Procoagulant snake toxins: Laboratory studies, diagnosis, and understanding snakebite coagulopathy

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 93-103

  Isbister, Geoffrey K ^a,b  

^a MENZIES SCHOOL OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

^b CALVARY MATER NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Coagulopathy; Envenomation; Hemotoxin; Snake venom; Snakebite

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8; FIBRINOGEN; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; HEPARIN; PROCOAGULANT; PROTHROMBIN; SNAKE VENOM; SNAKE VENOM ANTISERUM;

BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD CLOTTING TEST; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ENVENOMATION; HUMAN; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LABORATORY TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SNAKEBITE;

ANIMALS; BLOOD COAGULATION; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; COAGULANTS; FIBRINOGEN; HEMOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; SNAKE BITES; SNAKE VENOMS;

EID: 63449138093     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: 10989064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214152     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Kuruppu S, Smith AI, Isbister GK, Hodgson WC. Neurotoxins from Australo-Papuan elapids: a biochemical and pharmacological perspective. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008;38:73-86
2. Koh DC, Armugam A, Jeyaseelan K. Snake venom components and their applications in biomedicine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2006;63:3030-3041
3. Hati R, Mitra P, Sarker S, Bhattacharyya KK. Snake venom hemorrhagins. Crit Rev Toxicol 1999;29:1-19
4. Kini RM, Rao VS, Joseph JS. Procoagulant proteins from snake venoms. Haemostasis 2001;31:218-224
5. Sitprija V. Snakebite nephropathy. Nephrology.(Carlton.) 2006;11:442-448
6. Mebs D, Ownby CL. Myotoxic components of snake venoms: their biochemical and biological activities. Pharmacol Ther 1990;48:223-236
7. Gutierrez JM, Rucavado A. Snake venom metalloproteinases: their role in the pathogenesis of local tissue damage. Biochimie 2000;82:841-850
8. Hodgson WC. Pharmacological action of Australian animal venoms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997;24:10-17
9. Dutertre S, Lewis RJ. Toxin insights into nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;72:661-670
10. Marsh N, Williams V. Practical applications of snake venom toxins in haemostasis. Toxicon 2005;45:1171-1181
11. Ferreira SH. A bradykinin-potentiating factor (BPF) present in the venom of Bothrops jararca. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1965;24:163-169
12. Han TS, Teichert RW, Olivera BM, Bulaj G. Conus venoms - a rich source of peptide-based therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:2462-2479
13. Hennerici MG, Kay R, Bogousslavsky J, Lenzi GL, Verstraete M, Orgogozo JM. Intravenous ancrod for acute ischaemic stroke in the European Stroke Treatment with Ancrod Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1871-1878
14. Liu M, Counsell C, Zhao XL, Wardlaw J. Fibrinogen depleting agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003:CD000091
15. Serrano SM, Maroun RC. Snake venom serine proteinases: sequence homology vs. substrate specificity, a paradox to be solved. Toxicon 2005;45:1115-1132
16. Markland FS. Inventory of alpha- and beta- fibrinogenases from snake venoms. Thromb Haemost 1991;65:438-443
17. Swenson S, Markland FS Jr. Snake venom fibrin(ogen)olytic enzymes. Toxicon 2005;45:1021-1039
18. Lalloo DG, Trevett AJ, Owens D, et al. Coagulopathy following bites by the Papuan taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni). Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995;6:65-72
19. Warrell DA, Davidson NM, Greenwood BM, et al. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Q J Med 1977;46:33-62
20. Kini RM. Anticoagulant proteins from snake venoms: structure, function and mechanism. Biochem J 2006;397:377-387
21. Johnstone IB, Martin CA. Comparative effects of the human protein C activator, Protac, on the activated partial thromboplastin clotting times of plasmas, with special reference to the dog. Can J Vet Res 2000;64:117-122
22. Gold BS, Barish RA, Dart RC. North American snake envenomation: diagnosis, treatment, and management. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2004;22:423-443,ix
23. Thorson A, Lavonas EJ, Rouse AM, Kerns WP. Copperhead envenomations in the Carolinas. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003;41:29-35
24. Currie BJ. Snakebite in tropical Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Emerg Med 2001;12:285-294
25. Isbister GK, Hooper MR, Dowsett R, Maw G, Murray L, White J. Collett's snake (Pseudechis colletti) envenoming in snake handlers. QJM 2006;99:109-115
26. White J. Snake venoms and coagulopathy. Toxicon 2005;45:951-967
27. Isbister GK. Snake bite: a current approach to management. Aust Prescrib 2006;29:125-129
28. Madaras F, Smith IL, Parkin JD. Purification and characterisation of coagulation inhibitors from the King Brown venom. [abstract]Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1983;10: 490
29. Senis YA, Kim PY, Fuller GL, et al. Isolation and characterization of cotiaractivase, a novel low molecular weight prothrombin activator from the venom of Bothrops cotiara. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1764:863-871
30. Rosing J, Tans G. Structural and functional properties of snake venom prothrombin activators. Toxicon 1992;30:1515-1527
31. Joseph JS, Kini RM. Snake venom prothrombin activators homologous to blood coagulation factor Xa. Haemostasis 2001;31:234-240
32. Tans G, Rosing J. Snake venom activators of factor X: an overview. Haemostasis 2001;31:225-233
33. Rosing J, Govers-Riemslag JW, Yukelson L, Tans G. Factor V activation and inactivation by venom proteases. Haemostasis 2001;31:241-246
34. Zhang Y, Wisner A, Xiong Y, Bon C. A novel plasminogen activator from snake venom. Purification, characterization, and molecular cloning. J Biol Chem 1995;270:10246-10255
35. Sanchez EF, Felicori LF, Chavez-Olortegui C, et al. Biochemical characterization and molecular cloning of a plasminogen activator proteinase (LV-PA) from bushmaster snake venom. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1760:1762-1771
36. Segers K, Rosing J, Nicolaes GA. Structural models of the snake venom factor V activators from Daboia russelli and Daboia lebetina. Proteins 2006;64:968-984
37. Moise MA, Kashyap VS. Alfimeprase for the treatment of acute peripheral arterial occlusion. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8:683-689
38. Toombs CF. Alfimeprase: pharmacology of a novel fibrinolytic metalloproteinase for thrombolysis. Haemostasis 2001;31:141-147
39. Filippovich I, Sorokina N, Masci PP, et al. A family of textilinin genes, two of which encode proteins with antihaemorrhagic properties. Br J Haematol 2002;119:376-384
40. Toombs CF. New directions in thrombolytic therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2001;1:164-168
41. St Pierre L, Masci PP, Filippovich I, et al. Comparative analysis of prothrombin activators from the venom of Australian elapids. Mol Biol Evol 2005;22:1853-1864
42. Filippovich I, Sorokina N, St Pierre L, et al. Cloning and functional expression of venom prothrombin activator protease from Pseudonaja textilis with whole blood procoagulant activity. Br J Haematol 2005;131:237-246
43. Rao VS, Kini RM. Pseutarin C, a prothrombin activator from Pseudonaja textilis venom: its structural and functional similarity to mammalian coagulation factor Xa-Va complex. Thromb Haemost 2002;88:611-619
44. Rao VS, Joseph JS, Kini RM. Group D prothrombin activators from snake venom are structural homologues of mammalian blood coagulation factor Xa. Biochem J 2003;369:635-642
45. Girolami A, Saggin L, Boeri G. Factor X assays using chromogenic substrate S-2222. Am J Clin Pathol 1980;73:400-402
46. Girolami A, Patrassi G, Toffanin F, Saggin L. Chromogenic substrate (S-2238) prothrombin assay in prothrombin deficiencies and abnormalities. Lack of identity with clotting assays in congenital dysprothrombinemias. Am J Clin Pathol 1980;74:83-87
47. Marshall LR, Herrmann RP. Coagulant and anticoagulant actions of Australian snake venoms. Thromb Haemost 1983;50:707-711
48. Sprivulis P, Jelinek GA, Marshall L. Efficacy and potency of antivenoms in neutralizing the procoagulant effects of Australian snake venoms in dog and human plasma. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996;24:379-381
49. Isbister GK, O'Leary MA, Schneider JJ, Brown SG, Currie BJ. Efficacy of antivenom against the procoagulant effect of Australian brown snake (Pseudonaja sp.) venom: in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicon 2007;49:57-67
50. O'Leary MA, Schneider JJ, Krishnan BP, et al. Cross-neutralisation of Australian brown and tiger snake venoms with commercial antivenoms: cross-reactivity or antivenom mixtures? Toxicon 2007;50:206-213
51. Barnett RN, Pinto CL. Reproducibility of prothrombin time determinations between technologists. Comparison of the fibrometer and tilt-tube methods. Tech Bull Regist Med Technol 1966;36:146-149
52. He S, Antovic A, Blomback M. A simple and rapid laboratory method for determination of haemostasis potential in plasma. II. Modifications for use in routine laboratories and research work. Thromb Res 2001;103:355-361
53. Dambisya YM, Lee TL, Gopalakrishnakone P. Anticoagulant effects of Pseudechis australis (Australian king brown snake) venom on human blood: a computerized thromboelastography study. Toxicon 1995;33:1378-1382
54. Salooja N, Perry DJ. Thrombelastography. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2001;12:327-337
55. Lincz LF, Lonergan A, Scorgie FE, et al. Endogenous thrombin potential for predicting risk of venous thromboembolism in carriers of factor V Leiden. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2006;35:435-439
56. Kessels H, Willems G, Hemker HC. Analysis of thrombin generation in plasma. Comput Biol Med 1994;24:277-288
57. Isbister GK, Woods D, Alley S, O'Leary MA, Seldon M, Lincz L. Endogenous thrombin potential as a novel method for the characterization of procoagulant snake venoms. Presented at: Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand Annual Conference; October 2008 Perth, Australia
58. Isbister GK, Brown SGA, Duffull SB. Failure of antivenom in venom induced consumption coagulopathy: in silica and empirical evidence. [abstract]Clin Toxicol 2008;46:1
59. O'Leary MA, Isbister GK, Schneider JJ, Brown SG, Currie BJ. Enzyme immunoassays in brown snake (Pseudonaja spp.) envenoming: detecting venom, antivenom and venom-antivenom complexes. Toxicon 2006;48:4-11
60. Tanos PP, Isbister GK, Lalloo DG, Kirkpatrick CM, Duffull SB. A model for venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy in snake bite. Toxicon 2008;52:769-780
61. Parkin JD, Ibrahim K, Dauer RJ, Braitberg G. Prothrombin activation in eastern tiger snake bite. Pathology 2002;34:162-166
62. Isbister GK, Williams V, Brown SG, White J, Currie BJ. Clinically applicable laboratory end-points for treating snakebite coagulopathy. Pathology 2006;38:568-572
63. Bush SP, Wu VH, Corbett SW. Rattlesnake venom-induced thrombocytopenia response to Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent: a case series. Acad Emerg Med 2000;7:181-185
64. Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, Theakston RD, et al. Randomized comparative trial of three monospecific antivenoms for bites by the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) in southern Thailand: clinical and laboratory correlations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986;35:1235-1247
65. Mosesson MW. Dysfibrinogenemia and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999;25:311-319
66. Holford NH. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Understanding the dose-effect relationship. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986;11:483-504
67. Yeung JM, Little M, Murray LM, Jelinek GA, Daly FF. Antivenom dosing in 35 patients with severe brown snake (Pseudonaja) envenoming in Western Australia over 10 years. Med J Aust 2004;181:703-705
68. Ferguson LA, Morling A, Moraes C, Baker R. Investigation of coagulopathy in three cases of tiger snake (Notechis ater occidentalis) envenomation. Pathology 2002;34:157-161
69. Jelinek GA, Smith A, Lynch D, et al. The effect of adjunctive fresh frozen plasma administration on coagulation parameters and survival in a canine model of antivenomtreated brown snake envenoming. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:36-40
70. Porath A, Gilon D, Schulchynska-Castel H, Shalev O, Keynan A, Benbassat J. Risk indicators after envenomation in humans by Echis coloratus (mid-east saw scaled viper). Toxicon 1992;30:25-32
71. Caruso N, Isbister GK, Brown SGA. Clotting factor replacement and recovery from snake venom induced consumption coagulopathy - an exploratory analysis. Presented at: Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Winter Symposium; June 2007 Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
72. Paul V, Pudoor A, Earali J, John B, Anil Kumar CS, Anthony T. Trial of low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of viper bites. J Assoc Physicians India 2007;55:338-342
73. Warrell DA, Pope HM, Prentice CR. Disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by the carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of heparin. Br J Haematol 1976;33:335-342
74. Paul V, Prahlad KA, Earali J, Francis S, Lewis F. Trial of heparin in viper bites. J Assoc Physicians India 2003;51:163-166
75. Swe TN, Lwin M, Han KE, Tun T, Pe T. Heparin therapy in Russell's viper bite victims with disseminated intravascular coagulation: a controlled trial. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992;23:282-287
76. Masci PP, Mirtschin PJ, Nias TN, Turnbull RK, Kuchel TR, Whitaker AN. Brown snakes (Pseudonaja genus): venom yields, prothrombin activator neutralization and implications affecting antivenom usage. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998;26:276-281
77. Fox JW, Serrano SM. Exploring snake venom proteomes: multifaceted analyses for complex toxin mixtures. Proteomics 2008;8:909-920