Drug therapy: Asthma

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 360, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1002-1014

  Fanta, Christopher H ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCUNEB; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ARFORMOTEROL; BECLOMETASONE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; BUDESONIDE PLUS FORMOTEROL; CICLESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; FLUNISOLIDE; FLUTICASONE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE PLUS SALMETEROL; FORMOTEROL; FORMOTEROL FUMARATE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LEVALBUTEROL; MOMETASONE FUROATE; MONTELUKAST; NEDOCROMIL; OMALIZUMAB; ORCIPRENALINE; PERFOROMIST; PIRBUTEROL; PIRBUTEROL ACETATE; PRANLUKAST; PROCATEROL; PROVENTRIL; PROVENTRIL REPETABS; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; SALMETEROL XINAFOATE; THEOPHYLLINE; TRIAMCINOLONE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VOSPIRE ER; ZAFIRLUKAST; ZILEUTON; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANXIETY; ASTHMA; BONE ATROPHY; BRONCHODILATATION; CANDIDIASIS; CATARACT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG COST; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DYSPHONIA; EVENING DOSAGE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEART DISEASE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INHALER; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LARYNX EDEMA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAGNESIUM BLOOD LEVEL; METERED DOSE INHALER; MUSCLE CRAMP; MYOPATHY; NEBULIZATION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; POWDER INHALER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN BRUISING; SORE THROAT; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE; TACHYCARDIA; TACHYPHYLAXIS; THRUSH; TREMOR; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URTICARIA; VOICE CHANGE; IMMUNOLOGY; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ASTHMA; BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS;

EID: 61849130565     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: 15334406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0804579     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. The state of asthma in America: Asthma in America survey. (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://www.asthmainamerica.com.)
2. Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, August 2007. (NIH publication no. 07-4051.) (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://www.nhlbi.nih. gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf.)
3. Wilson DH, Adams RJ, Tucker G, Ap-pleton S, Taylor AW, Ruffin RE. Trends in asthma prevalence and population changes in South Australia, 1990-2003. Med J Aust 2006;184:226-9.
4. Pearce N, Aït-Khaled N, Beasley R, et al. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 2007;62: 758-66.
5. Beasley R. The Global Burden of Asthma Report. In: Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2004. (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://www.ginasthma.org.)
6. Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. New York: American Lung Association, August 2007. (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/%7B7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5- E762256%7D/TREND-ASTHMA2007.PDF.)
7. Shore SA. Airway smooth muscle in asthma - not just more of the same. N Engl J Med 2004;351:531-2.
8. Johnson PR, Roth M, Tamm M, et al. Airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is increased in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:474-7.
9. Azzawi M, Bradley B, Jeffery PK, et al. Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1407-13.
10. Brightling CE, Bradding P, Symon FA, Holgate ST, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1699-705.
11. Elias JA, Zhu Z, Chupp G, Homer RJ. Airway remodeling in asthma. J Clin Invest 1999;104:1001-6.
12. James AL, Wenzel S. Clinical relevance of airway remodelling in airway diseases. Eur Respir J 2007;30:134-55.
13. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), 2007. (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://www.ginasthma. org.)
14. Nelson HS. β-Adrenergic bronchodi-lators. N Engl J Med 1995;333:499-506.
15. Lipworth BJ, Struthers AD, McDevitt DG. Tachyphylaxis to systemic but not to airway responses during prolonged therapy with high dose inhaled salbutamol in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:586-92.
16. Repsher LH, Anderson JA, Bush RK, et al. Assessment of tachyphylaxis following prolonged therapy of asthma with inhaled albuterol aerosol. Chest 1984;85: 34-8.
17. Drazen JM, Israel E, Boushey HA, et al. Comparison of regularly scheduled with as-needed use of albuterol in mild asthma. N Engl J Med 1996;335:841-7.
18. Israel E, Drazen JM, Liggett SB, et al. The effect of polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:75-80.
19. Israel E, Chinchilli VM, Ford JG, etal. Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotype-stratified, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lancet 2004;364:1505-12.
20. Mackay AD, Dyson AJ. How important is the sequence of administration of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol in asthma? Br J Dis Chest 1981;75:273-6.
21. Lawford P, McKenzie D. Pressurized aerosol inhaler technique: how important are inhalation from residual volume, inspiratory flow rate and the time interval between puffs? Br J Dis Chest 1983;77: 276-81.
22. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardio selective beta-blockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:715-25.
23. Doshan HD, Rosenthal RR, Brown R, Slutsky A, Applin WJ, Caruso FS. Celi-prolol, atenolol and propranolol: a comparison of pulmonary effects in asthmatic patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986;8: Suppl 4:S105-S108.
24. Henderson WR Jr, Banerjee ER, Chi EY. Differential effects of (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of albuterol in a mouse asthma model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:332-40.
25. Berger WE, Milgrom H, Skoner DP, et al. Evaluation of levalbuterol metered dose inhaler in pediatric patients with asthma: a double-blind, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1217-26.
26. Hendeles L, Colice GL, Meyer RJ. Withdrawal of albuterol inhalers containing chlorofluorocarbon propellants. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1344-51.
27. Ramsdell JW, Colice GL, Ekholm BP, Klinger NM. Cumulative dose response study comparing HFA-134a albuterol sulfate and conventional CFC albuterol in patients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;81:593-9.
28. Newman SP. Spacer devices for metered dose inhalers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:349-60.
29. Cates CJ, Crilly JA, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulizers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;2: CD000052.
30. Nathan RA. Beta 2 agonist therapy: oral versus inhaled delivery. J Asthma 1992;29:49-54.
31. Rebuck AS, Chapman KR, Abboud R, et al. Nebulized anticholinergic and sympathomimetic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in the emergency room. Am J Med 1987;82: 59-64.
32. Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thorax 2005;60:740-6. [Errata, Thorax 2006;61: 274, 458; 2008;63:1029.]
33. Papi A, Canonica GW, Maestrelli P, et al. Rescue use of beclomethasone and albuterol in a single inhaler for mild asthma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2040-52.
34. O'Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP, etal. Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:129-36.
35. Rabe KF, Atienza T, Magyar P, Lars-son P, Jorup C, Lalloo UG. Effect of budes-onide in combination with formoterol for reliever therapy in asthma exacerbations: a randomised controlled, double-blind study. Lancet 2006;368:744-53.
36. Barnes PJ. How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148: 245-54.
37. van der Velden VH. Glucocorticoids: mechanisms of action and anti-inflammatory potential in asthma. Mediators Inflamm 1998;7:229-37.
38. Chanez P, Bourdin A, Vachier I, Godard P, Bousquet J, Vignola AM. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on pathology in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004; 1:184-90.
39. Lundgren R, Söderberg M, Hörstedt P, Stenling R. Morphological studies of bronchial mucosal biopsies from asthmatics before and after ten years of treatment with inhaled steroids. Eur Respir J 1988;1:883-9.
40. Feltis BN, Wignarajah D, Reid DW, Ward C, Harding R, Walters EH. Effects of inhaled fluticasone on angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor in asthma. Thorax 2007;62:314-9.
41. 2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budes-onide, in newly detected asthma. N Engl J Med 1991;325:388-92.
42. Donahue JG, Weiss ST, Livingston JM, Goetsch MA, Greineder DK, Piatt R. Inhaled steroids and the risk of hospitalization for asthma. JAMA 1997;277:887-91.
43. Suissa S, Ernst P, Benayoun S, Baltzan M, Cai B. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the prevention of death from asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:332-6.
44. O'Byrne PM, Pedersen S, Lamm CJ, Tan WC, Busse WW. Severe exacerbations and decline in lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179: 19-24.
45. The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1054-63.
46. Sovijärvi AR Haahtela T, Ekroos HJ, et al. Sustained reduction in bronchial hy-perresponsiveness with inhaled fluticasone propionate within three days in mild asthma: time course after onset and cessation of treatment. Thorax 2003;58:500-4.
47. Lazarus SC, Boushey HA, Fahy JV, et al. Long-acting beta2-agonist monotherapy vs continued therapy with inhaled corticosteroids in patients with persistent asthma: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:2583-93.
48. Lazarus SC, Chinchilli VM, Rollings NJ, et al. Smoking affects response to inhaled corticosteroids or leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:783-90.
49. Tantisira KG, Lake S, Silverman ES, et al. Corticosteroid pharmacogenetics: association of sequence variants in CRHR1 with improved lung function in asthmatics treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13:1353-9.
50. Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. N Engl J Med 1995;332:868-75.
51. Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109: 410-8.
52. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Leeder SR. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of cataracts. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:8-14.
53. Garbe E, LeLorier J, Boivin JF, Suissa S. Inhaled and nasal glucocorticoids and the risk of ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. JAMA 1997;277:722-7.
54. Israel E, Banerjee TR, Fitzmaurice GM, KotlovTV, LaHive K, LeBoff MS. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone density in premenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2001;345:941-7.
55. Sharek PJ, Bergman DA. The effect of inhaled steroids on the linear growth of children with asthma: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2000;106(l):e8.
56. Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1064-9.
57. DelGaudio JM. Steroid inhaler laryngitis: dysphonia caused by inhaled fluticasone therapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;128:677-81.
58. Boulet LP, Bateman ED, Voves R, Müller T, Wolf S, Engelstätter R. A randomized study comparing ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Respir Med 2007;101:1677-86.
59. Skoner DP, Maspero J, Banerji D, Ciclesonide Pediatric Growth Study Group. Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Pediatrics 2008;121(l):el-el4.
60. Hodges IG, Netherway TA. Once-daily fluticasone propionate is as effective as twice-daily treatment in stable, mild-to-moderate childhood asthma. Clin Drug Investig 2005;25:13-22.
61. Jónasson G, Carlsen K-H, Jonasson C, Mowinckel P. Low-dose inhaled budesonide once or twice daily for 27 months in children with mild asthma. Allergy 2000; 55:740-8.
62. Barnes NC. The properties of inhaled corticosteroids: similarities and differences. Prim Care Respir J 2007;16:149-54.
63. Derendorf H, Nave R, Drollmann A, Cerasoli F, Wurst W. Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmaco dynamics of inhaled cortico steroids to asthma. Eur Respir J 2006;28:1042-50.
64. Adams N, Bestall J, Jones PW. Budesonide at different doses for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;4: CD 003271.
65. Lemanske RF Jr, Sorkness CA, Mauger EA, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid reduction and elimination in patients with persistent asthma receiving salmeterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285:2594-603.
66. Pearlman DS, Chervinsky P, LaForce C, et al. A comparison of salmeterol with albuterol in the treatment of mild-to-moderate asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1420-5.
67. Simons FE, Gerstner TV, Cheang MS. Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol in adolescents with exercise-induced asthma using concurrent inhaled glucocorticoid treatment. Pediatrics 1997; 99:655-9.
68. Nelson JA, Strauss L, Skowronski M, Ciufo R, Novak R, McFadden ERJr. Effect of long-term salmeterol treatment on exercise-induced asthma. N Engl J Med 1998;339:141-6.
69. Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M. Life-threatening asthma during treatment with salmeterol. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:852-3.
70. Smyth ET, Pavord ID, Wong CS, Wis-niewski AF, Williams J, Tattersfield AE. Interaction and dose equivalence of salbu-tamol and salmeterol in patients with asthma. BMJ 1993;306:543-5.
71. Wechsler ME, Lehman E, Lazarus SC, et al. β-Adrenergic receptor polymorphism and response to salmeterol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:519-26.
72. Gibson PG, Powell H, Ducharme FM. Differential effects of maintenance long-acting beta-agonist and inhaled corticosteroid on asthma control and asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:344-50.
73. Woolcock A, Lundback B, Ringdal N, Jacques LA. Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose of inhaled steroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1481-8.
74. Pauwels RA, Löfdahl C-G, Postma DS, et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1405-11. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 1998;338:139.]
75. 2-adrenoceptor agonists enhance the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids. Br J Pharmacol 2008;153:1090-104.
76. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM, SMART Study Group. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest 2006;129:15-26. [Erratum, Chest 2006; 129:1393.]
77. Nelson HS. Is there a problem with inhaled long-acting beta-adrenergic agonists? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117: 3-16.
78. Bateman E, Nelson H, Bousquet J, et al. Meta-analysis: effects of adding salmeterol to inhaled corticosteroids on serious asthma-related events. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:33-42.
79. The American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers. Randomized comparison of strategies for reducing treatment in mild persistent asthma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2027-39. [Erratum, N Engl J Med 2007;357:728.]
80. Lötvall J. Pharmacological similarities and differences between beta2-agonists. Respir Med 2001;95:Suppl B:S7-S11.
81. Drazen JM, Israel E, O'Byrne PM. Treatment of asthma with drugs modifying the leukotriene pathway. N Engl J Med 1999;340:197-206. [Errata, N Engl J Med 1999;340:663, 341:1632.]
82. Reiss TF, Chervinsky P, Dockhorn RJ, Shingo S, Seidenberg B, Edwards TB. Montelukast, a once-daily leukotriene receptor antagonist, in the treatment of chronic asthma: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1213-20.
83. Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children: a randomized, double-blind trial. JAMA 1998;279:1181-6.
84. Pizzichini E, Leff JA, Reiss TF, et al. Montelukast reduces airway eosinophilic inflammation in asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur Respir J 1999;14:12-8.
85. Minoguchi K, Kohno Y, Minoguchi H, et al. Reduction of eosinophilic inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma using montelukast. Chest 2002; 121:732-8.
86. Boushey HA, Sorkness CA, King TS, et al. Daily versus as-needed corticosteroids for mild persistent asthma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1519-28.
87. Pajaron-Fernandez M, Garcia-Rubia S, Sanchez-Solis M, Garcia-Marcos L. Mon-telukast administered in the morning or evening to prevent exercise-induced bron-choconstriction in children. Pediatr Pul-monol 2006;41:222-7.
88. Dahlén B, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A, et al. Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxy-genase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157: 1187-94.
89. Wechsler ME, Finn D, Gunawardena D, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome in patients receiving montelukast as treatment for asthma. Chest 2000;117:708-13.
90. Wechsler ME, Drazen JM. Zafirlukast and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Chest 1999; 116:266-7.
91. Wechsler ME, Pauwels R, Drazen JM. Leukotriene modifiers and Churg-Strauss syndrome: adverse effect or response to corticosteroid withdrawal? Drug Saf 1999; 21:241-51.
92. Hauser T, Mahr A, Metzler C, et al. The leucotriene-receptor antagonist montelukast and the risk of Churg-Strauss syndrome: a case-crossover study. Thorax 2008;63:677-82.
93. Nathani N, Little MA, Kunst H, Wilson D, Thickett DR. Churg-Strauss syndrome and leukotriene antagonist use: a respiratory perspective. Thorax 2008;63: 883-8.
94. Pood and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Update of safety review: follow-up to the March 27, 2008, communication about the ongoing safety review of montelukast (Singulair). (Accessed February 9, 2009, at http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early-comm/montelukast-200901.htm.)
95. Israel E, Rubin P, Kemp JP, et al. The effect of inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by zileuton in mild-to-moderate asthma. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:1059-66.
96. Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J, et al. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:487-95.
97. Peters-Golden M, Swern A, Bird SS, Hustad CM, Grant E, Edelman JM. Influence of body mass index on the response to asthma controller agents. Eur Respir J 2006;27:495-503.
98. Kim SH, Ye YM, Hur GY, et al. CysLTR1 promoter polymorphism and requirement for leukotriene receptor antagonist in aspirin-intolerant asthma patients. Pharma-cogenomics 2007;8:1143-50.
99. Dahlén SE, Malmstrom K, Nizankowska E, et al. Improvement of aspirin-intolerant asthma by montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:9-14.
100. Lima JJ, Zhang S, Grant A, et al. Influence of leukotriene pathway polymorphisms on response to montelukast in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:379-85.
101. Brabson JH, Clifford D, Kerwin E, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate compared with zafirlukast in patients with persistent asthma. Am J Med 2002;113:15-21.
102. Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF Jr, Mauger DT, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:64-72. [Erratum, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:285.]
103. Ostrom NK, Decotiis BA, Lincourt WR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate and montelukast in children with persistent asthma. J Pediatr 2005;147:213-20.
104. Price DB, Hernandez D, Magyar P, et al. Randomised controlled trial of montelukast plus inhaled budesonide versus double dose inhaled budesonide in adult patients with asthma. Thorax 2003;58:211-6.
105. Simons FE, Villa JR, Lee BW, et al. Montelukast added to budesonide in children with persistent asthma: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J Pediatr 2001;138:694-8.
106. Ducharme FM, Lasserson TJ, Cates CJ. Long-acting beta2-agonists versus an-ti-leukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4: CD003137.
107. Deykin A, Wechsler ME, Boushey HA, et al. Combination therapy with a long-acting beta-agonist and a leukotriene antagonist in moderate asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:228-34.
108. Milgrom H, Fick RB Jr, Su JQ, et al. Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. rhuMAb-E25 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341: 1966-73.
109. Prussin C, Griffith DT, Boesel KM, Lin H, Foster B, Casale TB. Omalizumab treatment downregulates dendritic cell FcepsilonR1 expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1147-54.
110. Cox L, Platts-Mills TAE, Finegold I, Schwartz LB, Simons FER, Wallace DV. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force report on omalizumab-associated anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1373-7.
111. Humbert M, Beasley R, Ayres J, et al. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy 2005;60:309-16.
112. Busse W, Corren J, Lanier BQ, et al. Omalizumab, anti-IgE recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:184-90.
113. Solèr M, Matz J, Townley R, et al. The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics. Eur Respir J 2001;18: 254-61. [Erratum, Eur Respir J 2001;18: 739-40.]
114. Bousquet J, Rabe K, Humbert M, et al. Predicting and evaluating response to omalizumab in patients with severe allergic asthma. Respir Med 2007;101:1483-92.
115. The American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers. The safety of inactivated influenza vaccine in adults and children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1529-36.
116. Talbot TR, Hartert TV, Mitchel E, et al. Asthma as a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2082-90.