A metabolic aspect of osteoarthritis: lipid as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of cartilage degradation

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 347-353

  Masuko, K ^a,b   Murata, M ^b   Suematsu, N ^a   Okamoto, K ^a   Yudoh, K ^b   Nakamura, H ^c   Kato, T ^a  

^a Department of Biochemistry ^*  (Japan)

^b ST MARIANNA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c NIPPON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Japan)

Author keywords

chondrocytes; Lipid; metabolic disease.; osteoarthritis

Indexed keywords

CERAMIDE; FATTY ACID; ICOSANOID; LEPTIN; LIPID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PIOGLITAZONE; SPHINGOLIPID;

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; BODY FAT; CARTILAGE; CARTILAGE CELL; CARTILAGE DEGENERATION; CHONDROPROTECTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADIPOKINES; ANIMALS; CHONDROCYTES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICE; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS;

EID: 67449093965     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (92)

1. GUALILLO O: Further evidence for leptin involvement in cartilage homeostases. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15: 857-60.
2. SHARMA L, KAPOOR D: Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis. In MOSKOWITZ R, ALTMAN R, HOCHBERG M, BUCKWALTER J, GOLDBERG V (Eds.) Osteoarthritis: Diagnosis and medical/surgical management. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
3. POTT1E P, PRESLE N, TERLAIN B, NETTER P, MAINARD D, BERENBAUM F: Obesity and osteoarthritis: more complex than predicted! Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 1403-5.
4. PRESLE N, POTTIE P, DUMOND H et al: Differential distribution of adipokines between serum and synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis. Contribution of joint tissues to their articular production. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14: 690-5.
5. CHEN TH, CHEN L, HSIEH MS, CHANG CP, CHOU DT, TSAI SH: Evidence for a protective role for adiponectin in osteoarthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1762: 711-8.
6. LAGO R, GOMEZ R, OTERO M et al: A new player in cartilage homeostasis: adiponectin induces nitric oxide synthase type II and pro-inflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16: 1101-9.
7. KISHIDA Y, HIRAO M, TAMAI N et al: Leptin regulates chondrocyte differentiation and matrix maturation during endochondral ossification. Bone 2005; 37: 607-21.
8. 1LIOPOULOS D, MAL1ZOS KN, TSEZOU A: Epigenetic regulation of leptin affects MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible molecular target for osteoarthritis therapeutic intervention. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1616-21.
9. SIMOPOULOU T, MALIZOS KN, ILIOPOULOS D et al: Differential expression of leptin and leptin's receptor isoform (Ob-Rb) mRNA between advanced and minimally affected osteoarthritic cartilage; effect on cartilage metabolism. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15: 872-83.
10. DUMOND H, PRESLE N, TERLAIN B et al: Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 3118-29.
11. TEICHTAHL AJ, WLUKA AE, PROIETTO J, CICUTTINI FM: Obesity and the female sex, risk factors for knee osteoarthritis that may be attributable to systemic or local leptin biosynthesis and its cellular effects. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65: 312-5.
12. PELLETIER JP. MARTEL-PELLETIER J, RAY-NAULD JP: Most recent developments in strategies to reduce the progression of structural changes in osteoarthritis: today and tomorrow. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: 206.
13. KOLOVOU GD. ANAGNOSTOPOULOU KK. COKKINOS DV: Pathophysiology of dyslipi-daemia in the metabolic syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 358-66.
14. HOOPER M. MOSKOW1TZ R. HOCHBERG M, BUCKWALTER J. GOLDBERG V: Osteoarthritis: clinical presentations. In MOSKOW-ITZ R. ALTMAN R (Eds.). Osteoarthritis. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
15. TODA Y, TODA T. TAKEMURA S, WADA T, MORIMOTO T. OGAWA R: Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 2181-6.
16. LAZZERINI PE, CAPECCHI PL. NERUCC1 F et al.: Simvastatin reduces MMP-3 level in interleukin 1 beta stimulated human chondro-cyte culture. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 867-9.
17. BEATT1E MS, LANE NE, HUNG YY. NEVITT MC: Association of statin use and development and progression of hip osteoarthritis in elderly women. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 106-10.
18. WU YS. HU YY. YANG RF, WANG Z, WEI YY: The matrix metalloproteinases as pharmacological target in osteoarthritis: statins may be of therapeutic benefit. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69: 557-9.
19. CHAMPE P, HARVEY R. FERRIER D: Lippin-cott's Illustrated Reviews, Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
20. BUSSO N, DUDLER J, SALVI R et al: Plasma apolipoprotein(a) co-deposits with fibrin in inflammatory arthritic joints. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1445-53.
21. L1PPIELLO L, WALSH T, FIENHOLD M: The association of lipid abnormalities with tissue pathology in human osteoarfhritic articular cartilage. Metabolism 1991; 40: 571-6.
22. MANKIN H. MOW V, BUCKWALTER J, ION-NOTTI J, RATCL1FFE A: Articular cartilage structure, composition, and function. In BUCKWALTER J, EINHORN T. SIMON S (Eds.) Orthopaedic Basic Science. 2nd ed: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2000.
23. BONUCCI E. S1LVESTRINI G: Morphological investigation of epiphyseal cartilage after gl-utaraldehyde-malachite green fixation. Bone 1994; 15: 153-60.
24. ARKILL KP, WINLOVE CP: Fatty acid transport in articular cartilage. Arch Biochem Bio-phys 2006; 456: 71-8.
25. ADKISSON HDT, RISENER FS, JR, ZARRIN-KAR PP. WALLA MD, CHRISTIE WW, WUTH-IER RE: Unique fatty acid composition of normal cartilage: discovery of high levels of n-9 eicosatrienoic acid and low levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Faseb J 1991; 5: 344-53.
26. ADKISSON HD, TRANCIK T, ZARRINKAR P, WUTHIER RE: Accumulation of essential fatty acids in hyaline cartilage with aging and osteoarthritis: possible implications in development of arthritis. Orthop Trans 1990; 14: 423-4.
27. CANCEDDA FD, MALPELI M. GENTILI C et al: The developmental^ regulated avian Ch21 lipocalin is an extracellular fatty acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 20163-9.
28. CERMELLI S, ZEREGA B, CARLEVARO M et al: Extracellular fatty acid binding protein (Ex-FABP) modulation by inflammatory agents: "physiological" acute phase response in endochondral bone formation. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79: 155-64.
29. DESCALZI CANCEDDA F, DOZ1N B. ZEREGA B, CERMELLI S, GENTILI C, CANCEDDA R: Ex-FABP, extracellular fatty acid binding protein, is a stress lipocalin expressed during chicken embryo development. Mol Cell Biochem 2002:239:221-5.
30. IANNONI P. ZAMBOTTI A. PAGANO A, CANCEDDA R, DOZIN B: Differentiation-dependent activation of the extracellular fatty acid binding protein (Ex-FABP) gene during chondrogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2004; 198: 144-54.
31. Dl MARCO E, SESSAREGO N, ZEREGA B. CANCEDDA R, CANCEDDA FD: Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by ExFABP gene targeting. J Cell Physiol 2003; 196: 464-73.
32. HANNUN YA: The sphingomyelin cycle and the second messenger function of ceramide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 3125-8.
33. SABAT1NI M. ROLLAND G. LEONCE S et al: Effects of ceramide on apoptosis, proteogly-can degradation, and matrix metalloprotein-ase expression in rabbit articular cartilage. Biochem Biophxs Res Commun 2000; 267: 438-44.
34. SABATINI M, BARD1OT A, LESUR C et al.: Effects of agonists of peroxisome prolifera-tor-activated receptor gamma on proteogly-can degradation and matrix metalloprotein-ase production in rat cartilage in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10: 673-9.
35. SPIEGEL S.MILSTIENS:Sphingosine 1-phos-phate, a key cell signaling molecule. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 25851-4.
36. PAYNE S. MILSTIEN S. SPIEGEL S: Sphingo-sine-1-phosphate: dual messenger functions. FEBS letters 2002; 531:54-7.
37. YANG L, YATOMI Y, MIURA Y, SATOH K. OZAKI Y: Metabolism and functional effects of sphingolipids in blood cells. Br J Haema-tol 1999; 107: 282-93.
38. YATOMI Y, IGARASHI Y, YANG L et a/.: Sphin-gosine 1-phosphate, a bioactive sphingolipid abundantly stored in platelets, is a normal constituent of human plasma and serum. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1997; 121: 969-73.
39. KITANO M. HLA T, SEKIGUCHI M et al.: Sphingosine 1-phosphate/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 signaling in rheumatoid synovium: regulation of synovial proliferation and inflammatory gene expression. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 742-53.
40. PI X, TAN SY. HAYES M et al: Sphingosine kinase 1-mediated inhibition of Fas death signaling in rheumatoid arthritis B lymphob-lastoid cells. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 754-64.
41. CUVILLIER O, PIRIANOV G. KLEUSER B et al.: Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature 1996: 381: 800-3.
42. KIM MK. LEE HY. KWAK JY. PARK Jl. YUN J. BAE YS: Sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulates rat primary chondrocyte proliferation. Biochem Biophxs Res Commun 2006; 345: 67-73.
43. MASUKO K. MURATA M. NAKAMURA H. YUDOH K. NISH1OKA K. KATO T: Sphingosine-1-phosphate attenuates proteoglycan aggrecan expression via production of pros-taglandin E2 from human articular chondro-cytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007: 8: 29.
44. STRADNER MH. HERMANN J. ANGERER H el al: Spingosine-1-phosphate stimulates proliferation and counteracts interleukin-1 induced nitric oxide formation in articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16: 305-11.
45. GOLDRING MB. BERENBAUM F: Human chondrocyte culture models for studying cyclooxygenase expression and prostaglan-din regulation of collagen gene expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999: 7: 386-8.
46. MASUKO-HONGO K. BERENBAUM F. HUMBERT L, SALVAT C. GOLDRING MB. THIR1ON S: Up-regulation of microsomal prostaglan-din E synthase 1 in osteoarthritic human cartilage: critical roles of the ERK-1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. Arthritis Rheum 2004: 50: 2829-38.
47. MARTEL-PELLETIER J. MINEAU F. FAHMI H et al: Regulation of the expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein/5-lipoxyge-nase and the synthesis of leukotriene B(4) in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: role of transforming growth factor beta and eicosanoids. Arthritis Rheum 2004: 50: 3925-33.
48. KOJ1MA F. NARABA H. MIYAMOTO S. BEPPU M, AOKI H. KAWAI S: Membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1 is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 6: R355-R65.
49. GOSSET M, BERENBAUM F. LEVY A et ill: Prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage ex-plants under compression: mPGES-1 is a mechanosensitive gene. Arthritis Res Ther 2006:8: R135.
50. CLARK CA. SCHWARZ EM. ZHANG X et al.: Differential regulation of EP receptor isofor-ms during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte maturation. Biochem Biophxs Res Commun 2005; 328: 764-76.
51. MIYAMOTO M. ITO H. MUKA1 S et al: Simultaneous stimulation of EP2 and EP4 is essential to the effect of prostaglandin E2 in chondrocyte differentiation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003: 11: 644-52.
52. FUSH1MI K. NAKASHIMA S. BANNO Y. AKAIKE A. TAK1GAWA M. SHIMIZU K: Implication of prostaglandin E(2) in TNF-al-pha-induced release of m-calpain from HCS-2/8 chondrocytes. Inhibition of m-calpain release by NSAIDs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12: 895-903.
53. NOTOYA K. JOVANOVIC D. REBOUL P. MARTEL-PELLETIER J. MINEAU F. PELLETIER J: The induction of cell death in human os-teo-arthritis chondrocytes by nitric oxide is related to the production of prostaglandin E2 via the induction of cyclooxygenase-2. J Immunol 2000; 165: 3402-10.
54. HARDY MM, SEIBERT K, MANNING PT et al.: Cyclooxygenase 2-dependent prostaglandin E2 modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in human osteoarthritis explants. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1789-803.
55. JEFFREY JE, ASPDEN RM: Cyclooxygenase inhibition lowers prostaglandin E2 release from articular cartilage and reduces apopto-sis but not proteoglycan degradation following an impact load in vitro. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9: R129.
56. PELLETIER J, MARTEL-PELLETIER J, ABRAM-SON S: Osteoarthritis, an inflammatory disease. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1237-47.
57. FUSHIMI K, NAKASHIMA S, YOU F, TAKI-GAWA M, SHIMIZU K: Prostaglandin E2 downregulates TNF-alpha-induced production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in HCS-2/8 chondrocytes by inhibiting Raf-1/MEK/ ERK cascade through EP4 prostanoid receptor activation. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100: 783-93.
58. BROCHHAUSEN C, NEULAND P, KIRK-PATRICK CJ, NUSING RM, KLAUS G: Cyclo-oxygenases and prostaglandin E2 receptors in growth plate chondrocytes in vitro and in situ--prostaglandin E2 dependent proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: R78.
59. ALVAREZ-SORIA MA, LARGO R, SANCHEZ-PERNAUTE O, CALVO E, EGIDO J, HERRE-RO-BEAUMONT G: Prostaglandin E2 receptors EP1 and EP4 are up-regulated in rabbit chondrocytes by IL-lbeta, but not by TNF-alpha. Rheumatollnt 2007; 27: 911-7.
60. YOON J-B, KIM S-J, HWANG S-G, CHANG S, KANG S-S. CHUN J-S: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes independent of cyclooxygenase activity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 15319-25.
61. TAKAHASHI T, OGAWA Y, KITAOKA K et al: Selective COX-2 inhibitor regulates the MAP kinase signaling pathway in human os-teoarthritic chondrocytes after induction of nitric oxide. Int J Mol Med 2005; 15: 213-9.
62. TSUTSUMI R, ITO H, HIRAMITSU T et al.: Celecoxib inhibits production of MMP and NO via down-regulation of NF-kappaB and JNK in a PGE2 independent manner in human articular chondrocytes. Rheumatol Int 2007; 28: 727-36.
63. EL HAJJAJI H. MARCELIS A, DEVOGELAER JP, MANICOURT DH: Celecoxib has a positive effect on the overall metabolism of hyaluro-nan and proteoglycans in human osteoarthrit-ic cartilage. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 2444-51.
64. MASTBERGEN SC, BIJLSMA JW, LAFEBER FP: Selective COX-2 inhibition is favorable to human early and late-stage osteoarthritic cartilage: a human in vitro study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13: 519-26.
65. NAKAMURA H, MASUKO K, YUDOH K, KATO T, NISHIOKAK: Effects of celecoxib on human chondrocytes-enhanced production of chemokines. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007; 25: 11-6.
66. MASTBERGEN SC, JANSEN NW, BIJLSMA JW, LAFEBER FP: Differential direct effects of cyclo-oxygenase-1/2 inhibition on proteoglycan turnover of human osteoarthritic cartilage: an in vitro study. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: R2.
67. FRANCOIS M, RICHETTE P, TSAGRIS L et al: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma down-regulates chondrocyte matrix metalloproteinase-1 via a novel composite element. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 28411-8.
68. BOILEAU C. MARTEL-PELLETIER J, FAHM1 H, MINEAU F, BOILY M, PELLETIER JP: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone reduces the development of cartilage lesions in an experimental dog model of osteoarthritis: in vivo protective effects mediated through the inhibition of key signaling and catabolic pathways. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2288-98.
69. FRANCOIS M, RICHETTE P, TSAGRIS L et al: Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha pathway potentiates interleukin-1 receptor antagonist production in cytokine-treated chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1233-45.
70. POLENI PE, BIANCHI A, ETIENNE S et al.: Agonists of peroxisome proliferators-acti-vated receptors (PPAR) alpha, beta/delta or gamma reduce transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-induced proteoglycans' production in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:493-505.
71. AFIF H, BENDERDOUR M, MFUNA-ENDAM L etal: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1 expression is diminished in human osteoarthritic cartilage and is downregulated by interleukin-lbeta in articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9: R31.
72. SHAN ZZ, MASUKO-HONGO K, DAI SM. NAKAMURA H, KATO T. NISHIOKA K: A potential role of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-pros-taglandin J2 for induction of human articular chondrocyte apoptosis in arthritis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 37939-50.
73. BORDJI K, GRILLASCA JP, GOUZE JN et al: Evidence for the presence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma and retinoid Z receptor in cartilage. PPARgamma activation modulates the effects of interleukin-1 beta on rat chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 12243-50.
74. HENROTIN Y, KURZ B, AIGNER T: Oxygen and reactive oxygen species in cartilage degradation: friends or foes? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13: 643-54.
75. TIKU ML, SHAH R, ALLISON GT: Evidence linking chondrocyte lipid peroxidation to cartilage matrix protein degradation. Possible role in cartilage aging and the pathogen-esis of osteoarthritis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 20069-76.
76. SHAH R, RASKA K JR, TIKU ML: The presence of molecular markers of in vivo lipid peroxidation in osteoarthritic cartilage: a pathogenic role in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2799-807.
77. MORQUETTE B, SHI Q, LAVIGNE P, RANGER P, FERNANDES JC, BENDERDOUR M: Production of lipid peroxidation products in osteoarthritic tissues: new evidence linking 4-hydroxynonenal to cartilage degradation. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 271-81.
78. SIMOPOULOU T, MALIZOS KN. TSEZOU A: Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) expression in human articular chondrocytes. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007; 25: 605-12.
79. GRIGOLO B, ROSETI L, FIORINI M, FAC-CHINI A: Enhanced lipid peroxidation in syn-oviocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 345-7.
80. AKAGI M, KANATA S, MORI S, ITABE H, SAWAMURA T, HAMANISHI C: Possible involvement of the oxidized low-density li-poprotein/lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 system in pathogen-esis and progression of human osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15: 281-90.
81. VAILLANCOURT F, MORQUETTE B, SHI Q et al: Differential regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by 4-hydroxynonenal in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes through ATF-2/CREB-1 trans-activation and concomitant inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling cascade. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100: 1217-31.
82. PITTENGER MF, MACKAY AM, BECK SC et al: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999; 284: 143-7.
83. ASPDEN RM, SCHEVEN BA, HUTCHISON JD: Osteoarthritis as a systemic disorder including stromal cell differentiation and lipid metabolism. Lancet 2001; 357:1118-20.
84. BIANCO P, GEHRON ROBEY P: Marrow stromal stem cells. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 1663-8.
85. NEUMANN K, ENDRES M. RINGE J et al: BMP7 promotes adipogenic but not osteo-/ chondrogenic differentiation of adult human bone marrow-derived stem cells in high-density micro-mass culture. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102: 626-37.
86. MOERMAN EJ, TENG K, LIPSCHITZ DA, LECKA-CZERNIK B: Aging activates adipogenic and suppresses osteogenic programs in mesenchymal marrow stroma/stem cells: the role of PPAR-gamma2 transcription factor and TGF-beta/BMP signaling pathways. Aging Cell 2004; 3: 379-89.
87. ALTMAN FP: A metabolic dysfunction in early murine osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1981; 40: 303-6.
88. MASON RM, CHAMBERS MG, FLANNELLY J, GAFFEN JD, DUDHIA J, BAYLISS MT: The STR/ort mouse and its use as a model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9: 85-91.
89. WATTERS JW. CHENG C, PICKARSKI M et al.: Inverse relationship between matrix remodeling and lipid metabolism during osteoarthritis progression in the STR/Ort mouse. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2999-3009.
90. JAEGER K, SELENT C, JAEHME W et al: The genetics of osteoarthritis in STR/ort mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16: 607-14.
91. XU H. WATKINS BA, ADKISSON HD: Dietary lipids modify the fatty acid composition of cartilage, isolated chondrocytes and matrix vesicles. Lipids 1994; 29: 619-25.
92. NAGAO M, ISHII S, MURATA Y, AKINO T: Effect of extracellular fatty acids on lipid metabolism in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 1991; 9: 341-7.