Atomoxetine: A Review of its Use in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Drugs

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 205-222

  Simpson, Dene ^a   Plosker, Greg L ^a  

^a ADIS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Adults; Atomoxetine; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Therapeutic use; Tolerability

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYATOMOXETINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; ATOMOXETINE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CARRIER PROTEIN; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6; CYTOCHROME P450 INHIBITOR; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; DRUG METABOLITE; FLUOXETINE; IMIPRAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN; NORADRENALIN TRANSPORTER; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; NORATOMOXETINE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; QUINIDINE; RECEPTOR; SALBUTAMOL; SLI 381; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APPETITE DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN DISEASE; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA; CONSTIPATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISSOCIATION CONSTANT; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG CONTROL; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSMENORRHEA; DYSURIA; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; HEADACHE; HEART PALPITATION; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; IMPOTENCE; INSOMNIA; LIBIDO DISORDER; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE; OPEN STUDY; PLASMA CLEARANCE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRESCRIPTION; QT PROLONGATION; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX PAIN; TIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINE RETENTION; WEIGHT REDUCTION; XEROSTOMIA;

ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; NOREPINEPHRINE; PROPYLAMINES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0442275989     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200464020-00005     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wilens TE, et al. Overview and neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 Suppl. 12: 3-9
2. Biederman J, Spencer T. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46 (9): 1234-42
3. Weiss M, Murray C. Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. CMAJ 2003 Mar 18; 168 (6): 715-22
4. Horrigan JP. Present and future pharmacotherapeutic options for adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001 Apr; 2 (4): 573-86
5. Higgins ES. A comparative analysis of antidepressants and stimulants for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Fam Pract 1999 Jan; 48 (1): 15-20
6. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. CNS Drugs 1998; 9 (5): 347-56
7. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens TE, et al. Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controversial diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 Suppl. 7: 59-68
8. Dulcan M. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 Oct; 36 (10 Suppl.): 85S-121S
9. Roy-Byrne P, Scheele L, Brinkley J, et al. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: assessment guidelines based on clinical presentation to a specialty clinic. Compr Psychiatry 1997 May-Jun 30; 38 (3): 133-40
10. Adler LA, Chua HC. Management of ADHD in adults. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 Suppl. 12: 29-35
11. Shaffer D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1994 May; 151 (5): 633-8
12. Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002 Nov; 159 (11): 1896-901
13. Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, et al. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry 2003 Jan 15; 53 (2): 112-20
14. Stahl SM. Neurotransmission of cognition, part 2. Selective NRIs are smart drugs: exploiting regionally selective actions on both dopamine and norepinephrine to enhance cognition. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 Feb; 64 (2): 110-1
15. Biederman J, Spencer T. Genetics of childhood disorders: XIX. ADHD, Part 3: is ADHD a noradrenergic disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000 Oct; 39 (10): 1330-3
16. Wong DT, Penny G, Threlkeld KL, et al. A new inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake devoid of affinity for receptors in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982 Jul; 222 (1): 61-5
17. Bolden-Watson C, Richelson E. Blockade by newly-developed antidepressants of biogenic amine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes. Life Sci 1993; 52 (12); 1023-9
18. Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E. Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994 May; 114 (4): 559-65
19. 3H]nisoxetine binding in rat brain. J Neurochem 1995 Jun; 64 (6): 2792-800
20. 3H] tomoxetine an enantiomerically pure ligand for norepinephrine reuptake sites. Neurosci Lett 1993 Jul 23; 157 (2): 203-6
21. Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, et al. Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002 Nov; 27 (5): 699-711
22. Fuller RW, Hemrick-Leucke SK. Antagonism by tomoxetine of the depletion of norepinephrine and epinephrine in rat brain by a-methyl-m-tyrosine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1983 Jul; 41 (1): 169-72
23. Zerbe RL, Rowe H, Enas GG, et al. Clinical pharmacology of tomoxetine, a potential antidepressant. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985 Jan; 232 (1): 139-43
24. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998 May; 155 (5): 693-5
25. Adler L, Spencer T, Sutton V, et al. Dose and time response of atomoxetine use in adult ADHD [poster]. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP); 2003 Oct 14-19; Miami
26. Wernicke FJ, Faries D, Girod D, et al. Cardiovascular effects of atomoxetine in children, adolescents, and adults. Drug Saf 2003; 26 (10): 729-40
27. Yeo KP, Kelly R, Lowe SL, et al. Haemodynamic effects of atomoxetine are less pronounced than methylphenidate, and not additive in combination. J Clin Pharmacol 2001 Sep; 41 (9): 1022
28. Heil SH, Holmes HW, Bickel WK, et al. Comparison of the subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in light drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002 Jul 1; 67 (2): 149-56
29. Farid NA, Bergstrom RF, Ziege EA, et al. Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of tomoxetine in normal subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 1985 May-Jun 30; 25 (4): 296-301
30. Sauer JM, Ponsler GD, Mattiuz EL, et al. Disposition and metabolic fate of atomoxetine hydrochloride: the role of CYP2D6 in human disposition and metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2003 Jan; 31(1): 98-107
31. Eli Lilly and Company. Indianapolis. Strattera (R) (atomoxetine HCl) [online]. Available from URL: www.strattera.com [Accessed 2003 Jul 28]
32. Michelson D, Paries D, Wernicke J, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, placebo-controlled study, dose-response study. Paediatrics 2001; 108 (5): E83
33. Belle DJ, Ernest CS, Sauer JM, et al. Effect of potent CYP2D6 inhibition by paroxetine on atomoxetine pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 2002 Nov; 42 (11): 1219-27
34. Chalon SA, Desager JP, Desante KA, et al. Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine and its metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003 Mar; 73 (3): 178-91
35. Adler LA, Spencer TJ, Reimherr FW, et al. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in long-term, open-label treatment of adults with ADHD [abstract no. NR645 plus poster]. American Psychiatric Association 2003 Annual Meeting; New Research Abstracts, 156th Annual Meeting; 2003 May 17-22; San Francisco
36. Simpson D, Perry CM. Atomoxetine. Pediatric Drugs 2003; 5 (6): 407-15
37. Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Harrington MJ, et al. Atomoxetine: a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003 Jul; 4 (7): 1165-74
38. Spencer T, Heiligenstein JH, Biederman J, et al. Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 Dec; 63 (12); 1140-7
39. Reimherr FW, Strong RE, Dawson WH, et al. Emotional dysregulation in ADHD and response to atomoxetine [abstract no. NR640]. American Psychiatric Association 2003 Annual Meeting; New Research Abstracts, 156th Annual Meeting; 2003 May 17-22; San Francisco
40. Data on file. Eli Lilly and Company. 2003
41. Rose VL. NIH issues consensus statement on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Am Fam Physician 1999 May 1; 59 (9): 2645-6
42. Weisler RH, Chrisman AK, Wilens TE, Adderall XR dosed once daily in adults with ADHD [abstract no. 33]. American Psychiatric Association 2003 Annual Meeting; 2003 May 17-22; San Francisco
43. Shire Pharmaceuticals Group. Shire receives approvable letter for adult Adderall (XR9R). from US Food and Drug Administration [media release]. 2003
44. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). NIH Consens Statement 1998 Nov; 16 (2): 1-37
45. Popper CW. Pharmacologic alternatives to psychostimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000 Jul; 9 (3); 605-46
46. Kratochvil CJ, Newcorn J, Gao H, et al. Atomoxetine for comorbid ADHD and affective symptoms [poster]. 50th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP); 2003 Oct 14-19; Miami