Effects of psychosocial interventions for people with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: A survey of systematic reviews

Research on Social Work Practice

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 281-290

  Gustafsson, Carina ^a,e   Ajehagen, Agneta ^b   Hansson, Lars ^b   Sandlund, Mikael ^c   Nystrom, Marie ^a   Glad, Johan ^a   Cruce, Gunilla ^b   Jonsson, Ann Kristin ^d   Fredriksson, Maja ^d  

^a Institute for Evidence Based Social Work Practice   (Sweden)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d National Board of Health and Welfare   (Sweden)

^e NATIONAL BOARD OF HEALTH AND WELFARE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Intellectual disability; Psychosocial interventions; Reviews

Indexed keywords

EID: 63849303143     PISSN: 10497315     EISSN: 15527581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1049731508329403     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Ashman, L., & Duggan, L. (2002). Interventions for learning disabled sex offenders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, 2, CD00368 2.
2. Chaplin, R. (2004). General psychiatric services for adults with intellectual disability and mental illness. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 1-10.
3. Hassiotis, A., & Hall, I. (2004). Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural interventions for outwardly-directed aggressive behaviour in people with learning disabilities. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, 1, CD00340 6.
4. Albin, J.B. (1977). The treatment of pica (scavenging) behavior in the retarded: A critical analysis and implications for research. Mental Retardation, 15, 14-17.
5. Allen, D. (2000). Recent research on physical aggression in persons with intellectual disability: An overview. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25, 41-57.
6. Allen, E.A. (1989). Behavioural treatment of anxiety and related disorders in adults with mental handicaps: A review. Mental Handicap Research, 2, 47-60.
7. Bassett, K., Green, C.J., & Kazanjian, A. (2000). Autism and Lovaas treatment: A systematic review of effectiveness evidence. Vancouver, Canada: British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment, Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia.
8. Beelmann, A., & Schneider, N. (2003). The effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents. A review and meta-analysis of German-language research. Zeitschrift fur klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 32, 129-143.
9. Blair, A. (1992). Working with people with learning difficulties who self-injure: A review of the literature. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 20, 1-23.
10. Campbell, J.M. (2003). Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Research Developmental Disabilities, 2, 120-138.
11. Carr, E.G., Horner, R.H., Turnbull, A.P., Marquis, J.G., McLaughlin, D.M., McAtee, M.L., et al. (1999). Positive behavior support for people with developmental disabilities: A research synthesis. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
12. Carr, J.E. (2000). A review of "noncontingent" reinforcement as treatment for the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 377-391.
13. Carr, J.E., Coriaty, S., & Dozier, C. (2000). Current issues in the function-based treatment of aberrant behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities. In J. Austin & J. E. Carr (Eds.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis (pp. 91-112). Reno, NV: Context Press.
14. Clarke, S., Dunlap, G., & Sticher, J.P. (2002). A descriptive analysis of intervention research in emotional and behavioral disorders from 1980 through 1999. Behavior Modification, 26, 659-683.
15. Conference Statement. (1990). Treatment of destructive behaviors in persons with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 403-433.
16. Davis, J.P., Judd, F., & Herrman, H. (1997). Depression in adults with intellectual disability. Part 1: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 232-242.
17. Davis, P.K., & Cuvo, A.J. (1980). Chronic vomiting and rumination in intellectually normal and retarded individuals: Review and evaluation of behavioral research. Behavior Research of Severe Developmental Disabilities, 1, 31-59.
18. Didden, R., Duker, P.C., & Korzillius, H. (1997). Meta-analytic study on treatment effectiveness for problem behaviors with individuals who have mental retardation. American Journal Mental Retardation, 101, 387-399.
19. Dosen, A. (1993). Diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric and behavioural disorders in mentally retarded individual: The state of the art. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37, 1-7.
20. Dunlap, G., Clarke, S., & Steiner, M. (1999). Intervention research in behavioral and developmental disabilities: 1980-1997. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1, 170-180.
21. Emerson, E. (1992). Self-injurious behaviour: An overview of recent trends in epidemiological and behavioural research. Mental Handicap Research, 5, 49-81.
22. Fox, P., & Emerson, E. (2001). Social valid outcomes of intervention for people with MR and challenging behavior: Views of different stake-holders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 3, 183-189.
23. Fraser, W.I., & Rao, J.M. (1991). Recent studies of mentally handicapped young people's behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 32, 79-108.
24. Frea, W.D., & Vittimberga, G.L. (2000). Behavioural interventions for children with autism. In J. Austin & J. E. Carr (Eds.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis (pp. 247-273). Reno, NV: Context Press.
25. Gardner, W.I. (1969). Use of punishment procedures with the severely retarded: A review. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 74, 86-103.
26. Gates, B. (2000). Self-injurious behaviour: Reviewing evidence for best practice. British Journal of Nursing, 9, 96-102.
27. Grey, I.M., & Hastings, R.P. (2005). Evidence-based practices in intellectual disability and behaviour disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 469-475.
28. Gunter, P.L. (1984). Self-injurious behaviour: Characteristics, aetiology, and treatment. Exceptional Child, 31, 91-98.
29. Hatton, C. (2002). Psychosocial interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 11, 357-374.
30. Hile, M.G., & Vatterott, M.K. (1991). Two decades of treatment for self-injurious biting in individuals with mental retardation or developmental disabilities: A treatment focused review of the literature: Erratum. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 4, 97.
31. Horner, R.D., & Barton, E.S. (1980). Operant techniques in the analysis and modification of self-injurious behavior: A review. Behavior Research of Severe Developmental Disabilities, 1, 61-91.
32. Janowsky, D.S., & Davis, J.M. (2005). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with mental retardation. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7, 421-428.
33. Kahng, S., Iwata, B.A., & Lewin, A.B. (2002). Behavioral treatment of self-injury. American Journal Mental Retardation, 107, 212-221.
34. Lancioni, G.E., & Hoogeveen, F. (1990). Non-aversive and mildly aversive procedures for reducing problem behaviours in people with developmental disorders: A review. Mental Handicap Research, 3, 137-160.
35. LeBlanc, L.A., & Matson, J.L. (1997). Aging in the developmentally disabled: Assessment and treatment. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 3, 37-55.
36. Lillienfeld, S.O. (2005). Scientifically unsupported and supported interventions for childhood psychopathology: A summary. Pediatrics, 115, 761-764.
37. Long, E.S., & Miltenberger, R.G. (1998). A review of behavioural and pharmacological treatments for habit disorders in individuals with mental retardation. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 143-156.
38. Lundervold, D., & Bourland, G. (1988). Quantitative analysis of treatment of aggression, self-injury, and property destruction. Behavior Modification, 12, 590-617.
39. Matson, J.L., Dixon, D.R., & Matson, M.L. (2005). Assessing and treating aggression in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities: A 20-year overview. Educational Psychology, 25, 151-181.
40. Matson, J.L., & Taras, M.E. (1989). A 20 year review of punishment and alternative methods to treat problem behaviors in developmentally delayed persons. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 85-104.
41. McAdam, D.B., Sherman, J.A., Sheldon, J.B., & Napolitano, D.A. (2004). Behavioral interventions to reduce the pica of persons with developmental disabilities. Behavior Modification, 28, 45-72.
42. McClellan, J.M., & Werry, J.S. (2003). Evidence-based treatments in child and adolescent psychiatry: an inventory. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1388-1400.
43. Mulcahy, M. (1992). Evaluation of treatment in the psychiatry of mental retardation. International Journal of Mental Health, 21, 77-94.
44. Mulick, J.A., & Schroeder, S.R. (1980). Research relating to management of antisocial behavior in mentally retarded persons. Psychological Record, 30, 397-417.
45. Myles, B.S., Simpson, R.L., & Hirsch, N.C. (1997). A review of literature on interventions to reduce pica in individuals with developmental disabilities. Autism, 1, 77-95.
46. Napolitano, D.A., Jack, S.L., Sheldon, J.B., Williams, D.C., McAdam, D.B., Schroeder, S.R., et al. (1999). Drug-behavior interactions in persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5, 322-334.
47. Nezu, C.M., & Nezu, A.M. (1994). Outpatient psychotherapy for adults with mental retardation and concomitant psychopathology: research and clinical imperatives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 34-42.
48. Oliver, C., & Petty, J. (2002). Self-injurious behaviour in people with intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 477-481.
49. Petronko, M., Harris, S., & Kormann, R. (1994). Community-based behavioural training approaches for people with mental retardation and mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 49-54.
50. Prout, H.T., & Nowak-Drabik, K.M. (2003). Psychotherapy with persons who have mental retardation: An evaluation of effectiveness. American Journal Mental Retardation, 108, 82-93.
51. Reid, D.H., Philips, J.F., & Green, C.W. (1991). Teaching persons with profound multiple handicaps: A review of the effects of behavioral research. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 319-336.
52. Rojahn, J., & Sisson, L.A. (1990). Stereotyped behavior. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification with the mentally retarded (2 nd ed., pp. 181-223). New York: Plenum.
53. Schlosser, R.W., & Lee, D.L. (2000). Promoting generalization and maintenance in augmentative and alternative communication: A meta-analysis of 20 years of effectiveness research. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16, 208-226.
54. Schroeder, S.R., Lewis, M., & Lipton, M. (1983). Interactions of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy among children with learning and behavioral disorders. Advances in Learning & Behavioral Disabilities, 2, 179-225.
55. Schroeder, S.R., Rojahn, J., Mulick, J.A., & Schroeder, C.S. (1990). Self-injurious behavior. In J. L. Matson (Ed.). Handbook of behavior modification with the mentally retarded (2 nd ed., pp. 141-180). New York: Plenum.
56. Scotti, J.R., Evans, I.M., Meyer, L.H., & Walker, P. (1991). A meta-analysis of intervention research with problem behavior: Treatment validity and standards of practice. American Journal Mental Retardation, 96, 233-256.
57. Scotti, J.R., Ujcich, K., Weigle, K., Holland, C., & Kirk, K. (1996). Interventions with challenging behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: A review of current research practices. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 21, 123-134.
58. Starin, S., & Fuqua, R. (1987). Rumination and vomiting in the developmentally disabled: A critical review of the behavioral, medical, and psychiatric treatment research. Research Developmental Disabilities, 8, 575-605.
59. Sturmey, P. (2002). Mental retardation and concurrent psychiatric disorder: Assessment and treatment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 489-495.
60. Sturmey, P. (2004). Cognitive therapy with people with intellectual disabilities: A selective review and critique. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 222-232.
61. Swaggart, B.L. (1997). Factors that contribute to the type and the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce the occurrence of self-injurious behavior in school-aged children and adults with developmental disabilities: A meta-analysis of single-case research. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 58, 42-36.
62. Symons, F.J., Koppekin, A., & Wehby, J.H. (1999). Treatment of self-injurious behavior and quality of life for persons with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 37, 297-307.
63. Wehmeyer, M. (1995). Intra-individual factors influencing efficacy of interventions for stereotyped behaviours: A meta-analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 39, 205-214.
64. Whitaker, S. (1993). The reduction of aggression in people with learning difficulties: A review of psychological methods. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 1-37.
65. Whitaker, S. (1996). A review of DRO: The influence of the degree of intellectual disability and the frequency of the target behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 9, 61-79.
66. Whitaker, S. (2000). The potential influence of frequency of challenging behaviour on treatment: An analysis of the literature. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 46, 83-88.
67. Whitaker, S. (2001). Anger control for people with learning disabilities: A critical review. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 277-293.
68. Whitaker, S. (2002). Maintaining reductions in challenging behaviours: A review of the literature. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 48, 15-25.
69. White, A.H. (2004). Cognitive behavioural therapy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. London: University of Southampton, Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development, Bazian Ltd.
70. Willner, P. (2005). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for people with learning disabilities: A critical overview. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 49, 73-85.
71. Ager, A. (2001). Issues in the definition and implementation of "best practice" for staff delivery of interventions for challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 26, 243-256.
72. Allen, D. (1999). Mediator analysis: An overview of recent research on carers supporting people with intellectual disability and challenging behavior. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 325-339.
73. Chung, M.C. (1996). The evaluation of residential services for people with learning difficulties: An overview of United Kingdom research. Adult Residential Care Journal, 10, 115-136.
74. Felce, D., Jones, E., Lowe, K., & Smith, C. (2001). Living with support in a home in the community: Predictors of behavioral development and household and community activity. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7, 75-83.
75. Fleming, R.K., & Reile, P.A. (1993). A descriptive analysis of client outcomes associated with staff interventions in developmental disabilities. Behavioural Residential Treatment, 8, 29-43.
76. Heller, T. (2002). Residential settings and outcomes for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 503-508.
77. Kim, S., Larson, S.A., & Lakin, K.C. (2001). Behavioural outcomes of deinstitutionalisation for people with intellectual disability: A review of US studies conducted between 1980 and 1999. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 26, 35-50.
78. Lynch, P.S., Kellow, J.T., & Willson, V.L. (1997). The impact of deinstitutionalization on the adaptive behavior of adults with mental retardation: A meta-analysis. Education & Training in Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities, 32, 255-261.
79. Algozzine, B., Browder, D., Karvonen, M., Test, D.W., & Wood, W.M. (2001). Effects of interventions to promote self-determination for individuals with disabilities. Review of Educational Research, 71, 219-277.
80. Anctil, T.M., & Degeneffe, C.E. (2003). Self-management and social skills training for persons with developmental disabilities: Tools for the rehabilitation counsellor to facilitate success in community settings: A literature review. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counselling, 34, 17-24.
81. Ball, C.M. (2004). Music therapy for children with autistic spectrum disorder. London: University of Southampton, Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development, Bazian Ltd.
82. Bopp, K.D., Brown, K., & Mirenda, P. (2004). Speech-language pathologist's roles in the delivery of positive behavior support for individuals with developmental disabilities. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 13, 5-19.
83. Brady, J.P. (1984). Social skills training for psychiatric patients: II. Clinical outcome studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 491-498.
84. Corrigan, P.W. (1991). Social skills training in adult psychiatric populations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Therapy Experimental Psychiatry, 22, 203-210.
85. Davies, R.R., & Rogers, E.S. (1985). Social skills training with persons who are mentally retarded. Mental Retardation, 23, 186-196.
86. Hogg, J., Cavet, J., Lambe, L., & Smeddle, M. (2001). The use of "snoezelen" as multisensory stimulation with people with intellectual disabilities: A review of the research. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 353-372.
87. Kern, L., Vorndran, C.M., Hilt, A., Ringdahl, J.E., Adelman, B.E., & Dunlap, G. (1998). Choice as an intervention to improve behavior: A review of the literature. Journal of Behavioral Education, 8, 151-169.
88. Koegel, L., & Lord, C. (2000). Interventions to facilitate communication in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 383-398.
89. Lancioni, G.E., Cuvo, A.J., & Reilly, M.F. (2002). Snoezelen: An overview of research with people with developmental disabilities and dementia. Disability and Rehabilitation, 24, 175-184.
90. Patterson, I. (2004). Snoezelen as a casual leisure activity for people with a developmental disability. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 38, 289-300.
91. Reisman, J. (1993). Using a sensory integrative approach to treat self-injurious behavior in an adult with profound mental retardation. American Journal Occupational Therapy, 47, 403-411.
92. Rogers, S.J. (2000). Interventions that facilitate socialization in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 399-409.
93. Romaniuk, C., & Mittenberger, R. (2001). The influence of preference and choice of activity on problem behaviour. Journal of Positive Behaviour Interventions, 3, 152-159.
94. Rudkin, A., & Rowe, D. (1999). A systematic review of the evidence base for lifestyle planning in adults with learning disabilities: Implications for other disabled populations. Clinical Rehabilitation, 13, 363-372.
95. Shogren, K.A., Faggella-Luby, M.N., Bae, S., & Wehmeyer, M.L. (2004). The effect of choice-making as an intervention for problem behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6, 228-237.
96. Sigafoos, J. (1997). Review of communication intervention programs for people with developmental disabilities. Behaviour Change, 14, 125-138.
97. Soto, G., Toro-Zambrana, W., & Belfiore, P.J. (1994). Comparison of two instructional strategies on social skills acquisition and generalization among individuals with moderate and severe mental retardation working in a vocational setting: A meta-analytical review. Education & Training in Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities, 29, 307-320.
98. Vargas, S., & Camilli, G. (1999). A meta-analysis of research on sensory integration treatment. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53, 189-198.
99. Whipple, J. (2004). Music in intervention for children and adolescents with autism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 41, 90-106.
100. Addison, K.W., & Forgnone, C. (1990). The mentally handicapped juvenile offender: A call for transition. Journal of Correctional Education, 41, 20-24.
101. Best, L., & Milne, R. (1997). Auditory integration training in autism. Southampton, UK: Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development.
102. Bodfish, J.W. (2004). Treating the core features of autism: Are we there yet? Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10, 318-326.
103. Casto, G., & Mastropieri, M.A. (1986). The efficacy of early interventions programs: A meta-analysis. Exceptional Children, 52, 417-424.
104. Cunningham, C., & Tumbatin, (2005). Autism and the autistic spectrum disorders. Medicine Today, 6, 46-57.
105. Frey, L., Szalda-Petree, A., Traci, M., & Seekins, T. (2001). Prevention of secondary health conditions in adults with developmental disabilities: A review of the literature. Disability and Rehabilitation, 15 (23). 361-369.
106. Gabler-Halle, D., Halle, J., & Chung, Y.B. (1993). The effects of aerobic exercise on psychological and behavioral variables of individuals with developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14, 359-386.
107. Harris, J. (1996). Physical restraint procedures for managing challenging behaviours presented by mentally retarded adults and children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17, 99-134.
108. Hughes, C., Kim, J., & Hwang, B. (1998). Assessing social integration in employment settings: Current knowledge and future directions. American Journal Mental Retardation, 103, 173-185.
109. Ijichi, S., & Ijichi, N. (2004). Beyond negative data in autism randomized trials. Autism, 8, 111-112.
110. Kavale, K., & Mattson, P.D. (1983). "One jumped off the balance beam": meta-analysis of perceptual-motor training. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 165-173.
111. Lennox, D.B., Miltenberger, R.G., Spengler, P., & Erfanian, N. (1988). Decelerative treatment practices with persons who have mental retardation: A review of five years of the literature. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 92, 492-501.
112. Lindsay, W.R. (2002). Research and literature on sex offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 46, 74-85.
113. Lindsay, W.R., & Taylor, J.L. (2005). A selective review of research on offenders with developmental disabilities: Assessment and treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12, 201-214.
114. Murray, C.A. (1976). Link between learning disabilities & juvenile delinquency-Current theory & knowledge. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.
115. Nolan, J. (2004). Analysis of Kavale and Mattson's "balance beam" study (1983): Criteria for selection of articles. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 63-82.
116. O'Leary, K.D. (1982). The promise and challenge of behaviour therapy. South African Journal of Psychology, 12, 1-6.
117. Oliver, P., Piachaud, J., Done, D.J., Regan, A., Cooray, S.E., & Tyrer, P.J. (2003). Difficulties developing evidence-based approaches in learning disabilities. Evidence Based Mental Health, 6, 37-39.
118. Probst, P. (2001). Elterntrainings im rahmen der rehabilitation autistischer kinder: Konzepte und ergebnisse. [Parent training in the rehabilitation of children with autism]. Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 49, 1-32.
119. Schrader, C., Shaull, J., & Elmore, B. (1983). Behavioral treatment of self-stimulation in the developmentally disabled: A methodological review. Behavior Modification, 7, 267-294.
120. Sinha, Y., Silove, N., Wheeler, D., & Williams, K. (2004). Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, 1.
121. Swanson, H.L. (1999). Reading research for students with LD: A meta-analysis of intervention outcomes. Journal Learning Disabilities, 32, 504-532.
122. Swanson, H.L., Hoskyn, M., & Lee, C. (1999). Interventions for students with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis of treatment outcomes. New York: Guilford.
123. Symon, J.B. (2001). Parent education for autism: Issues in providing services at a distance. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 3, 160-174.
124. Torr, J. (2003). Personality disorder in intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 517-521.
125. Wadhwa, S., & Lavizzo-Mourey, R. (1999). Do innovative models of health care delivery improve quality of care for selected vulnerable populations: A systematic review. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement, 25, 408-421.
126. Walls, R.T., & Nicholas, H. (1973). Token economies in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 16, 244-257.
127. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
128. Ballinger, B.R., Ballinger, C.B., Reid, A.H., & McQueen, E. (1991). The psychiatric symptoms, diagnoses and care needs of 100 mentally handicapped patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 251-254.
129. Borthwick-Duffy, S.A. (1994). Epidemiology and prevalence of psychopathology in people with mental retardation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 17-27.
130. Campbell Collaboration. (2001). Campbell Collaboration guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/guidelines.asp
131. Cochrane Collaboration. (2006). The Cochrane manual. Retrieved from http://cochrane.org/admin/manual.htm
132. Cooper, S.-A. (1997). Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly compared with younger adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 375-380.
133. Corbett, J.A. (1979). Psychiatric morbidity and mental retardation. In F. James & R. Snaith (Eds.), Psychiatric illness and mental handicap (pp. 11-25). London: Gaskell.
134. Crews, D.W., Bonaventura, S., & Rowe, F. (1994). Dual diagnosis: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a large state residential facility for individuals with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 98, 688-731.
135. Davidsson, P.W., Morris, D., & Cain, N.N. (1999). Community services for people with developmental disabilities and psychiatric or severe behaviour disorders. In N. Bouras (Ed.), Psychiatric and behavioural disorders in developmental disabilities and mental retardation (pp. 359-372). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
136. Deb, S., Thomas, M., & Bright, C. (2001). Mental disorders in adults with intellectual disability 1: Prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 495-505.
137. Gates, B., & Atherton, H. (2001). The challenge of evidence-based practice for learning disabilities. British Journal of Nursing, 10, 517-522.
138. Gistason, R. (1985). Psychiatric illness among the mentally retarded. A Swedish population study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 7 (Suppl. 318). 1-117.
139. Green, S., & Higgins, J. (Eds.). (2006). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.6. Cochrane Library, 4.
140. Grunewald, K. (1992). Medicinska omsorgsboken. [Medical care for persons with intellectual disabilities]. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.
141. Gustafsson, C. (2003). Intellectual disability and mental health problems. Evaluation of two clinical assessment instruments, occurrence of mental health problems and psychiatric care utilisation. Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Universitas Upsaliensis, Faculty of Medicine.
142. Ericsson, K. (2002). From institutional life to community participation. Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Universitas Upsaliensis, Uppsala Studies in Education.
143. Jacobsen, J. (1999). Dual diagnosis services: History, progress and perspectives. In N. Bouras (Ed.), Psychiatric and behavioural disorders in developmental disabilities and mental retardation (pp. 329-358). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
144. Kerker, B.D., Owens, P.L., Zigler, E., & Horwitz, S.M. (2004). Mental health disorders among individuals with mental retardation: Challenges to accurate prevalence estimates. Public Health Reports, 119, 409-417.
145. Luckasson, R., Borthwick-Duffy, S., Buntinx, W., Coulter, D., Craig, E., Reeve, A., et al. (2002). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of supports (10 th ed.). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
146. Lund, J. (1985). The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in mentally retarded adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 72, 563-570.
147. Nirje, B. (1969). The normalization principle and its human management implications. In R. Kugel & W. Wolfensberger (Eds.), Changing patterns in residential services for the mentally retarded (pp. 51-57). Washington, DC: President's Committee on Mental Retardation.
148. Wolfensberger, W. (1969). The origin and nature of our institutional models. In R. Kugel & W. Wolfensberger (Eds.), Changing patterns in residential services for the mentally retarded (pp. 59-77). Washington DC: President's Committee on Mental Retardation.
149. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.