Cell phones and tumor: Still in no man′s land

Indian Journal of Cancer

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 5-12

  Kohli, D R ^a   Sachdev, A ^b   Vats, H S ^c  

^a GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL   (India)

^b Sector 32 ^*  (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cell phone; Radiation

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; BRAIN CANCER; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LYMPHOMA; MAGNETIC FIELD; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MOBILE PHONE; NONHUMAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; REVIEW; TUMOR; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; NEOPLASM;

CELLULAR PHONE; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; RADIO WAVES;

EID: 65649089075     PISSN: 0019509X     EISSN: 19984774     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0019-509X.48589     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Central Intelligence Agency Web site. The World Fact book: Italy. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/ print/it.html. [last accessed on 2007 Jul 10].
2. Central Intelligence Agency Web site. The World Fact book: Israel. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ print/is.html. [last accessed on 2007 Jul 10].
3. Central Intelligence Agency Web site. The World Fact book: Hong Kong. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/ the-world-factbook/ print/hk.html. last accessed on 2007 Jul 10].
4. Central Intelligence Agency Web site. The World Fact book: Czech Republic. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world- factbook/print/ez.html. [last accessed on 2007 Jul 10].
5. Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP) Web site. Open Meeting: Thursday 11 November 1999, Playfair Library Edinburgh. Available from: http://www.iegmp.org.uk/meetings/ edinburgh.htm. [last accessed on 2007 Jul 11].
6. Foster KR. Thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of interaction of radio-frequency energy with biological systems. IEEETrans Plasma Sci 2000;28:15-23.
7. BehariJ, PaulrajR. Biomarkers of induced electromagnetic field and cancer. Indian J Exp Biol 2007;45:77-85.
8. Weinberger Z, Richter ED. Cellular telephones and effects on the brain: The head as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver. Med Hypotheses 2002;59:703-5.
9. Olcese J, Reuss S, Vollrath L. Evidence for the involvement of the visual system in mediating magnetic field effects on pineal melatonin synthesis in the rat. Brain Res 1985;333:382-4.
10. Rudolph K, Wirz-Justice A, Krauchi K, Feer H. Static magnetic fields decrease nocturnal pineal cAMP in the rat. Brain Res 1988;446: 159-60.
11. Wilson BW, Stevens RG, Anderson LE. Neuroendocrine mediated effects of electromagnetic-field exposure: Possible role of the pineal gland. Life Sci 1989;45:1319-32.
12. Reiter RJ. Alterations of the circadian melatonin rhythm by the electromagnetic spectrum: A study in environmental toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1992;15:226-44.
13. Lerchl A, Nonaka KO, Reiter RJ. Pineal gland " magnetosensitivity" to static magnetic fields is a consequence of induced electric currents (eddy currents). J Pineal Res 1991; 10: 109-16.
14. Lerchl A, Nonaka KO, Stokkan KA, Reiter RJ. Marked rapid alterations in nocturnal pineal serotonin metabolism in mice and rats exposed to weak intermittent magnetic fields. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 169: 102-8.
15. Roy S, Noda Y, Eckert V, Traber MG, Mori A, Liburdy R, et al. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced oxidative burst in rat peritoneal neutrophils is increased by a 0.1 mT (60 Hz) magnetic field. FEBS Lett 1995;376:164-6.
16. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Poeggeler B, Kavet R. Inconsistent suppression of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and serum melatonin levels in rats exposed to pulsed DC magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1998; 19:318-29.
17. Murphy JC, Kaden DA, Warren J, Sivak A. International commission for protection against environmental mutagens and carcinogens: Power frequency electric and magnetic fields: a review of genetic toxicology. Mutat Res 1993;296:221-40.
18. Strauss JK, Maher LJ 3rd. DNA bending by asymmetric phosphate neutralization. Science 1994;266: 1829-34.
19. Sarkar S, Ali S, Behari J. Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: A direct DNA analysis. Mutat Res 1994;320: 141-7.
20. Lai H, Singh NP. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiof requency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 1996;69:513-21.
21. Hibshoosh H, Johnson M, Weinstein IB. Effects of over expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) on growth control and oncogeneinduced cell transformation. Oncogene 1991;6:739-43.
22. Auvinen M, Paasinen A, Andersson LC, Holtta E. Ornithine decarboxylase activity is critical for cell transformation. Nature 1992;360:355-8.
23. Moshier JA, Dosescu J, Skunca M, Luk GD. Transformation of NIH/3T3 cells by ornithine decarboxylase overexpression. Cancer Res 1993;53:2618-22.
24. Halmekyto M, Syrjanen K, Janne J, Alhonen L. Enhanced papilloma formation in response to skin tumor promotion in transgenic mice overexpressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187:493-7.
25. Litovitz TA, Krause D, Mullins JM. Effect of coherence time of the applied magnetic field on ornithine decarboxylase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178:862-5.
26. Leszczynski D, Joenvaara S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R. Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: Molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation 2002;70:120-9.
27. Ziskin MC. Instititute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. COMARTechnical Information Statement. The IEEE exposure limits for radiofrequency and microwave energy. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2005;24: 114-7.
28. World Health Organization (WHO) - Media Centre Web site. Electromagnetic fields and public health. Available from: http://www.who. int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs304/en/index.html. [last accessed on 2007 May 31].
29. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys 1998;74:494-522.
30. Wood AW. How dangerous are mobile phones, transmission masts, and electricity pylons? Arch Dis Child 2006;91:361-6.
31. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Arch Environ Health 2002;57:270-2.
32. Auvinen A, Toivo T, Tokola K. Epidemiological risk assessment of mobile phones and cancer: where can we improve? Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15:516-23.
33. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. Use of cellular telephones and brain tumour risk in urban and rural areas. Occup Environ Med 2005;62:390-4.
34. Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma. Epidemiology 2004; 15:653-9.
35. Kheifets L, Afifi AA, Shimkhada R. Public health impact of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 1532-7.
36. SchuzJ, Bohler E, Schlehofer B, Berg G, Schlaefer K, Hettinger I, et al. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted from base stations of DECT cordless phones and the risk of glioma and meningioma (Interphone Study Group, Germany). Radiat Res 2006; 166: 116-9.
37. Hocking B, Gordon IR, Grain HL, Hatfield GE. Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. MedJ Aust 1996; 165:601-5.
38. McKenzie DR, Yin Y, Morrell S. Childhood incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and exposure to broadcast radiation in Sydney: A second look. Aust N ZJ Public Health 1998;22:360-7.
39. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Sci Total Environ 1996; 180:9-17.
40. El wood JM. A critical review of epidemiologic studies of radiofrequency exposure and human cancers. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 155-68.
41. Groves FD, Page WF, Gridley G, Lisimaque L, Stewart PA, Tarone RE, et al. Cancer in Korean war navy technicians: Mortality survey after 40 years. AmJ Epidemiol 2002; 155:810-8.
42. Morgan RW, Kelsh MA, Zhao K, Exuzides KA, Heringer S, Negrete W. Radiofrequency exposure and mortality from cancer of the brain and lymphatic/hematopoietic systems. Epidemiology 2000; 11:118-27.
43. Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, Johansen C, Schuz J, Edstrom S, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:637-43.
44. Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, Swerdlow AJ, van Tongeren MJ, McKinney PA. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study. BMJ 2006;332:883-7.
45. Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, Schoemaker MJ, Christensen HC, Feychting M, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1769-75.
46. Hardell L, Hansson Mild K, Sandstrom M, Carlberg M, Hallquist A, Pahlson A. Vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus and cellular telephones. Neuroepidemiology 2003;22: 124-9.
47. Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M, Hallquist A. Cellular and cordless telephone use and the association with brain tumors in different age groups. Arch Environ Health 2004;59: 132-7.
48. Pereira C, Edwards M. Parotid nodular fasciitis in a mobile phone user. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114:886-7.
49. Berg G, Spallek J, Schuz J, Schlehofer B, Bohler E, Schlaefer K, et al. Occupational exposure to radio frequency/microwave radiation and the risk of brain tumors: Interphone Study Group, Germany. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:538-48.
50. Westermark A, Wisten A. Miniplate osteosynthesis and cellular phone create disturbance of infraorbital nerve. J Craniofac Surg 2001; 12:475-8.
51. Chou CK, Guy AW, Kunz LL, Johnson RB, CrowleyJJ, KruppJH. Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectromagnetics 1992; 13:469-96.
52. TolerJC,Shelton WW, Frei MR, Merritt JH, Stedham MA. Long-term, low-level exposure of mice prone to mammary tumors to 435 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radiat Res 1997; 148:227-34.
53. Tillmann T, Ernst H, Ebert S, Kuster N, Behnke W, Rittinghausen S, et al. Carcinogenicity study of GSM and DCS wireless communication signals in B6C3F1 mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2007;28:173-87.
54. Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H. In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27: 188-96.
55. Stronati L, Testa A, Moquet J, Edwards A, Cordelli E, Villani P, et al. 935 MHz cellular phone radiation: An in vitro study of genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2006;82:339-46.
56. Mashevich M,Folkman D, KesarA, Barbul A, Korenstein R, Jerby E, et al. Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability. Bioelectromagnetics 2003;24:82-90.
57. Sommer AM, Streckert J, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A. No effects of GSM-modulated 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on survival rate and spontaneous development of lymphoma in female AKR/J mice. BMC Cancer 2004;4:77.
58. Hirose H, Sakuma N, Kaji N, Nakayama K, Inoue K, Sekijima M, et al. Mobile phone base station-emitted radiation does not induce phosphorylation of Hsp27. Bioelectromagnetics 2007;28:99-108
59. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo GA, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27: 164-71.
60. Joubert V, Leveque P, Cueille M, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C. No apoptosis is induced in rat cortical neurons exposed to GSM phone fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2007;28: 115-21.
61. Chauhan V, Mariampillai A, Gajda GB, Thansandote A, McNamee J P. Analysis of proto-oncogene and heat-shock protein gene expression in human derived cell-lines exposed in vitro to an intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Int J Radiat Biol 2006;82:347-54.
62. Sakuma N, Komatsubara Y, Takeda H, Hirose H, Sekijima M, Nojima T, et al. DNA strand breaks are not induced in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW and W-CDMA modulated radiofrequency fields allocated to mobile radio base stations. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27:51-7.
63. Huang TQ, Lee JS, Kim TH, Pack JK, Jang JJ, Seo JS. Effect of radiofrequency radiation exposure on mouse skin tumorigenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethybenz[alpha]anthracene. Int J Radiat Biol 2005;81:861-7.
64. Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Ahlbom A, Auvinen A, Blaasaas KG, Cardis E, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: Results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries. BrJ Cancer 2005;93:842-8.
65. Hocking B. Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma. Br J Cancer 2006;94:1350.
66. Hocking B, Westerman R. Neurological changes induced by a mobile phone. Occup Med (Lond) 2002;52:413-5.
67. Christensen HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, Poulsen HS, Thomsen J, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic neuroma. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159:277-83.
68. Warren HG, Prevatt AA, Daly KA, Antonelli PJ. Cellular telephone use and risk of intratemporal facial nerve tumor. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:663-7.
69. Takebayashi T, Akiba S, Kikuchi Y, Taki M, Wake K, Watanabe S, et al. Mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk in Japan. Occup Environ Med 2006;63:802-7.
70. Cook A, Woodward A, Pearce N, Marshall C. Cellular telephone use and time trends for brain, head and neck tumours. N Z Med J 2003; 116:U457.
71. Lahkola A, Tokola K,Auvinen A. Meta-analysis of mobile phone use and intracranial tumors. ScandJ Work Environ Health 2006;32:171-77.
72. Maier M, Blakemore C, Koivisto M. The health hazards of mobile phones. BMJ 2000;320: 1288-9.
73. Redelmeier DA, Tibshirani RJ. Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. N Engl J Med 1997;336:453-8.
74. Esprit S, Kothari P, Dhillon R. Injury from lightning strike while using mobile phone. BMJ 2006;332:1513.
75. Hayes DL, Wang PJ, Reynolds DW, Estes M 3rd, Griffith JL, Steffens RA, et al. Interference with cardiac pacemakers by cellular telephones. N Engl J Med 1997;336: 1473-9.
76. Moulder JE, Foster KR, Erdreich LS, McNamee JP. Mobile phones, mobile phone base stations and cancer: a review. Int J Radiat Biol 2005;81:189-203.
77. Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Noonan D, Finnie J, Harris AW. Lymphomas in E mu-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHZ electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res 1997; 147:631-40.
78. Muscat J E, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. JAMA 2000;284:3001-7.