North American snake envenomation: Diagnosis, treatment, and management

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 423-443

  Gold, Barry S ^a   Barish, Robert A ^a   Dart, Richard C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ROCKY MOUNTAIN POISON AND DRUG CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACP; ADRENALIN; ANALGESIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROFAB; CROTALIDAE; CROTALIDAE POLYVALENT IMMUNE FAB ANTIBODY; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; POLYVIDON ANTIVENOM; SNAKE VENOM; SNAKE VENOM ANTISERUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VENOM ANTISERUM;

AIRWAY; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTICOAGULATION; BREATHING; CIRCULATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRYOTHERAPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; EDEMA; EMERGENCY WARD; ENVENOMATION; FIRST AID; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMOBILIZATION; LETHALITY; MEDICAL PERSONNEL; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN INCISION; SKIN TEST; SNAKE; SNAKEBITE; SUCTION; SYMPTOM; TOURNIQUET; UNITED STATES;

EID: 2542430258     PISSN: 07338627     EISSN: 07338627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.01.007     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Russell F.E. When a snake strikes. Emerg Med. 22:1990;21-43
2. Russell F.E. Snakebite. Encyclopedia Britannica medical and health annual. 1989;443 Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago
3. Parrish H.M. Incidence of treated snakebites in the United States. Public Health Rep. 81:1966;269-276
4. Spiller H.A., Bosse G.M. Prospective study of morbidity associated with snakebite envenomation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41:(2):2003;125-130
5. Langley R.L., Morrow W.E. Deaths resulting from animal attacks in the United States. Wild Env Med. 8:1997;8-16
6. Gold B.S., Wingert W.A. Snake venom poisoning in the United States: a review of therapeutic practice. South Med J. 87:1994;579-589
7. Wingert W.A., Chan L. Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment. West J Med. 148:1988;37-44
8. Gold BS. Bites and stings. In: Beers MH, Berkow R, editors. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 17th edition. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, Merck & Co. p. 2644.
9. Gold B.S. Neostigmine for the treatment of neurotoxicity following envenomation by the Asiatic cobra. Ann Emerg Med. 28:1996;87-89
10. Klauber L.M. Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. 1956;University of California Press, Berkeley (CA)
11. Russell F.E., Dart R.C. Toxic effects of animal toxins. Amdur M.O., Doull J., Klaasen C.D. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 4th edition:1990;104-136 MacMillan, New York
12. Minton S.A. Jr. Bites by non-native venomous snakes in the United States. Wild Env Med. 4:1996;297-303
13. Gold B.S., Barish R.A. Venomous snakebites: current concepts in diagnosis, treatment and management. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 10:1992;249-267
14. Gold B.S. Snake venom poisoning. Rakel R. Conn's current therapy, 2000. 2000;1139-1141 WB Saunders, Philadelphia
15. Kitchens C.S., Van Mierop L.H.S. Envenomation by the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius): a study of 39 victims. JAMA. 258:1987;1615-1618
16. Russell F.E., Eventor J. Lethality of crude and lyophilized Crotalus venom. Toxicon. 2:1964;81-84
17. Stocker K.F. Composition of snake venoms. Stocker K.W. Medical use of snake venom proteins. 1990;33-56 CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL)
18. Ownby C. Pathology of rattlesnake envenomation. Tu A.T. Rattlesnake venoms. 1982;163-209 Marcel Dekker, New York
19. Russell F.E. Snake venom poisoning. 1983;Scholium International, Great Neck (NY). p. 163
20. Russell F.E. Snake venom poisoning in the US. Annu Rev Med. 31:1980;247-259
21. Gold B.S., Dart R.C., Barish R.A. Bites of venomous snakes. N Engl J Med. 347:(5):2002;347-356
22. Premawardhena A.P., de Silva C.E., Fonseka M.M., et al. Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: randomized, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 318:(7190):1999;1041-1043
23. Consroe P., Egen N.B., Russell R.E., et al. Comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (Fab) for United States Crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 53:1995;507-510
24. Dart R.C., Seifert S.A., Carroll L., et al. Affinity-purified, mixed monospecific crotalid antivenom ovine Fab for the treatment of crotalid venom poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. 30:1997;33-39
25. Dart R.C., Seifert S.A., Boyer L.V., et al. A randomized multicenter trial of crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom for the treatment of crotaline snakebite in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 161:2001;2030-2036
26. Dart R.C., Garcia R.A., Hurlbut K.M., et al. Development of a severity score for the assessment of crotalid snakebite. Ann Emerg Med. 27:1996;321-326
27. Theakston R.D.G., Phillips R.E., Warrell D.A., et al. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Sri Lankan cobra (Naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with Haffkine antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 34:1990;301-308
28. Grace T.G., Omer G.E. The management of upper extremity pit viper wounds. J Hand Surg. 5:1980;168-177
29. White R.R., Weber R.A. Poisonous snakebite in central Texas. Ann Surg. 213:1991;466-471
30. Jurkovich G.J., Luterman A., McCullar K., et al. Complications of Crotalidae antivenin treatment. J Trauma. 28:1988;1032-1037
31. Dart R.C., McNally J. Efficacy, safety, and use of snake antivenoms in the United States. Ann Emerg Med. 37:2001;181-188
32. Downey D.J., Omer G.E., Moneim M.S. New Mexico rattlesnake bites: demographic review and guidelines for treatment. J Trauma. 31:1991;1380-1386
33. Steinberg E.A., Russell F.E., Underman A.E. Preliminary clinical observations with prophylactic cyproheptadine hydrochloride in potential serum reactions to antivenins. Rosenberg P. Toxin: animal, plant and microbial. 1978;489-493 Pergamon Press, Oxford, England
34. Malasit P., Warrell D.A., Chanthavanich P., Viravan C., Mongkolsapaya J., Singhthong B., et al. Prediction, prevention, and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites. Br Med J [Clin Res Ed]. 292:1986;17-20
35. Ruha A.M., Beuhler M., Brooks D., et al. CroFab for treatment of rattlesnake envenomation. [abstract] J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 39:2001;182
36. Gold B.S., Barish R.A., Dart R.C., et al. Resolution of compartment syndrome after rattlesnake envenomation utilizing non-invasive measures. J Emerg Med. 24:2003;285-288
37. Garfin S.R., Castilionia R.R. The effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom. Toxicon. 23:1985;677-680
38. Hall E.L. Role of surgical intervention in the management of crotaline snake envenomations. Ann Emerg Med. 37:2001;175-180
39. Rowland S.A. Fasciotomy: the treatment of compartment syndrome. Green D.P., Hotchkiss R.H., Pederson W.D. 4th edition Green's operative hand surgery. Vol. 1:1999;Churchill Livingstone, New York. Ch. 24