Emerging concepts of how β-amyloid proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines might collaborate to produce an 'Alzheimer brain' (Review)

Molecular Medicine Reports

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 173-178

  Dal Pra, Ilaria ^a   Chiarini, Anna ^a   Pacchiana, Raffaella ^a   Chakravarthy, Balu ^b   Whitfield, James F ^b   Armato, Ubaldo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid peptides; Astrocytes; Human; Microglia; Neurons; Primary cilium; Pro inflammatory cytokines

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; NITRIC OXIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ASTROCYTE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN; DISEASE COURSE; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; MACROPHAGE; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; PLASTICITY; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW; SYNAPSE;

EID: 65349119198     PISSN: 17912997     EISSN: 17913004     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Nunomura A, Castellani RJ, Lee HG, Moreira PI, Zhu X, Perry G and Smith MA: Neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease: awaking from a hundred-year-old dream. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ 3: pe10, 2006.
2. Sisodia SS and Tanzi RE (eds): Alzheimer's Disease: Advances in Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology. Springer Science + Business Media, PPLLC, New York, 2007.
3. Li L, Cao D, Kim H, Lester R and Fukuchi K: Simvastatin enhances learning and memory independent of amyloid load in mice. Ann Neurol 60: 729-739, 2006. (Pubitemid 46061359)
4. Ashe KH: Learning and memory in transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's disease. Learn Mem 8: 301-308, 2001. (Pubitemid 34037573)
5. Klein WL, Lacor PN, De Felice FG, et al: Molecules that disrupt memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease: the attack on synapses by Aβ oligomers (ADDLs). In: Memories: Molecules and Circuits. Bontempi B, Silva AJ and Christen Y (eds). Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp155-179, 2007.
6. Cirrito JR, Yamada KA, Finn MB, et al: Synaptic activity regulates interstitial fluid amloid-beta levels in vivo. Neuron 48: 913-922, 2005.
7. Cheng IH, Scearce-Levie K, Legleiter J, et al: Accelerating amyloid-β fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer disease mouse models. J Biol Chem 282: 23818-23828, 2007. (Pubitemid 47328006)
8. Leissring MA: Proteolytic degradation of the amyloid β-protein: the forgotten side of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 3: 431-435, 2006. (Pubitemid 46066422)
9. Glabe C and Bush AI: Aβ structure and aggregation. In: Alzheimer's Disease. Sisodia SS and Tanzi RE (eds). Springer Science + Business Media, PPLLC, New York, pp113-131, 2007.
10. 2+ ions: modulators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. The Neuroscientist 10: 432-442, 2004.
11. Suh SW, Aoyama K, Alano CC, Anderson CM, Hamby AM and Swanson RA: Zinc inhibits astrocyte glutamate uptake by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. Mol Med 13: 344-349, 2007. (Pubitemid 47378134)
12. Hepler RW, Grimm KM, Nahas DD, et al: Solution state characterization of amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands. Biochemistry 45: 15157-15167, 2006.
13. Sweatt JD: Mechanisms of Memory. Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego, 2003.
14. Dash PK, Moore AN, Kobori N and Runyan JD: Molecular activity underlying working memory. Learn Mem 14: 554-563, 2007. (Pubitemid 47347436)
15. Holtzman DM and Zlokovic B: Role of Aβ transport and clearance in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In: Alzheimer's Disease. Sisodia SS and Tanzi RE (eds). Springer Science + Business Media, PPLLC, New York, pp179-198, 2007.
16. Wolfe MS: When loss is gain: reduced presenilin proteolytic function leads to increased Abeta42/Abeta40. Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease. EMBO Rep 8: 136-140, 2007.
17. Scheuner D, Eckman C, Jensen M, et al: Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med 2: 864-870, 1996.
18. Apelt J, Ach K and Schliebs R: Aging-related down-regulation of neprilysin, a putative beta-amyloid-degrading enzyme, in transgenic Tg2576 Alzheimer-like mouse brain is accompanied by an astro-glial upregulation in the vicinity of beta-amyloid plaques. Neurosci Lett 27: 183-186, 2003.
19. Fisk L, Nalivaeva NN, Boyle JP, Peers CS and Turner AJ: Effects of hypoxia and oxidative stress on expression of neprilysin in human neuroblastoma cells and rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. Neurochem Res 32: 1741-1748, 2007. (Pubitemid 47428855)
20. Standridge JB: Vicious cycles within the neuropathophysiologic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 3: 95-108, 2006.
21. Whitfield JF: Can statins put the brakes on Alzheimer's disease? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 15: 1479-1485, 2006.
22. Whitfield JF: The road to LOAD: late-onset Alzheimer's disease and a possible way to block it. Expert Opin Ther Targets 11: 1257-1260, 2007.
23. Deane R, Wu Z and Zlokovic BV: RAGE (yin) versus LRP (yang) balance regulates Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide clearance through transport across the blood-brain barrier. Stroke 35: 2628-2631, 2004. (Pubitemid 39458354)
24. Arendt T: Synaptic plasticity and cell cycle activation in neurons are alternative effector pathways: the 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde concept' of Alzheimer's disease or the yin and yang of neuroplasticity. Progr Neurobiol 71: 83-248, 2003.
25. Arendt T and Brückner MK: Linking cell-cycle dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease to a failure of synaptic plasticity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1772: 413-421, 2007. (Pubitemid 46400388)
26. Herrup K and Yang Yan C: Cell cycle regulation in the postmitotic neuron: oxymoron or new biology? Nat Rev Neurosci 8: 368-377, 2007.
27. Ehlers MD: Dendrite development: a surprising origin. J Cell Biol 170: 517-519, 2005.
28. Huang Z, Zang K and Reichardt LF: The origin recognition core complex regulates dendrite and spine development in postmitotic neurons. J Cell Biol 170: 527-535, 2005. (Pubitemid 41186928)
29. Mosch B, Morawski M, Mittag A, Lenz D, Tarnok A and Arendt T: Aneuploidy and DNA replication in the normal human brain and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 27: 6859-6867, 2007. (Pubitemid 47015903)
30. Mandelkow E-M, Thies E and Mandelkow E: Tau and axonal transport. In: Alzheimer's Disease. Sisodia SS and Tanzi RE (eds). Springer Science + Business Media, PPLLC, New York, pp237-256, 2007.
31. Ryoo HD, Gorenc T and Steller H: Apoptotic cells can induce compensatory cell proliferation through the JNK and wingless signaling pathways. Devel Cell 7: 491-501, 2004. (Pubitemid 39341835)
32. White JG, Southgate K and Thomson JN: On the nature of undead cells in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 331: 263-271, 1991.
33. Zhu X, Lee H, Perry G and Smith MA: Alzheimer disease, the two-hit hypothesis: an update. Biochim Biophys Acta 1772: 494-502, 2007. (Pubitemid 46400383)
34. Block ML, Zecca L and Hong J-S: Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: Uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 8: 57-69, 2007. (Pubitemid 46011999)
35. Veerhuis R, Hoozemans JM, Cagnin A, Eikelenboom P and Banati RB: The activation of microglia as an early sign of disease progression in Alzheimer's disease. In: Neuroglia. 2nd edition. Kettenmann H and Ransom ER (eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp563-572, 2005.
36. Webster SD, Galvan MD, Ferran E, Garzon-Rodriguez W, Glabe CG and Tenner AJ: Antibody-mediated phagocytosis of the amyloid beta-peptide in microglia is differentially modulated by C1q. J Immunol 166: 7496-7503, 2001. (Pubitemid 32525628)
37. Ye C, Ho-Pao CL, Kanazirska M, et al: Amyloid-beta proteins activate Ca(2+)-permeable channels through calcium-sensing receptors. J Neurosci Res 47: 547-554, 1997. (Pubitemid 27106551)
38. Blasko I, Veerhuis R, Stampfer-Kountchev M, Saurwein-Teissl M, Eikelenboom P and Grubeck-Loebenstein B: Costimulatory effects of interferon-gamma and interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha on the synthesis of Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42 by human astrocytes. Neurobiol Dis 7: 682-689, 2000. (Pubitemid 32044292)
39. Cho HJ, Kim SK, Jin SM, Hwang EM, Kim YS, Huh K and Mook-Jung I: IFN-γ-induced BACE1 expression is mediated by activation of JAK2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and direct binding of STAT1 to BACE1 promoter in astrocytes. Glia 55: 253-262, 2007. (Pubitemid 46225957)
40. Hong HS, Hwang EM, Sim HJ, et al: Interferon γ stimulates β-secretase expression and sAPPβ production in astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Research Commun 307: 922-927, 2001.
41. Chiarini A, Dal Pra I, Whitfield JF and Armato U: The killing by β-amyloid peptides, prions, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ital J Anat Embryol 111: 221-246, 2006.
42. Bushong EA, Martone ME, Jones YZ and Ellisman MH: Protoplasmic astrocytes in CA1 stratum radiatum occupy separate anatomical domains. J Neurosci 22: 183-192, 2002.
43. Bains JS and Oliet SH: Glia: they make your memories stick. Trends Neurosci 30: 417-424, 2007.
44. Carmignoto G and Fellin T: Glutamate release from astrocytes as a non-synaptic mechanism for neuronal synchronization in the hippocampus. J Physiol Paris 99: 98-102, 2006.
45. Chao TI, Rickmann M and Wolff R: The synapse-astrocyte boundary: an anatomical basis for an integrative role of glia in synaptic transmission. In: The Tripartite Synapse. Volterra A, Magistretti PJ and Haydon PG (eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp3-23, 2002.
46. Ehlers MD: Synapse formation. Curr Biol 15: R134-R137, 2005.
47. Martineau M, Baux G and Mothet J-P: Gliotransmission at central glutamatergic synapses: D-serine on stage. J Physiol Paris 99: 103-110, 2006.
48. Perea G and Araque A: Synaptic information processing by astrocytes. J Physiol Paris 99: 92-97, 2006.
49. Slezak M, Pfrieger FW and Soltys Z: Synaptic plasticity, astrocytes and morphological homeostasis. J Physiol Paris 99: 84-91, 2006.
50. Todd KJ, Serrano A, Lacaille JC and Robitaille R: Glial cells in synaptic plasticity. J Physiol Paris 99: 75-83, 2006.
51. Witcher MR, Kirov SA and Harris KM: Plasticity of perisynaptic astroglia during synaptogenesis in the mature rat hippocampus. Glia 55: 13-23, 2007.
52. Barker PA: High affinity not in the vicinity? Neuron 53: 1-4, 2007.
53. Yaar M, Zhai S, Fine RE, Eisenhauer PB, Arbla BL, Stewart KB and Gilchrest BA: Amyloid β bids trimers as well as monomers of the 75-kDa neurotrophin receptor and activates receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 277: 7720-7725, 2002. (Pubitemid 34968218)
54. Perini G, Della-Bianca V, Politi V, Della Valle G, Dal Pra I, Rossi F and Armato U: Role of p75 neurotrophin receptor in the neurotoxicity by beta-amyloid peptides and synergistic effect of inflammatory cytokines. J Exp Med 195: 907-918, 2002 [erratum appeared in: J Exp Med 195: 1231, 2002]. (Pubitemid 34286761)
55. Yaar M, Eller MS, Di Benedetto P, et al: Binding of β-amyloid to the p75 neurotrophin receptor induces apoptosis. J Clin Invest 100: 2333-2340, 1997.
56. Chiarini A, Dal Pra I, Menapace L, Pacchiana R, Whitfield JF and Armato U: Soluble amyloid beta-peptide and myelin basic protein strongly stimulate, alone and in synergism with combined pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of functional nitric oxide synthase-2 in normal adult human astrocytes. Int J Mol Med 16: 801-807, 2005.
57. 2+-sensing receptor (CASR) in the expression of inducible NOS (nitric oxide synthase)-2 and its BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin)-dependent activation in cytokine-stimulated adult human astrocytes. J Cell Biochem 96: 428-438, 2005.
58. Chiarini A, Dal Pra I, Gottardo R, Bortolotti F, Whitfield JF and Armato U: BH(4) (tetrahydrobiopterin)-dependent activation, but not the expression, of inducible NOS (nitric oxide synthase)-2 in proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated, cultured normal human astrocytes is mediated by MEK-ERK kinases. J Cell Biochem 94: 731-743, 2005. (Pubitemid 41420272)
59. Berbari NF, Bishop GA, Askwith CC, Lewis JS and Mykytyn K: Hippocampal neurons possess primary cilia in culture. J Neurosci Res 85: 1095-1100, 2007.
60. Bishop GA, Berbari NF, Lewis J and Mykytyn K: Type III adenylyl cyclase localizes to primary cilia throughout the adult mouse brain. J Comp Neurobiol 505: 562-571, 2007.
61. Whitfield JF: The neuronal primary cilium - an extrasynaptic signaling device. Cell Signal 16: 73-81, 2004.
62. Whitfield JF: The solitary (primary) cilium - a mechanosensory toggle switch in bone and cartilage cells. Cell Signal: Nov 11 2007 (Epub ahead of print).
63. Praetorius HA and Spring KR: The renal cell primary cilium functions as a flow sensor. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12: 517-520, 2003. (Pubitemid 37083112)