Social distance: The missing link in the loop of movies, destination image, and tourist behavior?

Journal of Travel Research

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 494-507

  Tasci, Asli D A ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Destination image; Social distance; Stereotypical image; Turkey; Visual information

Indexed keywords

TOURISM; TOURIST BEHAVIOR; TOURIST DESTINATION;

EURASIA; TURKEY;

EID: 65249149567     PISSN: 00472875     EISSN: 15526763     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0047287508326534     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Ahmed, Z.U. (1996). "The Need for the Identification of the Constituents of a Destination's Tourist Image: A Promotion Segmentation Perspective." Journal of Professional Service Marketing, 14 (1): 37-60.
2. Anand, P., M.B. Holbrook, and D. Stephens. (1988). "The Formation of Affective Judgments: The Cognitive-Affective Model versus the Independence Hypothesis." Journal of Consumer Research, 15 (3): 386-91.
3. Anastasopoulos, P. (1992). "Tourism and Attitude Change: Greek Tourists Visiting Turkey. " Annals of Tourism Research, 19 (4): 629-42.
4. Baloglu, S., and K.W. McCleary (1999). "U.S. International Travelers' Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors." Journal of Travel Research, 38 (November): 144-52.
5. Bochner, S. (1982). "The Social Psychology of Cross-Cultural Relations." In Cultures in Contact-Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction, edited by S. Bochner. New York: Pergamon, pp. 5-44.
6. Bogardus, E.S. (1936). "Introduction to social research." Los Angeles: Suttonhouse Ltd.
7. Bogardus, E.S. (1933). "A Social Distance Scale." Sociology and Social Research, 17 (January-February): 265-71.
8. Bojanic, D.C. (1991). "The Use of Advertising in Managing Destination Image. " Tourism Management, 12 (4): 352-55.
9. Calder, B.J., L.W. Phillips, and A.M. Tybout (1981). "Designing Research for Application." Journal of Consumer Research, 8 (2): 197-207.
10. Chen, P.J., and D.L. Kerstetter (1999). "International Students' Image of Rural Pennsylvania as a Travel Destination." Journal of Travel Research, 37 (February): 256-66.
11. Cohen, E. (1972). "Toward a Sociology of International Tourism." Social Research, 39 (1): 164-89.
12. Cook, T., and D. Campbell (1975). "The Design and Conduct of Experiments and Quasi-Experiments in Field Settings. " In Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Research, edited by M. Dunnette. Chicago: Rand McNally, pp. 223-321.
13. Court, B., and R.A. Lupton (1997). "Customer Portfolio Development: Modeling Destination Adapters, Inactives, and Rejecters." Journal of Travel Research, 36 (1): 35-43.
14. Crompton, J.L. (1979). "An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location upon that Image." Journal of Travel Research, 17 (1): 18-23.
15. Crompton, J.L., P.C. Fakeye, and C.C. Lue (1992). "Positioning: The Example of the Lower Rio Grande Valley in the Winter Long Stay Destination Market." Journal of Travel Research, 31 (2): 20-26.
16. Crotts, J.C., and R. Erdmann (2000). "Does National Culture Influence Consumers' Evaluation of Travel Services? A Test of Hofstede's Model of Cross-Cultural Differences." Managing Service Quality, 10 (6): 410-19.
17. Dickinson, S. (2007). "Evaluations of Branding Alliances between Non-profit and Commercial Brand Partners: The Transfer of Affect." International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 12 (1): 75-89.
18. Embacher, J., and F. Buttle (1989). "A Repertory Grid Analysis of Austria's Image as a Summer Vacation Destination." Journal of Travel Research, 27 (3): 3-7.
19. Echtner, C.M. and J.R.B. Ritchie (1993). "The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment." Journal of Travel Research, 31 (4): 3-13.
20. Fakeye, P.C., and J.L. Crompton (1991). "Image Differences between Prospective, First-time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley." Journal of Travel Research, 30 (2): 10-16.
21. Gartner, W.C. (1993). "Image Formation Process." Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 2 (2): 191-215.
22. Gartner, W.C. (1989). "Tourism image: Attribute measurement of state tourism products using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques. " Journal of Travel Research, 28 (2): 16-20.
23. Goodrich, J.N. (1978). "The Relationship between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model." Journal of Travel Research, 16 (2): 8-13.
24. Gunn, C. (1972). Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions. Austin: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas.
25. Hair, Jr. J.F., R.E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, and W.C. Black (1998). "Multivariate Data Analysis." New York: Macmillan.
26. Hanefors, M., and L. Mossberg (2002). "TV Travel Shows-A Pre-taste of the Destination." Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8 (3): 235-46.
27. Hankinson, G. (2005). "Destination brand images: A business tourism perspective." The Journal of Services Marketing, 19 (1): 24-32.
28. Hunt, J.D. (1975). "Image as a Factor in Tourist Development." Journal of Travel Research, 13 (3): 1-7.
29. Joppe, M., D.W. Martin, and J. Waalen (2001). "Toronto's Image as a Destination: A Comparative Importance-Satisfaction Analysis by Origin of Visitors." Journal of Travel Research, 39 (3): 252-60.
30. Kim, H., and S.L. Richardson (2003). "Motion Picture Impacts on Destination Images." Annals of Tourism Research, 30 (1): 216-37.
31. Klineberg, O. (1982). "Contact between Ethnic Groups: A Historical Perspective of Some Aspects of Theory and Research." In Cultures in Contact-Studies in Cross-Cultural Interaction, edited by S. Bochner. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon, pp. 45-55.
32. Kotler, P., and D. Gertner (2002). "Country as Brand, Product, and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective." Journal of Brand Management, 9 (4/5): 249-61.
33. Leisen, B. (2001). "Image Segmentation: The Case of a Tourism Destination." Journal of Services Marketing, 15 (1): 49-55.
34. MacKay, K., and D. Fesenmaier (1997). "Pictorial Element of Destination in Image Formation." Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (3): 537-65.
35. MacKay, K., and D. Fesenmaier (2000). "An Exploration of Cross-Cultural Destination Image Assessment." Journal of Travel Research, 38 (4): 417-23.
36. Morgan, N.J., A. Pritchard, and R. Piggott (2003). "Destination Branding and the Role of the Stakeholders: The Case of New Zealand." Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9 (3): 285-97.
37. Murphy, L. (1999). "Australia's Image as a Holiday Destination- Perceptions of Backpacker Visitors. " Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 8 (3): 21-45.
38. O'Leary, S., and J. Deegan (2003). "People, Pace, Place: Qualitative and Quantitative Images of Ireland as a Tourism Destination in France." Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9 (3): 213-26.
39. Park, R.E. (1924). "The Concept of Social Distance: As Applied to the Study of Racial Relations." Journal of Applied Sociology, 8 (July-August): 339-44.
40. Pearce, P.L. (1988). The Ulysses Factor: Evaluating Visitors in Tourist Settings. New York: Springer-Verlag.
41. Pizam, A., A. Milman, and A. Jafari (1991). "Influence of Tourism on Attitudes: US Students Visiting USSR." Tourism Management, 12 (1): 47-54.
42. Pizam, A., N. Uriely, and A. Reichel (2000). "The Intensity of Tourist-Host Social Relationship and Its Effect on Satisfaction and Change of Attitudes: The Case of Working Tourists in Israel. " Tourism Management, 21 (4): 395-406.
43. Pritchard, A., and N.J. Morgan (2001). "Culture, Identity and Tourism Representation: Marketing Cymru or Wales?" Tourism Management, 22: 167-79.
44. Reilly, M.D. (1990). "Free Elicitation of Descriptive Adjectives for Tourism Image Assessment." Journal of Travel Research, 28 (4): 21-26.
45. Reisinger, Y., and L.W. Turner (2002). "Cultural Differences between Asian Tourist Markets and Australian Hosts, Part 1." Journal of travel Research, 40 (3): 295-315.
46. Rezende-Parker, A.M., A.M. Morrison, and J.A. Ismail (2003). "Dazed and Confused? An Exploratory Study of the Image of Brazil as a Travel Destination. " Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9 (3): 243-59.
47. Riley, R., D. Baker, and C.S.V. Doren (1998). "Movie Induced Tourism." Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (4): 919-35.
48. Rittichainuwat, B.N., H. Qu, and T.J. Brown (2001). "Thailand's International Travel Image: Mostly Favorable." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42 (2): 82-95.
49. Ross, G.F. (1993). "Ideal and Actual Images of Backpacker Visitors to Northern Australia. " Journal of Travel Research, 32 (3): 54-57.
50. Schroeder, T. (1996). "Relationship of residents' image of their state as a tourist destination and their support for tourism." Journal of Travel Research, 34 (4): 71-73.
51. Selby, M., and N.J. Morgan (1996). "Reconstructing Place Image- A Case Study of Its Role in Destination Market Research. " Tourism Management, 17 (4): 287-94.
52. Sirakaya, E., and S. Sonmez (2000). "Gender Images in State Tourism Brochures: An Overlooked Area in Socially Responsible Tourism Marketing." Journal of Travel Research, 38 (4): 323-62.
53. Sonmez, S., Y. Apostolopoulos, and P. Tarlow (1999). "Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism." Journal of Travel Research, 38 (1): 13-18.
54. Sonmez, S.F., and E. Sirakaya (2002). "A Distorted Destination Image? The Case of Turkey. " Journal of Travel Research, 41 (2): 185-96.
55. Tasci, A.D.A. (2006). "Visit Impact on Destination Image." Tourism Analysis, 11 (5): 297-309.
56. Tasci, A.D.A., W.C. Gartner, and S.T. Cavusgil (2007). "Measurement of Destination Brand Bias Using a Quasi-experimental Design." Tourism Management, 28: 1529-40.
57. Tooke, N., and M. Baker (1996). "Seeing Is Believing: The Effect of Film on Visitor Numbers to Screened Locations." Tourism Management, 17 (2): 87-94.
58. United Nations World Trade Organization (2007). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, vol. 5, no. 2. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/ unwto_barom07_2_en.pdf (accessed June 21, 2008).
59. Var, T., D. Beck, and P. Loftus (1977). "Determination of touristic attractiveness of the touristic areas inBritish Columbia." Journal of Travel Research, 15: 23-29.
60. Walmsley, D.J., and M. Young (1998). "Evaluative Images and Tourism: The Use of Personal Constructs to Describe the Structure of Destination Images. " Journal of Travel Research, 36 (3): 65-69.
61. Weiermair, K. (2000). "Tourists' Perceptions towards and Satisfaction with Service Quality in the Cross-Cultural Service Encounter: Implications for Hospitality and Tourism Management." Managing Service Quality, 10 (6): 397-409.
62. Young, M. (1999). "The Social Construction of Tourist Places. "Australian Geographer, 30 (3): 373-89.