
107. Midha KK, McKay G, Rawson MJ, et al. Effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate. Pharm Res 2001;18:1185-1189 (Pubitemid 32900405)
108. Modi NB, Wang B, Hu WT, Gupta SK. Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of osmotic controlled-release methylphenidate HCl in healthy subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2000;21:23-31 (Pubitemid 30808659)
109. Available from: http://www.stepselect.com
110. Scott M, Timoney M, Mairs J, et al. Safe Therapeutic Economic Pharmaceutical Selection (STEPS): development, introduction and use in Northern Ireland. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8(Suppl 1):S57-63 (Pubitemid 47629221)