Properties of antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cements for use in cemented arthroplasties: A state-of-the-art review

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials

Volumn 89, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 558-574

  Lewis, Gladius ^a  

^a University of Memphis   (United States)

Author keywords

Acrylic; Antimicrobial; Bone cement PMMA; Mechanical properties

Indexed keywords

ACRYLIC BONE CEMENTS; ANTIMICROBIAL; ARTHROPLASTIES; BONE CEMENT-PMMA; IN-VITRO; JOURNAL ARTICLES; SALIENT POINTS; STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEWS; THERAPEUTIC AGENTS; TOTAL JOINT REPLACEMENT;

ANTIBIOTICS; BONE; CEMENTS; JOINT PROSTHESES; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;

BONE CEMENT;

ACRYLIC CEMENT; AMIKACIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFAZOLIN; CLINDAMYCIN; DAPTOMYCIN; FLUCLOXACILLIN; FUSIDIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; MEROPENEM; OXACILLIN; PALACOS; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ARTHROPLASTY; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; DRUG RELEASE; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; NONHUMAN; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; TENSILE STRENGTH;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ARTHROPLASTY; BIOFILMS; HUMANS; POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE; PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; STRESS, MECHANICAL; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 65949106345     PISSN: 15524973     EISSN: 15524981     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31220     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. National Joint Registry for England and Wales (NJR). 4th Annual Report. Page 76. NJR. Available at www.njrcenter. org.uk.
2. Anon. 2007 Hip and knee implant review. Orthopedic Network News. July 2007;18(3):15. Available at www. OrthopedicNetworkNews.com.
3. Yian EH, Werner CML, Nyffeler RW, Pfirrmann CW, Ramappa A, Sukthankar A, Gerber C. Radiographic and computed tomography analysis of cemented pegged polyethylene glenoid components in total shoulder replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1928-1936. (Pubitemid 41279122)
4. Landor P, Vavrik P, Jahodu D, Guttler K, Sosna A. Total elbow replacement with the Souter-Strathclyde prosthesis in rheumatoid arthritis; long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006;88:1460-1463.
5. Campoccia D, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. The significance of infection related to orthopedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistance. Biomaterials 2006;27:2331-2339. (Pubitemid 41821812)
6. van de Belt H, Neut D, Schenk W, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Infection of orthopedic implants and the use of the antibiotic-loaded bone cements. Acta Orthop Scand 2001;72:557-571. (Pubitemid 34031652)
7. Marculescu CE, Cantey JR. Polymicrobial prosthetic joint infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1397-1404.
8. Dowsey MM, Choong PFM. Obesity is a major risk factor for prosthetic infection after primary hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:153-158.
9. Trampuz A, Piper KE, Jacobson MJ, Hanssen AD, Unni KK, Osman DR, Mandrekar JN, Cockerill FR, Steckelberg JM, Greenleaf JF, Patel R. Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med 2007;357:654-1463 (Pubitemid 47267235)
10. Kobayashi N, Procop G, Krebs V, Kobayashi H, Bauer T. Molecular identification of bacteria from aseptically loose implants. Clint Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1716-1725. DOI:10.1007/s 11999-008-0263-y.
11. 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Radiology 2007;242:101-108.
12. Chryssikos T, Parvizi J, Ghanem E, Newberg A, Zhuang H, Alavi A. FDG-PET imaging can diagnose periprosthetic infection of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1338-1342.
13. Abudu A, Sivardeen KAZ, Grimer RJ, Pynsent PB, Noy M. The outcome of perioperative wound infection after total hip and knee anthroplasty. Int Orthop 2002;26:40-43. (Pubitemid 36055913)
14. Jiranek WA, Hanssen AD, Seth AS. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88:2487-2500.
15. Wang JS, Diaz J, Sabokbar A, Athanasou N, Kjellson F, Tanner KE, McCarthy ID, Lidgren L. In vitro and in vivo biological responses to a novel radiopacifing agent for bone cement. J R Soc Interface 2005;2:71-78.
16. Passuti N, Gouin F. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement in orthopedic surgery. Joint Bone Spine 2003;70:169-174. (Pubitemid 36753468)
17. Canale ST. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 9th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1998. Vol.1 p 413-419.
18. Hebert CK, Williams RE, Levy RS, Barrack RL. Cost of treating an infected total knee replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996;331:140-145. (Pubitemid 26357698)
19. Iorio R, Healy WL, Richards JA. Comparison of the hospital cost of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty after cost containment. Orthopedics 1999;22:185-189. (Pubitemid 29079295)
20. Iorio R, Healy WL, Richards JA. Comparison of the hospital cost of primary and revision total knee arthroplasty after cost containment. Orthopedics 1999;22:195-199. (Pubitemid 29079296)
21. Fish DN, Hoffman Danziger LH. Antibiotic-impregnated cement use in US hospitals. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992;49: 2469-2474.
22. Heck D, Rosenberg A, Schink-Ascani M, Garbus S, Kiewitt T. The use of antibiotic-impregnated cement during hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty 1995; 10:470-475.
23. Engesaeter LB, Espehaug B, Lie SA, Furnes O, Havelin LI. Does cement increase the risk of infection in primary total hip arthroplasty? Acta Orthop 2006;3:351-358.
24. Parvizi J, Saleh KJ, Ragland PS, Pour AE, Mont MA. Efficacy of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total hip replacement: A meta-analysis. Acta Orthop 2008;79:335-341.
25. Krakow KA, Rauch MA, Meredith RM, Munjal S. Antibiotic- laden cement: Technique for uniform manual mixing. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:941-942.
26. Kuhn KD. Bone Cements: Up-to-date comparison of physical and chemical properties of commercial materials. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2000.
27. Neu HC. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 1992; 257:1064-1073.
28. Rouse MS, Piper KE, Jacobson M, Jacofsky DJ, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. Daptomycin treatment of staphylococcus aureus experimental chronic osteomyelitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:301-305. (Pubitemid 43160173)
29. Havelin LI, EngesÊter LB, Espehaug B, Furnes O, Lie SA, Vollset SE. The Norwegian arthroplasty register: 11 years and 73,000 arthroplasties. Acta Orthop Scand 2000;71:337-353.
30. Bourne R. Prophylactic use of antibiotic bone cement, an emerging standard: In the affirmative. J Arthroplasty 2004; 19:69-72.
31. Block J, Stubbs H. Reducing the risk of deep wound infection in primary joint arthroplasty with antibiotic bone cement. Orthopedics 2005;28:1334-1337.
32. Frommelt L, Kuhn KD. Properties of bone cement: Antibiotic to added cement. In: Steffen J. Breush, Henrik Malchau editors. The Well-Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty: Theory and Practice. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Medizin Verlag; 2005. p 86-92.
33. Hendriks JGE, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Backgrounds of antibiotic-loaded bone cement and prosthesis- related infection. Biomaterials 2004;25:545-556. (Pubitemid 37329707)
34. Diefenbeck M, Muckley T, Hofmann G. Prophylaxis and treatment of implant-related infections by local application of antibiotics. Injury 2006;37:S95-S104.
35. Joseph T, Chen A, Di Cesare P. Use of antibiotic-impregnated cement in total joint arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2003;11:38-47.
36. Langlais F, Belot N, Ropars M, Thomazeau H, Lambotte JC, Cathelineau G. Antibiotic cements in articular prostheses: Current orthopaedic concepts. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 28:84-89.
37. Baker AS, Greenham LW. Release of gentamicin from acrylic bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988;70:1551-1557.
38. Frutos P, Torrado S, Perez-Lorenzo ME, Frutos G. A validated quantitative colorimetric assay for gentamicin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000;21:1149-1159. (Pubitemid 30001544)
39. Higuchi T. Mechanism of sustained-action medication: Theoretical analysis of rate of release of solid drug dispersed in solid matrices. J Pharm Sci 1963;52:1145-1149.
40. Korsmeyer RW, Gurney R, Doelker E, Buri P, Peppas NA. Mechanisms of solute release from porous hydrophilic polymers. Int J Pharm 1983;15:25-35.
41. Peppas NA. Analysis of Fickian and non-Fickian drug release from polymers. Pharm Acta Helv 1985;60:110-114.
42. Kuhn AT, Wilson AD. The dissolution mechanism of silicate and glass ionomer cements. Biomaterials 1983;6:378-382.
43. Torrado S, Frutos P, Frutos G. Gentamicin bone cements: Characterization and release (in vitro and vivo assays). Int J Pharm 2001;217:57-69.
44. Ritger PL, Peppas NA. A simple equation for description of solute release. J Control Release 1987;5:23-36. (Pubitemid 17011816)
45. Lindner WD, Lippold BC. Drug release from hydrocolloids embedding with high or low susceptibility to hydrodynamics stress. Pharm Res 1995;12:1781-1785. (Pubitemid 26004702)
46. Su XI, Al-Kassas K, Li Wan Po A. Statistical modeling of ibuprofen release from spherical matrices. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1994;40:639-642. (Pubitemid 24165686)
47. Dredan J, Antal I, Racz I. Evaluation of mathematical models describing drug release from lipophilic matrices. Int J Pharm 1996;145:61-64. (Pubitemid 27062986)
48. Frutos-Cabanillas P, Diez-Pena E, Barrales-Rienda J, Frutos G. Validation and in vitro characterization of antibiotic-loaded bone cement release. Int J Pharm 2000;209:15-26.
49. Cobby J, Mayersohn M, Walker GC. Influence of shape factors on kinetics of drug release from matrix tablets. I. Theoretical. J Pharm Sci 1974;63:725-732.
50. del Real R, Padilla S, Vallet-Regi M. Gentamicin release from hydroxyapatite/poly(ethylmethacrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;52:1-7. (Pubitemid 30490973)
51. Frutos P, Diez-Pena E, Frutos G, Barrales-Rienda JM. Release of gentamicin sulphate from a modified commercial bone cement. Effect of (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) comonomer and poly(N-vinyl-2pyrrolidone) additive on release mechanism and kinetics. Biomaterials 2002;23:3787-3797.
52. Penner MJ, Duncan CP, Masri BA. The in vitro elution characteristics of antibiotic-loaded CMW and Palacos- R bone cements. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:209-214. (Pubitemid 29095966)
53. Wahkig H, Dingeldein E. Antibiotics and bone cements: Experimental and clinical long-term observations. Acta Orthop Scand 1980;51:49-56.
54. Bayston R, Milner RDG. The sustained release of antimicrobial drugs from bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1982;64: 460-464.
55. Klekamp J, Dawson JM, Haas DW, Deboer D, Christie M. The use of vancomycin and tobramycin in acrylic bone cement; Biomechanical effects and elution kinetics for use in joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 1999;14:339-346. (Pubitemid 29172251)
56. Cerretani D, Giorgi G, Fornara P, Bocchi L, Neri L, Ceffa R, Ghisellini F. The in vitro elution characteristics of vancomycin combined with imipenem-cilastatin in acrylic bone cements: A pharmacokinetic study. J Arthroplasty 2002;17: 619-626.
57. van de Belt H, Neut D, Uges DRA, Schenk W, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Surface roughness, porosity and wettability of gentamicin-loaded bone cements and their antibiotic release. Biomaterials 2000;21:1981-1987. (Pubitemid 30433826)
58. Neut D, van de Belt H, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. The effect of mixing on gentamicin release from polymethylmethacrylate bone cements. Acta Orthop Scand 2003;74:670-676. (Pubitemid 38067867)
59. Dall GF, Simpson PMS, Breusch SJ. In vitro comparison of Refobacin-Palacos R with Refobacin bone cement and Palacos R+G. Acta Orthop 2007;78:404-411.
60. Bridgens J, Davies S, Tilley L, Norman P, Stockley I. Orthopaedic bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008;90:643-647.
61. Simpson PMS, Dall GF, Breusch SJ, Heisel C. In vitro elution and mechanical properties of antibiotic-loaded SmartSet HV and Palacos R acrylic bone. Der Orthopade 2005;34: 1255-1262.
62. Mendez JA, Abraham GA, del Mar Fernandez M, Vazquez B, San Roman J. Self-curing acrylic formulations containing PMMA/PCL composites: Properties and antibiotics release behavior. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;61:66-74.
63. Virto MR, Frutos P, Torrado S, Frutos G. Gentamicin release from modified acrylic bone cements with lactose and hydroxpropylmethylcellulose. Biomaterials 2003;24:79-87. (Pubitemid 35300206)
64. Hasenwinkel JM, Lautenschlager EP, Wixson RL, Gilbert JL. A novel high viscosity, two-solution acrylic bone cement: Effect of chemical composition on properties. J Biomed Mater Res 1999;47:36-45.
65. Hasenwinkel JM, Lautenschlarger EP, Wixson RL, Gilbert JL. Effect of initiation chemistry on the fracture toughness, fatigue strength, and residual monomer content of a novel high-viscosity, two-solution acrylic bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;59:411-421. (Pubitemid 34037484)
66. Merkhan IK, Hasenwinkel JM, Gilbert JL Gentamicin release from two-solution and powder-liquid poly(methylmethacrylate)- based bone cements by using novel pH method. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;69:577-583. (Pubitemid 38668184)
67. Kuechle DK, Landon GC, Musher DM, Noble PC. Elution of vancomycin, daptomycin, and amikacin from acrylic bone cement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991;264:302-308.
68. Lawson KJ, Marks KE, Brems J, Rehm S. Vancomycin vs tobramycin elution from polymethylmethacrylate: An in vitro study. Orthopedics 1990;13:521-524.
69. DiCicco M, Duong T, Chu A, Jansen SA. Tobramycin and gentamycin elution analysis between two in situ polymerizable orthopedic composites. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003;65:137-149. (Pubitemid 37521386)
70. Minelli EB, Caveiari C, Benini A. Release of antibiotics from polymethylmethacrylate cement. J Chemother 2002;14: 492-500. (Pubitemid 35346994)
71. Neut D, de Groot EP, Kowalski RSZ, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Gentamicin-loaded bone cement with clindamycin or fusidic acid added: Biofilm formation and antibiotic release. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005;73:165-170.
72. Æ HV. Acta Orthop 2006;77:622-627.
73. Dunne N, Hill J, McAfee P, Todd K, Kirkpatrick R, Tunney M, Patrick S. In vitro study of the efficacy of acrylic bone cement loaded with supplementary amounts of gentamicin; effect on mechanical properties, antibiotic release, and biofilm formation. Acta Orthop 2007;78:774-785.
74. Lewis G, Janna S, Bhattaram A. Influence of the method of blending an antibiotic powder with an acrylic bone cement powder on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the cured cement. Biomaterials 2005;26:4317-4325. (Pubitemid 40430860)
75. Lewis G. The properties of acrylic bone cement: State-of-the- art review. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 1997;38:155-182.
76. Hendricks JGE, Neut D, Hazenberg JG, Verkerke GJ, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. The influence of cyclic loading on gentamicin release from acrylic bone cements. J Biomech 2005;38:953-957. (Pubitemid 40248480)
77. Lewis G, Janna S. The in vitro elution of gentamicin sulfate from a commercially available gentamicin-loaded acrylic bone cement. VersaBond™ AB. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004;71:77-83.
78. Hendriks JGE, Ensing GT, van Horn JR, Lubbers J, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Increased release of gentamicin from acrylic bone cements under influence of low-frequency ultrasound. J Control Release 2003;92:369-374. (Pubitemid 38366158)
79. Ensing GT, Hendriks JGE, Jongsma JE, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ The influence of ultrasound on the release of gentamicin from antibiotic-loaded acrylic beads and bone cements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005;75:1-5.
80. Yan S, Cai X, Yan W, Dai X, Wu H. Continuous wave ultrasound enhances vancomycin release and antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotic-loaded acrylic bone cement in vitro and in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007;82:57-64. (Pubitemid 47015353)
81. Dobbins JJ, Seligson D, Raff MJ. Bacteria colonization of orthopedic fixation devices in the absence of clinical infection. J Infect Dis 1988;158:203-205. (Pubitemid 18189020)
82. Ensing GT, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Bussscher HJ, Neut D. Copal bone cement is more effective in preventing biofilm formation than Palacos R-G. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1492-1498.
83. Ensing GT, Neut D, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Bussscher HJ. The combination of ultrasound with antibiotics released from bone cement decreases the viability of planktonic and biofilm bacteria: An in vitro study with clinical strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:1287-1290.
84. Scott CP, Higham PA. Antibiotic bone cement for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa in joint arthroplasty: Comparison of tobramycin and gentamicin-loaded cements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003;64:94-98.
85. Squire MW, Ludwig B, Thompson J, Jagodzinski J, Andes D. Antimicrobial efficacy of five commercially available antibiotic bone cements: An in vitro comparison. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:323.
86. Lautenschlager EP, Marshall GW, Marks KE, Schwartz J, Nelson CL. Mechanical strength of acrylic bone cements impregnated with antibiotics. J Biomed Mater Res 1976;10: 837-845.
87. Schurman DJ, Swenson LW, Piziali RL. Bone cement with and without antibiotics: A study of mechanical properties. In: The Hip Proceedings of the Sixth Open Scientific Meeting of the Hip Society. St. Louis: CV, Mosby; 1978. p 87-96.
88. Bargar WL, Martin RB, deJesus R, Madison MT. The addiction of tobramycin to contrast bone cement: Effect on flexural strength. J Arthroplasty 1986;1:165-168. (Pubitemid 17197230)
89. Krause WR, Hofmann A. Antibiotic impregnated acrylic bone cements: A comparative study of the mechanical properties. J Bioact Compat Polym 1989;4:345-361.
90. Davies JP, O'Connor DO, Burke DW, Harris WH. Influence of antibiotic impregnation on the fatigue life of Simplex P and Palacos R acrylic bone cements, with and without centrifugation. J Biomed Mater Res 1989;23:379-397. (Pubitemid 19079747)
91. Davies JP, Harris WA. Effect of hand mixing tobramycin on the fatigue strength of Simplex P. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:1409-1414.
92. Hansen D, Jensen JS. Mixing does not improve mechanical properties of all bones. Acta Orthop Scand 1992;63:13-18.
93. Askew MJ, Kufel MF, Fleissner PR, Gradisar IA, Salstrom SJ, Tan JS. Effect of vacuum mixing on the mechanical properties of antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res 1990;24:573-580. (Pubitemid 20269703)
94. Armstrong MS, Spencer RF, Cunningham JL, Gheduzzi S, Miles AW, Learmonth ID. Mechanical characteristics of antibiotics-laden bone cement. Acta Orthop Scand 2002;73: 688-690. (Pubitemid 36020916)
95. Baleani M, Cristofolini I, Minari C, Toni A. Fatigue strength of PMMA bone cement mixed with gentamincin barium sulphate vs pure PMMA. Proc Inst Mech Engr Part H (Eng Med) 2003;217:9-12.
96. Persson C, Baleani M, Guandalini L, Tigani Viceconti M. Mechanical effects of the use of vancomycin and meropenem in acrylic bone cement. Acta Orthop 2006;77:617-621. (Pubitemid 44272947)
97. Leone J, Johnson A, Ziada S, Hashemi A, Adil A, de Beer J. Biaxial flexural modulus of antibiotic-impregnated orthopedic bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007;83:97-104. (Pubitemid 47463201)
98. Rouse MS, Piper KE, Jacobson M, Jacofsky DJ, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. Daptomycin treatment of staphylococcus aureus experimental chronic osteomyelitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:301-305. (Pubitemid 43160173)
99. Lautenschlager EP, Jacobs JJ, Marshall GW, Meyer PR. Mechanical properties of bone cements containing large doses of antibiotic powders. J Biomed Mater Res 1976;10:929-938.
100. He Y, Trotignon JP, Loty B, Tcharkhtchi A, Verdu J. Effect of antibiotics on the properties of poly(methylmethacrylate)- based bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 2002;63:800-806. (Pubitemid 35375428)
101. Deluise M, Scott CP. Addition of hand-blended generic tobramycin in bone cement: Effect on mechanical strength. Orthopedics 2004;27:12:1289-1291.
102. Dall GF, Simpson PMS, Mackenzie SP, Breusch SJ. Interand intra-batch variability in the handling characteristics and viscosity of commonly used antibiotic-loaded bone cements. Acta Orthop 2007;78:412-420. (Pubitemid 47027151)
103. Valle AGD, Bostrom M, Brause B, Harney C, Salvati EA. Effective bactericidal activity of tobramycin and vancomycin eluted from acrylic bone cement. Acta Orthop Scand 2001;72:237-240. (Pubitemid 32613483)
104. Cai XZ, Yan SG, Wu HB, He RX, Dai XS, Chen HX, Yan RJ, Zhao XH. Effect of delayed pulse-wave ultrasound on local pharmokinetics and pharmodynamics of vancomycin-loaded acrylic bone cement in vivo. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2007;51:3199-3204. (Pubitemid 350067528)
105. Ensing GT, Roeder BL, Nelson JL, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Bussscher HJ, Pitt WG. Effect of pulsed ultrasound in combination with gentamicin on bacterial viability in biofilms on bone cements in vivo. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99:443-448. (Pubitemid 41215821)
106. Pascual B, Gurruchaga M, Ginebra MP, Gil FJ, Planell JA, Vazquez B, San Roman J, Goni I. Modified acrylic bone cement with high amounts of ethoxytriethyleneglycol methacrylate. Biomaterials 1999;20:453-463. (Pubitemid 29112615)
107. Artola A, Goni I, Gil J, Ginebra P, Manero JM, Gurrachaga M. A radiopaque polymeric matrix for acrylic bone cements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003;64:44-55. (Pubitemid 36055400)
108. Lewis G, Xu J, Dunne N, Daly C, Orr J. Critical comparison of two methods for the determination of nanomechanical properties of a material: Application to synthetic and natural materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006;78: 312-317.
109. Lewis G, Xu J, Dunne N, Daly C, Orr J. Evaluation of an accelerated aging medium for acrylic bone cement based on analysis of nanoindentation measurements on laboratory-prepared and retrieved specimens. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007;81:544-550. (Pubitemid 46685125)
110. Nottrott M, Molester A, Gjerdet N. Time dependent mechanical properties of bone cement: An in vitro study over one year. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007;83:416-421.
111. McLaren RL, McLaren AC, Vernon BL. Generic tobramycin elutes from bone cement faster than proprietary tobramycin. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1372-1376.
112. McLaren AC, McLaren SG, Smeltzer MS. Xylitol and glycine fillers increase permeability of PMMA to enhance elution of daptomycin. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;451:25-28. (Pubitemid 44511303)
113. Lewis G. Alternative acrylic bone cement formulations for cemented arthroplasties: Present status, key issues, and future prospects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007;84: 301-309.
114. Boesel L, Reis RL. A review on polymer properties of hydrophilic, partially degradable and bioactive acrylic cements (HDBC). Prog Polym Sci 2008;33:180-190.
115. Allen MJ, Leone KA, Hasenwinkel JM, Gilbert JL. Tissue response to in situ polymerization of a new two-solution bone cement: Evaluation in a sheep model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006;79:441-452.
116. Edwards CR, Gorman SP, Jones DS, McCoy CP. Antibiotic release from a novel bone cement. Transactions of the 17th European Conference on Biomaterials, Sorrento, Italy, September 11-15, 2005; page LP18.LMP025.