AMPK: An Emerging Drug Target for Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome

Cell Metabolism

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 407-416

  Zhang, Bei B ^a   Zhou, Gaochao ^a   Li, Cai ^a  

^a MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

HUMDISEASE

Indexed keywords

A 769662; ADIPONECTIN; BERBERINE; CANNABINOID; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COMBRETASTATIN A4 PHOSPHATE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; GHRELIN; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE KINASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; METFORMIN; NATURAL PRODUCT; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; PT 1; RESVERATROL; ROSIGLITAZONE; S 17834; SIRTUIN 1; SMALL MOLECULE TRANSPORT AGENT; THIENOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; THIOCTIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; FEASIBILITY STUDY; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER METABOLISM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; LIVER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MUSCLES;

EID: 65349177200     PISSN: 15504131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.03.012     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Akman H.O., Sampayo J.N., Ross F.A., Scott J.W., Wilson G., Benson L., Bruno C., Shanske S., Hardie D.G., and Dimauro S. Fatal infantile cardiac glycogenosis with phosphorylase kinase deficiency and a mutation in the gamma2-subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase. Pediatr. Res. 62 (2007) 499-504
2. Andreelli F., Foretz M., Knauf C., Cani P.D., Perrin C., Iglesias M.A., Pillot B., Bado A., Tronche F., Mithieux G., et al. Liver adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase-alpha2 catalytic subunit is a key target for the control of hepatic glucose production by adiponectin and leptin but not insulin. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 2432-2441
3. Arad M., Seidman C.E., and Seidman J.G. AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart: role during health and disease. Circ. Res. 100 (2007) 474-488
4. Assifi M.M., Suchankova G., Constant S., Prentki M., Saha A.K., and Ruderman N.B. AMP-activated protein kinase and coordination of hepatic fatty acid metabolism of starved/carbohydrate-refed rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 289 (2005) E794-E800
5. Bergeron R., Previs S.F., Cline G.W., Perret P., Russell III R.R., Young L.H., and Shulman G.I. Effect of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside infusion on in vivo glucose and lipid metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats. Diabetes 50 (2001) 1076-1082
6. Birk J.B., and Wojtaszewski J.F. Predominant alpha2/beta2/gamma3 AMPK activation during exercise in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 577 (2006) 1021-1032
7. Canto C., Gerhart-Hines Z., Feige J.N., Lagouge M., Noriega L., Milne J.C., Elliott P.J., Puigserver P., and Auwerx J. AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD(+) metabolism and SIRT1 activity. Nature (2009) 10.1038/nature07813 in press. Published online March 4, 2009
8. Carey A.L., Steinberg G.R., Macaulay S.L., Thomas W.G., Holmes A.G., Ramm G., Prelovsek O., Hohnen-Behrens C., Watt M.J., James D.E., et al. Interleukin-6 increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetes 55 (2006) 2688-2697
9. Claret M., Smith M.A., Batterham R.L., Selman C., Choudhury A.I., Fryer L.G., Clements M., Al-Qassab H., Heffron H., Xu A.W., et al. AMPK is essential for energy homeostasis regulation and glucose sensing by POMC and AgRP neurons. J. Clin. Invest. 117 (2007) 2325-2336
10. Collins Q.F., Liu H.Y., Pi J., Liu Z., Quon M.J., and Cao W. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis through 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 30143-30149
11. Cool B., Zinker B., Chiou W., Kifle L., Cao N., Perham M., Dickinson R., Adler A., Gagne G., Iyengar R., et al. Identification and characterization of a small molecule AMPK activator that treats key components of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab. 3 (2006) 403-416
12. Foretz M., Ancellin N., Andreelli F., Saintillan Y., Grondin P., Kahn A., Thorens B., Vaulont S., and Viollet B. Short-term overexpression of a constitutively active form of AMP-activated protein kinase in the liver leads to mild hypoglycemia and fatty liver. Diabetes 54 (2005) 1331-1339
13. Fujii N., Ho R.C., Manabe Y., Jessen N., Toyoda T., Holland W.L., Summers S.A., Hirshman M.F., and Goodyear L.J. Ablation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2 activity exacerbates insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding of mice. Diabetes 57 (2008) 2958-2966
14. Funai K., and Cartee G.D. Inhibition of contraction-stimulated AMPK inhibits contraction-stimulated increases in PAS-TBC1D1 and glucose transport without altering PAS-AS160 in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes (2009) 10.2337/db08-1477 in press. Published online February 10, 2009
15. Gaidhu M.P., Fediuc S., Anthony N.M., So M., Mirpourian M., Perry R.L., and Ceddia R.B. Prolonged aicar-induced amp-kinase activation promotes energy dissipation in white adipocytes: Novel mechanisms integrating HSL and ATGL. J. Lipid Res. 50 (2008) 704-715
16. Glund S., Treebak J.T., Long Y.C., Barres R., Viollet B., Wojtaszewski J.F., and Zierath J.R. Role of AMPK in IL-6 release from isolated mouse skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 150 (2008) 600-606
17. Goransson O., McBride A., Hawley S.A., Ross F.A., Shpiro N., Foretz M., Viollet B., Hardie D.G., and Sakamoto K. Mechanism of action of A-769662, a valuable tool for activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 32549-32560
18. Guigas B., Bertrand L., Taleux N., Foretz M., Wiernsperger N., Vertommen D., Andreelli F., Viollet B., and Hue L. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside and metformin inhibit hepatic glucose phosphorylation by an AMP-activated protein kinase-independent effect on glucokinase translocation. Diabetes 55 (2006) 865-874
19. Hardie D.G. AMPK: a key regulator of energy balance in the single cell and the whole organism. Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 32 Suppl 4 (2008) S7-S12
20. Herrero-Martin G., Hoyer-Hansen M., Garcia-Garcia C., Fumarola C., Farkas T., Lopez-Rivas A., and Jaattela M. TAK1 activates AMPK-dependent cytoprotective autophagy in TRAIL-treated epithelial cells. EMBO J. 28 (2009) 677-685
21. Holloszy J.O. Skeletal muscle "mitochondrial deficiency" does not mediate insulin resistance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89 (2009) 463S-466S
22. Holmes B.F., Kurth-Kraczek E.J., and Winder W.W. Chronic activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase increases GLUT-4, hexokinase, and glycogen in muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 87 (1999) 1990-1995
23. Horike N., Sakoda H., Kushiyama A., Ono H., Fujishiro M., Kamata H., Nishiyama K., Uchijima Y., Kurihara Y., Kurihara H., and Asano T. AMP-activated protein kinase activation increases phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and thereby reduces cAMP-responsive element transcriptional activity and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase C gene expression in the liver. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 33902-33910
24. Hou X., Xu S., Maitland-Toolan K.A., Sato K., Jiang B., Ido Y., Lan F., Walsh K., Wierzbicki M., Verbeuren T.J., et al. SIRT1 regulates hepatocyte lipid metabolism through activating AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 20015-20026
25. Hundal R.S., Krssak M., Dufour S., Laurent D., Lebon V., Chandramouli V., Inzucchi S.E., Schumann W.C., Petersen K.F., Landau B.R., and Shulman G.I. Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 49 (2000) 2063-2069
26. Iglesias M.A., Ye J.M., Frangioudakis G., Saha A.K., Tomas E., Ruderman N.B., Cooney G.J., and Kraegen E.W. AICAR administration causes an apparent enhancement of muscle and liver insulin action in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rats. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2886-2894
27. Jager S., Handschin C., St-Pierre J., and Spiegelman B.M. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 12017-12022
28. Jin X., Townley R., and Shapiro L. Structural insight into AMPK regulation: ADP comes into play. Structure 15 (2007) 1285-1295
29. Kawaguchi T., Osatomi K., Yamashita H., Kabashima T., and Uyeda K. Mechanism for fatty acid "sparing" effect on glucose-induced transcription: regulation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein by AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 3829-3835
30. Kelley D.E., Goodpaster B., Wing R.R., and Simoneau J.A. Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (1999) E1130-E1141
31. Kelley D.E., He J., Menshikova E.V., and Ritov V.B. Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2944-2950
32. Kelly M., Keller C., Avilucea P.R., Keller P., Luo Z., Xiang X., Giralt M., Hidalgo J., Saha A.K., Pedersen B.K., and Ruderman N.B. AMPK activity is diminished in tissues of IL-6 knockout mice: the effect of exercise. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320 (2004) 449-454
33. Kim M.S., Park J.Y., Namkoong C., Jang P.G., Ryu J.W., Song H.S., Yun J.Y., Namgoong I.S., Ha J., Park I.S., et al. Anti-obesity effects of alpha-lipoic acid mediated by suppression of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat. Med. 10 (2004) 727-733
34. Koistinen H.A., Galuska D., Chibalin A.V., Yang J., Zierath J.R., Holman G.D., and Wallberg-Henriksson H. 5-amino-imidazole carboxamide riboside increases glucose transport and cell-surface GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52 (2003) 1066-1072
35. Kola B., Hubina E., Tucci S.A., Kirkham T.C., Garcia E.A., Mitchell S.E., Williams L.M., Hawley S.A., Hardie D.G., Grossman A.B., et al. Cannabinoids and ghrelin have both central and peripheral metabolic and cardiac effects via AMP-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 25196-25201
36. Kola B., Farkas I., Christ-Crain M., Wittmann G., Lolli F., Amin F., Harvey-White J., Liposits Z., Kunos G., Grossman A.B., et al. The orexigenic effect of ghrelin is mediated through central activation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e1797
37. Koves T.R., Ussher J.R., Noland R.C., Slentz D., Mosedale M., Ilkayeva O., Bain J., Stevens R., Dyck J.R., Newgard C.B., et al. Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 7 (2008) 45-56
38. Kubota N., Terauchi Y., Kubota T., Kumagai H., Itoh S., Satoh H., Yano W., Ogata H., Tokuyama K., Takamoto I., et al. Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 8748-8755
39. Kubota N., Yano W., Kubota T., Yamauchi T., Itoh S., Kumagai H., Kozono H., Takamoto I., Okamoto S., Shiuchi T., et al. Adiponectin stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the hypothalamus and increases food intake. Cell Metab. 6 (2007) 55-68
40. Lan F., Cacicedo J.M., Ruderman N., and Ido Y. SIRT1 modulation of the acetylation status, cytosolic localization, and activity of LKB1. Possible role in AMP-activated protein kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 27628-27635
41. LeBrasseur N.K., Kelly M., Tsao T.S., Farmer S.R., Saha A.K., Ruderman N.B., and Tomas E. Thiazolidinediones can rapidly activate AMP-activated protein kinase in mammalian tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291 (2006) E175-E181
42. Lee W.J., Lee I.K., Kim H.S., Kim Y.M., Koh E.H., Won J.C., Han S.M., Kim M.S., Jo I., Oh G.T., et al. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents endothelial dysfunction in obese rats via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2005) 2488-2494
43. Liu Y., Dentin R., Chen D., Hedrick S., Ravnskjaer K., Schenk S., Milne J., Meyers D.J., Cole P., Yates III J., et al. A fasting inducible switch modulates gluconeogenesis via activator/coactivator exchange. Nature 456 (2008) 269-273
44. Lochhead P.A., Salt I.P., Walker K.S., Hardie D.G., and Sutherland C. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside mimics the effects of insulin on the expression of the 2 key gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase. Diabetes 49 (2000) 896-903
45. Long Y.C., and Zierath J.R. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in metabolic regulation. J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2006) 1776-1783
46. Lopez M., Lage R., Saha A.K., Perez-Tilve D., Vazquez M.J., Varela L., Sangiao-Alvarellos S., Tovar S., Raghay K., Rodriguez-Cuenca S., et al. Hypothalamic fatty acid metabolism mediates the orexigenic action of ghrelin. Cell Metab. 7 (2008) 389-399
47. Luptak I., Shen M., He H., Hirshman M.F., Musi N., Goodyear L.J., Yan J., Wakimoto H., Morita H., Arad M., et al. Aberrant activation of AMP-activated protein kinase remodels metabolic network in favor of cardiac glycogen storage. J. Clin. Invest. 117 (2007) 1432-1439
48. McBride A., Ghilagaber S., Nikolaev A., and Hardie D.G. The glycogen-binding domain on the AMPK beta subunit allows the kinase to act as a glycogen sensor. Cell Metab. 9 (2009) 23-34
49. McCrimmon R.J., Shaw M., Fan X., Cheng H., Ding Y., Vella M.C., Zhou L., McNay E.C., and Sherwin R.S. Key role for AMP-activated protein kinase in the ventromedial hypothalamus in regulating counterregulatory hormone responses to acute hypoglycemia. Diabetes 57 (2008) 444-450
50. McGee S.L., van Denderen B.J., Howlett K.F., Mollica J., Schertzer J.D., Kemp B.E., and Hargreaves M. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5. Diabetes 57 (2008) 860-867
51. Miller E.J., Li J., Leng L., McDonald C., Atsumi T., Bucala R., and Young L.H. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the ischaemic heart. Nature 451 (2008) 578-582
52. Minokoshi Y., Kim Y.B., Peroni O.D., Fryer L.G., Muller C., Carling D., and Kahn B.B. Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature 415 (2002) 339-343
53. Minokoshi Y., Shiuchi T., Lee S., Suzuki A., and Okamoto S. Role of hypothalamic AMP-kinase in food intake regulation. Nutrition 24 (2008) 786-790
54. Moreno D., Knecht E., Viollet B., and Sanz P. A769662, a novel activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, inhibits non-proteolytic components of the 26S proteasome by an AMPK-independent mechanism. FEBS Lett. 582 (2008) 2650-2654
55. Muoio D.M., Seefeld K., Witters L.A., and Coleman R.A. AMP-activated kinase reciprocally regulates triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle: evidence that sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase is a novel target. Biochem. J. 338 (1999) 783-791
56. Musi N., Hirshman M.F., Nygren J., Svanfeldt M., Bavenholm P., Rooyackers O., Zhou G., Williamson J.M., Ljunqvist O., Efendic S., et al. Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2074-2081
57. Narkar V.A., Downes M., Yu R.T., Embler E., Wang Y.X., Banayo E., Mihaylova M.M., Nelson M.C., Zou Y., Juguilon H., et al. AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics. Cell 134 (2008) 405-415
58. Nathan D.M., Buse J.B., Davidson M.B., Ferrannini E., Holman R.R., Sherwin R., and Zinman B. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32 (2009) 193-203
59. Onay-Besikci A., Wagg C., Lopaschuk T.P., Keung W., and Lopaschuk G.D. Alpha-lipoic acid increases cardiac glucose oxidation independent of AMP-activated protein kinase in isolated working rat hearts. Basic Res. Cardiol. 102 (2007) 436-444
60. Pang T., Zhang Z.S., Gu M., Qiu B.Y., Yu L.F., Cao P.R., Shao W., Su M.B., Li J.Y., Nan F.J., et al. Small molecule antagonizes autoinhibition and activates AMP-activated protein kinase in cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 16051-16060
61. Petersen K.F., Dufour S., Befroy D., Garcia R., and Shulman G.I. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (2004) 664-671
62. Reznick R.M., and Shulman G.I. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mitochondrial biogenesis. J. Physiol. 574 (2006) 33-39
63. Riboulet-Chavey A., Diraison F., Siew L.K., Wong F.S., and Rutter G.A. Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase protects pancreatic beta-cells from cytokine-mediated apoptosis and CD8+ T-cell-induced cytotoxicity. Diabetes 57 (2008) 415-423
64. Ruderman N.B., Saha A.K., and Kraegen E.W. Minireview: malonyl CoA, AMP-activated protein kinase, and adiposity. Endocrinology 144 (2003) 5166-5171
65. Sanders M.J., Ali Z.S., Hegarty B.D., Heath R., Snowden M.A., and Carling D. Defining the mechanism of activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by the small molecule A-769662, a member of the thienopyridone family. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 32539-32548
66. Sanders M.J., Grondin P.O., Hegarty B.D., Snowden M.A., and Carling D. Investigating the mechanism for AMP activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. Biochem. J. 403 (2007) 139-148
67. Scott J.W., van Denderen B.J.W., Jorgensen S.B., Honeyman J.E., Steinberg G.R., Oakhill J.S., Iseli T.J., Koay A., Gooley P.R., Stapleton D., and Kemp B.E. Thienopyridone drugs are selective activators of AMP-activated protein kinase [beta]1-containing complexes. Chem. Biol. 15 (2008) 1220-1230
68. Shaw R.J., Lamia K.A., Vasquez D., Koo S.H., Bardeesy N., Depinho R.A., Montminy M., and Cantley L.C. The kinase LKB1 mediates glucose homeostasis in liver and therapeutic effects of metformin. Science 310 (2005) 1642-1646
69. Steinberg G.R., Watt M.J., Fam B.C., Proietto J., Andrikopoulos S., Allen A.M., Febbraio M.A., and Kemp B.E. Ciliary neurotrophic factor suppresses hypothalamic AMP-kinase signaling in leptin-resistant obese mice. Endocrinology 147 (2006) 3906-3914
70. Suwa M., Nakano H., and Kumagai S. Effects of chronic AICAR treatment on fiber composition, enzyme activity, UCP3, and PGC-1 in rat muscles. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (2003) 960-968
71. Suzuki A., Okamoto S., Lee S., Saito K., Shiuchi T., and Minokoshi Y. Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene expression in mouse C2C12 myoblasts by changing the subcellular localization of the alpha2 form of AMP-activated protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 (2007) 4317-4327
72. Townley R., and Shapiro L. Crystal structures of the adenylate sensor from fission yeast AMP-activated protein kinase. Science 315 (2007) 1726-1729
73. Turner N., Li J.Y., Gosby A., To S.W., Cheng Z., Miyoshi H., Taketo M.M., Cooney G.J., Kraegen E.W., James D.E., et al. Berberine and its more biologically available derivative, dihydroberberine, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex I: a mechanism for the action of berberine to activate AMP-activated protein kinase and improve insulin action. Diabetes 57 (2008) 1414-1418
74. Viollet B., Guigas B., Leclerc J., Hebrard S., Lantier L., Mounier R., Andreelli F., and Foretz M. AMPK in the regulation of hepatic energy metabolism: from physiology to therapeutic perspectives. Acta. Physiol. (Oxf) 196 (2009) 81-98
75. Wang D.S., Jonker J.W., Kato Y., Kusuhara H., Schinkel A.H., and Sugiyama Y. Involvement of organic cation transporter 1 in hepatic and intestinal distribution of metformin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 (2002) 510-515
76. Watt M.J., Dzamko N., Thomas W.G., Rose-John S., Ernst M., Carling D., Kemp B.E., Febbraio M.A., and Steinberg G.R. CNTF reverses obesity-induced insulin resistance by activating skeletal muscle AMPK. Nat. Med. 12 (2006) 541-548
77. Yamauchi T., Kamon J., Minokoshi Y., Ito Y., Waki H., Uchida S., Yamashita S., Noda M., Kita S., Ueki K., et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat. Med. 8 (2002) 1288-1295
78. Ye J.M., Dzamko N., Hoy A.J., Iglesias M.A., Kemp B., and Kraegen E. Rosiglitazone treatment enhances acute AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated muscle and adipose tissue glucose uptake in high-fat-fed rats. Diabetes 55 (2006) 2797-2804
79. Yin J., Gao Z., Liu D., Liu Z., and Ye J. Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 294 (2008) E148-E156
80. Young L.H. AMP-activated protein kinase conducts the ischemic stress response orchestra. Circulation 117 (2008) 832-840
81. Zhang F., Sun C., Wu J., He C., Ge X., Huang W., Zou Y., Chen X., Qi W., and Zhai Q. Combretastatin A-4 activates AMP-activated protein kinase and improves glucose metabolism in db/db mice. Pharmacol. Res. 57 (2008) 318-323
82. Zhou G., Myers R., Li Y., Chen Y., Shen X., Fenyk-Melody J., Wu M., Ventre J., Doebber T., Fujii N., et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J. Clin. Invest. 108 (2001) 1167-1174