Skin problems in chronic kidney disease

Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 157-170

  Kuypers, Dirk R J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Calcific uremic arteriolopathy; Calciphylaxis; Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy; Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; Uremic pruritus

Indexed keywords

ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BUTORPHANOL; CALCIPOTRIOL; CAPSAICIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; EMOLLIENT AGENT; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GABAPENTIN; GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE; GADODIAMIDE; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; GADOTERIDOL; GADOVERSETAMIDE; GRANISETRON; IBANDRONIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; NALFURAFINE; NALTREXONE; ONDANSETRON; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PLACEBO; RAPAMYCIN; SODIUM THIOSULFATE; TACROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ALOPECIA; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BRITTLE HIAR; CALCINOSIS; CHEILITIS; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMA; DERMATITIS; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG MECHANISM; EYE DISEASE; FATIGUE; HAIR DISEASE; HEADACHE; HEALTH STATUS; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; HYPERKERATOSIS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ICHTHYOSIS; INFLAMMATION; INSOMNIA; KYRLE DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; MYCOSIS; NAIL DISEASE; NAUSEA; NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS; ONYCHOLYSIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; PALLOR; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PINGUECULA; POLYNEUROPATHY; PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURIGO; PRURITUS; PURPURA; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN INFECTION; SOMNOLENCE; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; UREMIC PRURITUS; VERTIGO; VIRUS INFECTION; WHOLE BODY PET; WOUND CARE; XEROSIS;

CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; SKIN DISEASES;

EID: 61349187608     PISSN: 17458323     EISSN: 17458331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph1040     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Udayakumar P et al. (2006) Cutaneous manifestations in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 72: 119-125
2. Abdelbaqi-Salhab M et al. (2003) A current review of the cutaneous manifestations of renal disease. J Cutan Pathol 30: 527-538
3. Robinson-Bostom L et al. (2000) Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 43: 975-986
4. Patel TS et al. (2007) An update on pruritus associated with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 50: 11-20
5. Pisoni RL et al. (2006) Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: International results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 3495-3505
6. Mistik S et al. (2006) An epidemiology study of patients with uremic pruritus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20: 672-678
7. Dyachenko P et al. (2006) Hemodialysis-related pruritus and associated cutaneous manifestations. Int J Dermatol 45: 664-667
8. Keith-Reddy SR et al. (2007) Uremic pruritus. Kidney Int 72: 373-377
9. Lin HH et al. (2008) Uremic pruritus, cytokines, and polymethylmethacrylate artificial kidney. Artif Organs 32: 468-472
10. Narita I et al. (2006) Etiology and prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 69: 1626-1632
11. H2-mediated immune responses. Immunology 97: 506-514
12. Kimmel M et al. (2006) The role of micro-inflammation in the pathogenesis of uremic pruritus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 749-755
13. Qureshi AR et al. (2002) Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 13 (Suppl): S28-S36
14. Umueuchi H et al. (2003) Involvement of central μ-opioid system in the scratching behavior in mice, and the suppression of itch by the activation of μ-opioid system. Eur J Pharmacol 477: 29-35
15. Kumagai H et al. (2004) Prospects for a novel kappa-opioid receptor agonist, TRK-820, in uremic pruritus. In Itch, Basic Mechanisms and Therapy, 279-286 (Eds Yosipovitch G et al.) New York, NY: Dekker
16. Wikström B et al. (2005) Kappa-opioid system in uremic pruritus: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 3742-3747
17. Peer G et al. (1996) Randomised cross-over-trial of naltrexone in uraemic pruritus. Lancet 348: 1552-1554
18. Cho YL et al. (1997) Uremic pruritus: roles of parathyroid hormone and substance P. J Am Acad Dermatol 36: 538-543
19. Chou FF et al. (2000) A study on pruritus after parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Am Coll Surg 190: 65-70
20. Momose A et al. (2004) Calciums ions are abnormally distributed in the skin of haemodialysis patients with uraemic pruritus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 2061-2066
21. Szepietowski J et al. (1995) Pruritus and mast cell proliferation in the skin of haemodialysis patients. Inflamm Res 44 (Suppl 1): S84-S85
22. Dugas-Breit S et al. (2005) Baseline serum levels of mast cell tryptase are raised in hemodialysis patients and associated with severity of pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 3: 343-347
23. Balaskas EV et al. (1998) Histamine and serotonin in uremic pruritus: effect of ondansetron in CAPD-pruritic patients. Nephron 78: 395-402
24. Ashmore SD et al. (2000) Ondansetron therapy for uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 35: 827-831
25. Fantini F et al. (1992) Cutaneous innervation in chronic renal failure patients: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Derm Venereol 72: 102-105
26. Johansson O et al. (1989) Intra-epidermal neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-immunoreactive nerve fibres: evidence for sprouting in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Neurosci Lett 99: 281-286
27. Morton CA et al. (1996) Pruritus and skin hydration during dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11: 2031-2036
28. Okada K et al. (2004) Effect of skin care with an emollient containing a high water content on mild uremic pruritus. Ther Apher Dial 8: 419-422
29. Chen YC et al. (2006) Therapeutic effect of topical gamma-linolenic acid on refractory uremic pruritus. Am J Kidney Dis 48: 69-76
30. Wasik F et al. (1996) Relief of uraemic pruritus after balneological therapy with a bath oil containing polidocanol (Balneum Hernal Plus): an open clinical study. J Dermatol Treat 7: 231-233
31. Szepietowski JC et al. (2005) Efficacy and tolerance of the cream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: a preliminary study. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 13: 97-103
32. Breneman DL et al. (1992) Topical capsaicin for the treatment of hemodialysis-related pruritus. Am Acad Dermatol 26: 91-94
33. Tarng DC et al. (1996) Hemodialysis-related pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of capsaicin 0.025% cream. Nephron 72: 617-622
34. Kuypers DK et al. (2004) A prospective proof of concept study of the efficacy of tacrolimus ointment on uremic pruritus (UP) in patients on chronic dialysis therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 1895-1901
35. Duque MI et al. (2005) Lack of efficacy of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% for treatment of hemodialysis-related pruritus: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 52: 519-521
36. US Food and Drug Administration (online 10 March 2005) FDA Public Health Advisory: Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream and Protopic (tacrolimus) ointment. [www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/2005/safety05.htm#Elidel] (accessed 2 January 2009)
37. Naylor M et al. (2005) Non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with topical tacrolimus. J Dermatolog Treat 16: 149-153
38. Munzenberger PJ et al. (2007) Safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Pharmacotherapy 27: 1020-1028
39. Gilchrest BA et al. (1979) Ultraviolet phototherapy of uremic pruritus. Long-term results and possible mechanism of action. Ann Intern Med 91: 17-21
40. Ada S et al. (2005) Treatment of uremic pruritus with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: an open pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 53: 149-151
41. Seckin D et al. (2007) Generalized pruritus treated with narrowband UVB. Int J Dermatol 46: 367-370
42. Gunal AI et al. (2004) Gabapentin therapy for pruritus in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 3137-3139
43. Manenti L et al. (2005) Gabapentin in the treatment of uremic itch: an index case and pilot evaluation. J Nephrol 18: 86-91
44. Pauli-Magnus C et al. (2000) Naltrexone does not relieve uremic pruritus: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Am Soc Nephrol 11: 514-519
45. Imaizumi A et al. (2003) Effective treatment of pruritus on atopic dermatitis using H1 antihistamines (second-generation antihistamines): changes in blood histamine and tryptase levels. J Dermatol Sci 33: 23-29
46. Pederson JA et al. (1980) Relief of idiopatic generalized pruritus in dialysis patients treated with activated oral charcoal. Ann Intern Med 93: 446-448
47. Giovannetti S et al. (1995) Oral activated charcoal in patients with uremic pruritus. Nephron 70: 193-196
48. Layegh P et al. (2007) Effect of oral granisetron in uremic pruritus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 73: 231-234
49. Silva SR et al. (1994) Thalidomide for the treatment of uremic pruritus: a crossover randomized double-blind trial. Nephron 67: 270-273
50. De Marchi S et al. (1992) Relief of pruritus and decreases in plasma histamine concentrations during erythropoietin therapy in patients with uremia. N Engl J Med 326: 969-974
51. Janigan DT et al. (2000) Calcified subcutaneous arterioles with infarcts of the subcutis and skin ("calciphylaxis") in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 35: 588-597
52. Wilmer W et al. (2002) Calciphylaxis: emerging concepts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Dial 15: 172-186
53. Weenig RH et al. (2007) Calciphylaxis: natural history, risk factor analysis, and outcome. J Am Acad Dermatol 56: 569-579
54. Rogers NM et al. (2007) Calcific uremic arteriolopathy: advances in pathogenesis and treatment. Semin Dial 20: 150-157
55. Mazhar AR et al. (2001) Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 60: 324-332
56. Essary LR et al. (2000) Cutaneous calciphylaxis: an underrecognized clinicopathologic entity. Am J Clin Pathol 113: 280-287
57. Bleibel W et al. (2006) A case report comparing various radiological tests in the diagnosis of calcific uremic arteriolopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 48: 659-661
58. Wilmer WA et al. (2001) Transcutaneous oxygen tension in patients with calciphylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 797-806
59. Soni S et al. (2008) Bone scan findings in metastatic calcification from calciphylaxis. Clin Nucl Med 33: 502-504
60. Shroff RX et al. (2007) The vascular biology of calcification. Semin Dial 20: 103-109
61. Weenig RH (2008) Pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: Hans Selye to nuclear factor κB. J Am Acad Dermatol 58: 458-471
62. Moe SM et al. (2003) Calciphylaxis and vascular calcification: a continuum of extra-skeletal osteogenesis. Pediatr Nephrol 18: 969-975
63. Griethe W et al. (2003) Bone morphogenic protein-4 expression in vascular lesions of calciphylaxis. J Nephrol 16: 728-732
64. Ahmed S et al. (2001) Calciphylaxis is associated with hyperphosphatemia and increased osteopontin expression by vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 1267-1276
65. Vattikuti R et al. (2004) Osteogenic regulation of vascular calcification: an early perspective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286: E686-E696
66. Schafer C et al. (2003) The serum protein α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopy calcification. J Clin Invest 112: 357-366
67. Cranenburg EC et al. (2008) The circulating inactive form of Matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a biomarker for cardiovascular calcification. J Vasc Res 45: 427-436
68. Chen NX et al. (2006) Uremic vascular calcifications. J Investig Med 54: 380-384
69. Girotto JA et al. (2001) Parathyroidectomy promotes wound healing and prolongs survival in patients with calciphylaxis from secondary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 130: 645-651
70. Galimberti RL et al. (2005) Cutaneous necrosis by calcific uremic arteriolopathy. Int J Dermatol 44: 101-106
71. Velasco N et al. (2006) Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with cinacalcet-an alternative to parathyroidectomy? Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 1999-2004
72. Guerra G et al. (2005) Rapid resolution of calciphylaxis with intravenous sodium thiosulfate and continuous venovenous haemofiltration using low calcium replacement fluid: case report. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20: 1260-1262
73. Meissner M et al. (2007) Sodium thiosulfate: a new way of treatment for calciphylaxis? Dermatology 214: 278-282
74. Mataic D et al. (2006) Intraperitoneal sodium thiosulfate for the treatment of calciphylaxis. Ren Fail 28: 361-363
75. Shiraishi N et al. (2006) Successful treatment of a patient with severe calcific uremic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis) by etidronate sodium. Am J Kidney Dis 48: 151-154
76. da Costa JB et al. (2007) Pamidronate as a treatment option in calciphylaxis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol [doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083. 2007.02532.x]
77. Hanafusa T et al. (2007) Intractable wounds caused by calcific uremic arteriolopathy treated with bisphosphonates. J Am Acad Dermatol 57: 1021-1025
78. Basile C et al. (2002) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for calcific uremic arteriolopathy: a case series. J Nephrol 15: 676-680
79. Mendoza FA et al. (2006) Description of twelve cases of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 35: 238-249
80. The International Center for Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy Research (ICNFDR) [http://www.icnfdr.org/] (accessed 2 January 2009)
81. DeHoratius DM et al. (2006) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: an emerging threat among renal patients. Semin Dial 19: 191-194
82. Evenepoel P et al. (2004) Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: a novel, disabling disorder in patients with renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 469-473
83. Fazeli A et al. (2004) Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: are ACE inhibitors the missing link? Arch Dermatol 140: 1401
84. Wiginton CD et al. (2008) Gadolinium-based contrast exposure, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and gadolinium detection in tissue. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190: 1060-1068
85. Swaminathan S et al. (2006) Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and high-dose erythropoietin therapy. Ann Intern Med 145: 234-235
86. Broome DR (2008) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis associated with gadolinium based contrast agents: a summary of the medical literature reporting. Eur J Radiol 66: 230-234
87. Perazella MA (2007) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, kidney disease and gadolinium: is there a link? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 200-202
88. Perazella MA et al. (2007) Gadolinium use in patients with kidney disease: a cause for concern. Semin Dial 20: 179-184
89. Khurana A et al. (2008) Quantification of gadolinium in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: re-examination of a reported cohort with analysis of clinical factors. J Am Acad Dermatol 59: 218-224
90. Kucher C et al. (2005) Histopathologic comparison of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and scleromyxedema. J Cutan Pathol 32: 484-490
91. Digby S et al. (2008) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a histopathological study of eight cases of a recently described entity. Histopathology 52: 531-534
92. Penfield JG and Reilly RF Jr (2007) What nephrologists need to know about gadolinium. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3: 654-668
93. Abraham JL et al. (2008) Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations: evidence for in vivo transmetallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Br J Dermatol 158: 273-280
94. Edward M et al. (2007) Cutaneous mucinosis associated with dermatomyositis and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: fibroblast hyaluronan synthesis and the effect of patient serum. Br J Dermatol 156: 473-479
95. Edward M et al. (2008) Gadodiamide contrast agent 'activates' fibroblasts: a possible cause of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. J Pathol 214: 584-593
96. Kelly B et al. (2008) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is associated with transforming growth factor β and Smad without evidence of renin-angiotensin system involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol 58: 1025-1030
97. Schroeder JA et al. (2008) Ultrastructural evidence of dermal gadolinium deposits in a patient with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and endstage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 968-975
98. High WA et al. (2007) Gadolinium is detectable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 56: 21-26
99. High WA et al. (2007) Gadolinium is quantifiable within the tissue of patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 56: 710-712
100. Wiginton CD et al. (2008) Gadolinium-based contrast exposure, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and gadolinium detection in tissue. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190: 1060-1068
101. Thakral C et al. (2007) Automated scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis for in situ quantification of gadolinium deposits in skin. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 56: 181-187
102. Yerram P et al. (2007) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a mysterious disease in patients with renal failure - role of gadolinium-based contrast media in causation and the beneficial effect of intravenous sodium thiosulfate. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 258-263
103. Baron PW et al. (2003) Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy after liver transplantation successfully treated with plasmapheresis. Am J Dermatopathol 25: 204-209
104. Richmond H et al. (2007) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: relationship to gadolinium and response to photopheresis. Arch Dermatol 143: 1025-1030
105. Weiss AS et al. (2007) A case of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3: 111-115
106. Kay J et al. (2008) Imatinib mesylate treatment of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum 58: 2543-2548
107. Prchal D et al. (2008) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: the story unfolds. Kidney Int 73: 1135-1137
108. Rodby RA (2008) Dialytic therapies to prevent NSF following gadolinium exposure in high-risk patients. Semin Dial 21: 145-149
109. Prince MR et al. (2008) Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis at two large medical centers. Radiology 248: 807-816
110. Abu-Alfa A (2008) The impact of NSF on the care of patients with kidney disease. J Am Coll Radiol 5: 45-52
111. Morton CA et al. (1996) Acquired perforating dermatosis in a British dialysis population. Br J Dermatol 135: 671-677
112. Saray Y et al. (2006) Acquired perforating dermatosis: clinicopathological features in twenty-two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20: 679-688
113. Glynne P et al. (1999) Bullous dermatoses in end-stage renal failure: porphyria or pseudoporphyria? Am J Kidney Dis 34: 155-160
114. Shieh S et al. (2000) Management of porphyria cutanea tarda in the setting of chronic renal failure: a case report and review. J Am Acad Dermatol 42: 645-652