Primer on Dietary Carbohydrates and Utility of the Glycemic Index in Equine Nutrition

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Equine Practice

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 23-37

  Harris, Patricia ^a   Geor, Raymond J ^b  

^a WALTHAM CENTRE FOR PET NUTRITION   (United Kingdom)

^b Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbohydrates; Fructans; Glucose; Horse; Insulin; Nonstructural carbohydrates

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL FOOD; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; DIET; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HORSE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ANIMALS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; DIET; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HORSES; INSULIN;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 62249205796     PISSN: 07490739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.01.006     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. McIntosh B, Kronfeld D, Geor R, et al. Circadian and seasonal fluctuations of glucose and insulin concentrations in grazing horses. In: Proceedings of the 20th Equine Science Symposium. Maryland: Equine Science Society; 2007. p. 100-1.
2. Kronfeld D.S., and Harris P.A. Equine grain-associated disorders. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 25 (2003) 974-982
3. Kronfeld D., Treiber K., Hess T., et al. Insulin resistance in the horse: definition, detection and dietetics. J Anim Sci 83 (2005) E22-E33
4. Trieber K.H., Kronfeld D.S., and Geor R.J. Insulin resistance in equids-possible role in laminitis. J Nutr 136 (2006) 2094S-2098S
5. Harris P.A. Energy requirements of the exercising horse. Annu Rev Nutr 17 (1997) 185-210
6. Cairns A.J., and Pollock C.J. Fructan biosynthesis in excised leaves of Lolium temulentum L. Chromatographic characterisation of oligofructans and their labelling patterns following 14CO2 feeding. New Phytol 109 (1998) 399-405
7. Pollock C.J., and Cairns A.J. Fructan metabolism in grasses and cereals. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42 (1991) 77-101
8. Longland A., et al. Starch, sugar and fructans: what are they and how important are they in diets for horses. In: Harris P., Hill S.H., and Elliott J. (Eds). Proceedings of the 1st WALTHAM - RVC laminitis conference. Newmarket (UK): Equine Veterinary Journal (2007) 7-14
9. Turner L.J.B., Humphreys M.O., Cairns A.J., et al. Comparison of growth and carbohydrate accumulation in seedlings of two varieties of Lolium perenne. J Plant Physiol 158 (2001) 891-897
10. Graham H. Digestibility of plant carbohydrates and associated components in pig diets. In: Plant carbohydrates and associated components: analytical methods and nutritional implications in monogastrics animals and man, NJF Seminar, Herning, Denmark; 1990. p. 502-5.
11. Available at:. www.dairyone.com Accessed February 2009
12. de Fombelle A., Veiga L., Drogoul C., et al. Effect of diet composition and feeding pattern on the prececal digestibility of starches from diverse botanical origins measured with the mobile nylon bag technique. J Anim Sci 82 (2004) 3625-3634
13. Cummings J.H., Beatty E.R., Kingman S.M., et al. Digestion and physiological properties of resistant starch in the human large bowel. Br J Nutr 75 (1996) 733-747
14. Tharanathan R.N. Food derived carbohydrates-structural complexity and functional diversity. Crit Rev Biotechnol 22 1 (2002) 65-84
15. Chatterton N.J., Harrison P.A., Bennett J.H., et al. Carbohydrate partitioning in 185 accessions of graminae grown under warm and cool temperatures. J Plant Physiol 143 (1989) 169-179
16. Pollock C.J., and Lloyd E.J. The effect of low temperature upon starch, sucrose and fructan synthesis in leaves. Ann Bot 60 (1987) 231-235
17. Pollock C.J., Lloyd E.J., Stoddart J.L., et al. Growth, photosynthesis, and assimilate partitioning in Lolium temulentum exposed to chilling temperatures. Physiol Plantarum 59 (1983) 257-262
18. NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient requirements of horses. 6th revision (2007), National Academy Press, Washington, DC
19. Aston L.M. Glycemic index and metabolic disease risk. Proc Nutr Soc 65 (2006) 125-134
20. Jenkins D., Wolever R., Taylor R., et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 34 (1981) 362-366
21. Feskens E.J.M., and Du H. Dietary glycemic index from an epidemiological point of view. Int J Obes 30 (2006) S66-S71
22. Sahyoun N.R., Anderson A.L., Tylavsky F.A., et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 87 (2008) 126-131
23. Foster-Powell K., Holt S.H., and BrandMiller J.C. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 5-56
24. Granfeldt Y., Wu X., and Bjorck I. Determination of glycemic index some methodological aspects related to the analysis of carbohydrate load and characteristics of the previous evening meal. Eur J Clin Nutr 60 (2006) 104-112
25. Wolever T.M.S. Physiological mechanisms and observed health impacts related to the glycemic index: some observations. Int J Obes 30 (2006) S72-S78
26. Brouns F., Bjock I., Frayn K.N., et al. Glycemic index methodology. Nutr Res Rev 18 (2005) 145-171
27. Brand-Miller J., Thomas M., et al. Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults. J Nutr 133 (2003) 2728-2732
28. Fardet A., Leenhardt F., Lioger D., et al. Parameters controlling the glycemic response to breads. Nutrition 19 (2006) 18-25
29. Bullimore S.R., Pagan J.D., Harris P.A., et al. Carbohydrate supplementation of horses during endurance exercise: comparison of fructose and glucose. J Nutr 120 (2000) 1760-1765
30. Vervuert I., Coenen M., and Bichmann M. Comparision of the effects of fructose and glucose supplementation on metabolic responses in resting and exercising horses. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 51 4 (2004) 171-177
31. Rodiek A.V., and Stull C.L. Glycemic index of ten common horse feeds. J Equine Vet Sci 27 6 (2007) 205-211
32. Jose-Cunilleras E., Taylor L.E., and Hinchcliff K.W. Glycemic index of cracked corn, oat groats and rolled barley in horses. J Anim Sci 82 (2004) 2623-2629
33. Pagan JD, Harris PA, Kennedy MAP, et al. Feed type and intake affects glycemic response in thoroughbred horses. Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium Proceedings 1999;16:149-50.
34. Vervuert I., Coenen M., and Bothe C. Effects of oat processing on the glycemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 87 (2003) 96-104
35. Vervuert I., Coenen M., and Bothe C. Effects of corn processing on the glycemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 88 9 (2004) 348-55
36. Steelman S.M., Michael-Eller E.M., Gibbs P.G., et al. Meal size and feeding frequency influence serum leptin concentrations in yearling horses. J Anim Sci 84 (2006) 2391-2398
37. Hoekstra KE, Newman K, Kennedy MAP, et al. Effect of corn processing on glycemic responses in horses. Proc 16th Equine Nutr Phys Symp 1999:144-8.
38. Vervuert I, Coenen M, Bothe C. Effects of mechanical or thermal barley processing on glucose and insulin profiles in horses. Proceedings of the 9th ESVCN congress Grugliasco 2005;118.
39. Harbour LE, Lawrence LM, Hayes SH, et al. Concentrate composition, form and glycemic response in horses. Proc 18th Equine Nutr Phys Symp 2003:329.
40. Andrew J.E., Kline K.H., and Smith J.L. Effects of feed form on growth and blood glucose in weanling horses. J Equine Vet Sci 26 (2006) 349-355
41. Stull C.L., and Rodiek A.V. Responses of blood glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations to common equine diets. J Nutr 118 2 (1988) 206-213
42. Pagan J.D., and Harris P.A. The effects of timing and amount of forage and grain on exercise response in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 30 (1999) 451-458
43. Harris P.A., Sillence M., Inglis R., et al. Effect of short (< 2cm) lucerne chaff addition on the intake rate and glycemic response of a sweet feed. Pferdeheilkunde 21 (2005) 88-89
44. Harris PA, Sillence M, Inglis R, et al. Effect of short (<2cm) lucerne chaff addition on the intake rate and glycemic response to an oat meal. Proceedings of the 19th Equine Science Society Symposium 2005;151-2.
45. Vervuert I, Voigt K, Hollands T, et al. The effect of mixing and changing the order of feeding oats and chopped alfalfa to horses on: 1. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, and 2. Breath hydrogen and methane production. Proceedings of the 46th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association. Edinburgh, September 12-15, 2007.
46. Kronfeld D., Rodiek A., and Stull C. Glycemic indices, glycemic loads and glycemic dietetics. J Equine Vet Sci 24 9 (2004) 399-404
47. Richards N., Choct M., Hinch G.N., et al. Examination of the use of exogenous a-amylase and amyloglucosidase to enhance starch digestion in the small intestine of the horse. Anim Feed Sci Technol 114 (2004) 295-305
48. Zeyner A., Hoomeister C., Einspanier Gottschalk J.A., et al. Glycemic and insulinaemic responses of quarter horses to concentrates high in fat and low in soluble carbohydrates. Equine Vet J Suppl 36 (2006) 643-647
49. Jacobs K.A., and Bolton J.R. Effect of diet on the oral glucose tolerance test in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180 8 (1982) 884-886
50. Williams C.A., Kronfeld D.S., Stanier W.B., et al. Plasma glucose and insulin responses of Thoroughbred mares fed a meal high in starch and sugar or fat and fiber. J Anim Sci 79 (2001) 2196-2201
51. Hoffman R.M., Kronfeld D.S., Cooper W.L., et al. Glucose clearance in grazing mares is affected by diet pregnancy and lactation. J Anim Sci 81 (2003) 1764-1771
52. Cubitt TA, George LA, Staniar WB, et al. Glucose and insulin dynamics during the estrous cycle of thoroughbred mares. Proceedings of the 20th Equine Science Symposium. Maryland, 2007.
53. Jeffcott L.B., Field J.R., McLean J.G., et al. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ponies and standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 18 (1986) 97-101
54. Vervuert I., and Coenen M. Glycemic index of feeds for horses. Pferdeheilkunde 21 (2005) 79-82