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Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was selected over other buffers commonly used in this kind of step that contain COOH or other functional groups, which can displace the linker layer by binding to the ZnO nanotip films surface. Indeed, we observed competitive displacement of the linker layers in the presence of EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) and HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, which are buffers commonly used in these reactions. An additional advantage of PBS is that it is isotonic and non-toxic to cells, properties that could be useful for future biosensing applications. In route B, buffers containing primary amines, such as TRIS (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, or glycine buffers were avoided, because they contain amino groups that could compete with the amino group present on the ssDNA
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