Molecular genetics of alcohol dependence and related endophenotypes

Current Genomics

Volumn 9, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 444-451

  Strat, Yann L ^a   Ramoz, Nicolas ^a   Schumann, Gunter ^b   Gorwood, Philip ^a,c  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c HÔPITAL LOUIS MOURIER   (France)

Author keywords

Alcohol dependence; Association; Dopamine; Endophenotype; GABA; Linkage; Proteomics; Transcriptomics

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; DOPAMINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER;

ALCOHOLISM; ALPHA RHYTHM; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; BETA RHYTHM; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FAMILY STUDY; FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS; FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING; HUMAN; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTOMICS; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 60849107017     PISSN: 13892029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920208786241252     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., Walters, E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62: 593-602.
2. Hiroi, N., Agatsuma, S. Genetic susceptibility to substance dependence. Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10: 336-344.
3. Goldman, D., Oroszi, G., Ducci, F. The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2005, 6: 521-532. ** This review presents the genetic factors in alcohol dependence.
4. Ramoz, N., Schumann, G., Gorwood, P. Genetic and pharmacogenetic aspects of alcohol-dependence. Curr. Pharmacogenom. 2006, 4: 19-32. ** This review discuss about the definition of alcohol dependence and shows a large overview of the genetic and pharmacogenetic of alcohol dependence.
5. Gorwood, P., Wohl, M., Le Strat, Y., Rouillon, F. Gene-environment interactions in addictive disorders: epidemiological and methodological aspects. C. R. Biol. 2007, 330: 329-338.
6. Dick, D.M., Bierut, L.J. The genetics of alcohol dependence. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2006, 8: 151-157.
7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Rev. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1987.
8. Feighner, J.P., Robins, E., Guze, S.B., Woodruff, R.A. Jr., Winokur, G., Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1972, 26: 57-63.
9. Reich, T., Edenberg, H.J., Goate, A., Williams, J.T., Rice, J.P., Van Eerdewegh, P., Foroud, T., Hesselbrock, V., Schuckit, M.A., Bucholz, K., Porjesz, B., Li, T.K., Conneally, P.M., Nurnberger, J.I.Jr., Tischfield, J.A., Crowe, R.R., Cloninger, C.R., Wu, W., Shears, S., Carr, K., Crose, C., Willig, C., Begleiter, H. Genomewide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 1998, 81: 207-215. * This is on of the first paper reporting the genetic study on the COGA.
10. Zinn-Justin, A., Abel, L. Genome search for alcohol dependence using the weighted pairwise correlation linkage method: interesting findings on chromosome 4. Genet. Epidemiol. 1999, 1: S421-S426.
11. Dunn, G., Hinrichs, A.L., Bertelsen, S., Jin, C.H., Kauwe, J.S., Suarez, B.K., Bierut, L.J. Microsatellites versus single-nucleotide polymorphisms in linkage analysis for quantitative and qualitative measures. BMC Genet. 2005, 6: S122.
12. Dick, D.M., Aliev, F., Wang, J.C., Saccone, S., Hinrichs, A., Bertelsen, S., Budde, J., Saccone, N., Foroud, T., Nurnberger, J.Jr., Xuei, X., Conneally, P.M., Schuckit, M., Almasy, L., Crowe, R., Kuperman, S., Kramer, J., Tischfield, J.A., Hesselbrock, V., Edenberg, H.J., Porjesz, B., Rice, J.P., Bierut, L., Goate, A. A Systematic Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Screen to Fine-Map Alcohol Dependence Genes on Chromosome 7 Identifies Association With a Novel Susceptibility Gene ACN9. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63: 1047-53.
13. Ittiwut, C., Listman, J., Mutirangura, A., Malison, R., Covault, J., Kranzler, H.R., Sughondhabirom, A., Thavichachart, N., Gelernter, J. Interpopulation linkage disequilibrium patterns of GABRA2 and GABRG1 genes at the GABA cluster locus on human chromosome 4. Genomics 2008, 91: 61-69.
14. Hinrichs, A.L., Wang, J.C., Bufe, B., Kwon, J.M., Budde, J., Allen, R., Bertelsen, S., Evans, W., Dick, D., Rice, J., Foroud, T., Nurnberger, J., Tischfield, J.A., Kuperman, S., Crowe, R., Hesselbrock, V., Schuckit, M., Almasy, L., Porjesz, B., Edenberg, H.J., Begleiter, H., Meyerhof, W., Bierut, L.J., Goate, A.M. Functional variant in a bitter-taste receptor (hTAS2R16) influences risk of alcohol dependence. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 78: 103-111.
15. Blednov, Y.A., Walker, D., Martinez, M., Levine, M., Damak, S., Margolskee, R.F. Perception of sweet taste is important for voluntary alcohol consumption in mice. Genes Brain Behav. 2008, 7: 1-13.
16. Wang, J.C., Hinrichs, A.L., Stock, H., Budde, J., Allen, R., Bertelsen, S., Kwon, J.M., Wu, W., Dick, D.M., Rice, J., Jones, K., Nurnberger, J.I.Jr., Tischfield, J., Porjesz, B., Edenberg, H.J., Hesselbrock, V., Crowe, R., Schuckit, M., Begleiter, H., Reich, T., Goate, A.M., Bierut, L.J. Evidence of common and specific genetic effects: association of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene with alcohol dependence and major depressive syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2004, 13: 1903-1911. * This paper shows association of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene with clinical features of alcohol dependence and depression.
17. Luo, X., Kranzler, H.R., Zuo, L., Zhang, H., Wang, S., Gelernter, J. CHRM2 variation predisposes to personality traits of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2007, 16: 1557-1568.
18. Gosso, F.M., de Geus, E.J., Polderman, T.J., Boomsma, D.I., Posthuma, D., Heutink, P. Exploring the functional role of the CHRM2 gene in human cognition: results from a dense genotyping and brain expression study. BMC Med. Genet. 2007, 8: 66.
19. Dick, D.M., Aliev, F., Kramer, J., Wang, J.C., Hinrichs, A., Bertelsen, S., Kuperman, S., Schuckit, M., Nurnberger, J.I.Jr., Edenberg, H.J., Porjesz, B., Begleiter, H., Hesselbrock, V., Goate, A., Bierut, L. Association of CHRM2 with IQ: converging evidence for a gene influencing intelligence. Behav. Genet. 2007, 37: 265-272.
20. Jones, K.A., Porjesz, B., Almasy, L., Bierut, L., Goate, A., Wang, J.C., Dick, D.M., Hinrichs, A., Kwon, J., Rice, J.P., Rohrbaugh, J., Stock, H., Wu, W., Bauer, L.O., Chorlian, D.B., Crowe, R.R., Edenberg, H.J., Foroud, T., Hesselbrock, V., Kuperman, S., Nurnberger, J.Jr, O'Connor, S.J., Schuckit, M.A., Stimus, A.T., Tischfield, J.A., Reich, T., Begleiter, H. Linkage and linkage disequilibrium of evoked EEG oscillations with CHRM2 receptor gene polymorphisms: implications for human brain dynamics and cognition. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2004, 53: 75-90.
21. Agrawal, A., Hinrichs, A.L., Dunn, G., Bertelsen, S., Dick, D.M., Saccone, S.F., Saccone, N.L., Grucza, R.A., Wang, J.C., Cloninger, C.R., Edenberg, H.J., Foroud, T., Hesselbrock, V., Kramer, J., Bucholz, K.K., Kuperman, S., Nurnberger, J.I.Jr., Porjesz, B., Schuckit, M.A., Goate, A.M., Bierut, L.J. Linkage scan for quantitative traits identifies new regions of interest for substance dependence in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008, 93:12-20. * This paper shows that using quantitative traits in alcohol dependence is helpful to identify novel chromosome regions of susceptibility to the disorder.
22. Dawn Teare, M., Barrett, J.H. Genetic linkage studies. Lancet 2005, 366: 1036-1044.
23. Lin, Z., Walther, D., Yu, X.Y., Drgon, T., Uhl, G.R. The human serotonin receptor 2B: coding region polymorphisms and association with vulnerability to illegal drug abuse. Pharmacogenetics 2004, 14: 805-811.
24. Lappalainen, J., Krupitsky, E., Kranzler, H.R., Luo, X., Remizov, M., Pchelina, S., Taraskina, A., Zvartau, E., Räsanen, P., Makikyro, T., Somberg, L.K., Krystal, J.H., Stein, M.B., Gelernter, J. Mutation screen of the GAD2 gene and association study of alcoholism in three populations. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2007, 144: 183-192.
25. Compton, W.M., Thomas, Y.F., Stinson, F.S., Grant, B.F. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64: 566-576.
26. Ehlers, C.L., Gilder, D.A., Wall, T.L., Phillips, E., Feiler, H., Wilhelmsen, K.C. Genomic screen for loci associated with alcohol dependence in Mission Indians. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2004, 129: 110-115.
27. Radel, M., Vallejo, R.L., Iwata, N., Aragon, R., Long, J.C., Virkkunen, M., Goldman, D. Haplotype-based localization of an alcohol dependence gene to the 5q34 {gamma}-aminobutyric acid type A gene cluster. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62: 47-55.
28. Saccone, N.L., Kwon, J.M., Corbett, J., Goate, A., Rochberg, N., Edenberg, H.J., Foroud, T., Li, T.K., Begleiter, H., Reich, T., Rice, J.P. A genome screen of maximum number of drinks as an alcoholism phenotype. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2000, 96: 632-637.
29. Ehrig, T., Bosron, W.F., Li, T.K. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol Alcohol. 1990, 25: 105-116.
30. Edenberg, H.J., Xuei, X., Chen, H.J., Tian, H., Wetherill, L.F., Dick, D.M., Almasy, L., Bierut, L., Bucholz, K.K., Goate, A., Hesselbrock, V., Kuperman, S., Nurnberger, J., Porjesz, B., Rice, J., Schuckit, M., Tischfield, J., Begleiter, H., Foroud, T. Association of alcohol dehydrogenase genes with alcohol dependence: a comprehensive analysis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2006, 15: 1539-1549. ** This large screening of 110 SNPs across the seven ADH genes revealed an association for ADH4.
31. Cheng, A.T., Gau, S.F., Chen, T.H., Chang, J.C., Chang, Y.T. A 4-year longitudinal study on risk factors for alcoholism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004, 61: 184-191.
32. Spivak, B., Frisch, A., Maman, Z., Aharonovich, E., Alderson, D., Carr, L.G., Weizman, A., Hasin, D. Effect of ADH1B genotype on alcohol consumption in young Israeli Jews. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31: 1297-1301.
33. Cichoz-Lach, H., Partycka, J., Nesina, I., Celinski, K., Slomka, M., Wojcierowski, J. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene polymorphism in alcohol liver cirrhosis and alcohol chronic pancreatitis among Polish individuals. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2007, 42: 493-498.
34. Osier, M., Pakstis, A.J., Kidd, J.R., Lee, J.F., Yin, S.J., Ko, H.C., Edenberg, H.J., Lu, R.B., Kidd, K.K. Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism. Am.J. Hum. Genet. 1999, 64: 1147-1157.
35. Birley, A.J., Whitfield, J.B., Neale, M.C., Duffy, D.L., Heath, A.C., Boomsma, D.I., Martin, N.G. Genetic time-series analysis identifies a major QTL for in vivo alcohol metabolism not predicted by in vitro studies of structural protein polymorphism at the ADH1B or ADH1C loci. Behav. Genet. 2005, 35: 509-524.
36. Luo, X., Kranzler, H.R., Zuo, L., Yang, B.Z., Lappalainen, J., Gelernter, J. ADH4 gene variation is associated with alcohol and drug dependence: results from family controlled and population-structured association studies. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2005, 15: 755-768.
37. Luo, X., Kranzler, H.R., Zuo, L., Wang, S., Gelernter, J. Personality traits of agreeableness and extraversion are associated with ADH4 variation. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61: 599-608.
38. Birley, A.J., James, M.R., Dickson, P.A., Montgomery, G.W., Heath, A.C., Whitfield, J.B., Martin, N.G. Association of the gastric alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH7 with variation in alcohol metabolism. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008, 17: 179-189.
39. Luo, X., Kranzler, H.R., Zuo, L., Wang, S., Schork, N.J., Gelernter, J. Diplotype trend regression analysis of the ADH gene cluster and the ALDH2 gene: multiple significant associations with alcohol dependence. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 78: 973-987.
40. Luo, X., Kranzler, H.R., Zuo, L., Wang, S., Schork, N.J., Gelernter, J. Multiple ADH genes modulate risk for drug dependence in both African- and European-Americans. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2007, 16: 380-390.
41. Luo, X., Kranzler, H.R., Zuo, L., Zhang, H., Wang, S., Gelernter, J. ADH7 variation modulates extraversion and conscientiousness in substance-dependent subjects. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2008, 147: 179-186.
42. Takeshita, T., Morimoto, K., Mao, X., Hashimoto, T., Furuyama, J. Characterization of the three genotypes of low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase in a Japanese population. Hum. Genet. 1994, 94: 217-223.
43. Chen, W.J., Loh, E.W., Hsu, Y.P., Cheng, A.T. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and alcoholism among Taiwanese aborigines. Biol. Psychiatry 1997, 41: 703-709.
44. Chen, C.C., Lu, R.B., Chen, Y.C., Wang, M.F., Chang, Y.C., Li, T.K., Yin, S.J. Interaction between the functional polymorphisms of the alcohol-metabolism genes in protection against alcoholism. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1999, 65: 795-807.
45. Martinez, D., Gil, R., Slifstein, M., Hwang, D.R., Huang, Y., Perez, A., Kegeles, L., Talbot, P., Evans, S., Krystal, J., Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A. Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 58: 779-786.
46. Gorwood, P., Batel, P., Gouya, L., Courtois, F., Feingold, J., Ades, J. Reappraisal of the association between the DRD2 gene, alcoholism and addiction. Eur. Psychiatry 2000, 15: 90-96.
47. Munafò, M.R., Matheson, I.J., Flint, J. Association of the DRD2 gene Taq1A polymorphism and alcoholism: a meta-analysis of case-control studies and evidence of publication bias. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12: 454-461.
48. Klein, T.A., Neumann, J., Reuter, M., Hennig, J., von Cramon, D.Y., Ullsperger, M. Genetically determined differences in learning from errors. Science 2007, 318: 1642-1645.
49. Yang, B.Z., Kranzler, H.R., Zhao, H., Gruen, J.R., Luo, X., Gelernter, J. Association of haplotypic variants in DRD2, ANKK1, TTC12 and NCAM1 to alcohol dependence in independent case control and family samples. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2007, 16: 2844-2853.
50. Dick, D.M., Wang, J.C., Plunkett, J., Aliev, F., Hinrichs, A., Bertelsen, S., Budde, J.P., Goldstein, E.L., Kaplan, D., Edenberg, H.J., Nurnberger, J.Jr., Hesselbrock, V., Schuckit, M., Kuperman, S., Tischfield, J., Porjesz, B., Begleiter, H., Bierut, L.J., Goate, A. Family-based association analyses of alcohol dependence phenotypes across DRD2 and neighboring gene ANKK1. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31: 1645-1453.
51. Dubertret, C., Gouya, L., Hanoun, N., Deybach, J.C., Adès, J., Hamon, M., Gorwood, P. The 3′ region of the DRD2 gene is involved in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004, 67: 75-85.
52. Batel, P., Houchi, H., Daoust, M., Ramoz, N., Naassila, M., Gorwood, P. A haplotype of the DRD1 gene is associated with alcohol dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32: 567-572.
53. Kim, D.J., Park, B.L., Yoon, S., Lee, H.K., Joe, K.H., Cheon, Y.H., Gwon, D.H., Cho, S.N., Lee, H.W., NamGung, S., Shin, H.D. 5′ UTR polymorphism of dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) associated with severity and temperament of alcoholism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 357: 1135-1141.
54. Vengeliene, V., Leonardi-Essmann, F., Perreau-Lenz, S., Gebicke-Haerter, P., Drescher, K., Gross, G., Spanagel, R. The dopamine D3 receptor plays an essential role in alcohol-seeking and relapse. FASEB J. 2006, 20: 2223-2233.
55. Gorwood, P., Limosin, F., Batel, P., Duaux, E., Gouya, L., Ades, J. The genetics of addiction: alcohol-dependence and D3 dopamine receptor gene. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 2001, 49: 710-717.
56. van den Wildenberg, E., Janssen, R.G., Hutchison, K.E., van Breukelen, G.J., Wiers, R.W. Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4 VNTR) and cannabinoid CB1 receptor gene (CNR1) are not strongly related to cue-reactivity after alcohol exposure. Addict. Biol. 2007, 12: 210-220.
57. Wiesbeck, G.A., Dürsteler-MacFarland, K.M., Wurst, F.M., Walter, M., Petitjean, S., Müller, S., Wodarz, N., Böning, J. No association of dopamine receptor sensitivity in vivo with genetic predisposition for alcoholism and DRD2/DRD3 gene polymorphisms in alcohol dependence. Addict. Biol. 2006, 11: 72-75.
58. Kohnke, M.D., Batra, A., Kolb, W., Kohnke, A.M., Lutz, U., Schick, S., Gaertner, I. Association of the dopamine transporter gene with alcoholism. Alcohol 2005, 40: 339-342.
59. Muramatsu, T., Higuchi, S. Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism and alcoholism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995, 211: 28-32.
60. Chen, W.J., Chen, C.H., Huang, J., Hsu, Y.P., Seow, S.V., Chen, C.C., Cheng, A.T. Genetic polymorphisms of the promoter region of dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine transporter genes and alcoholism among four aboriginal groups and Han Chinese in Taiwan. Psychiatr. Genet. 2001, 11: 187-195.
61. Foley, P.F., Loh, E.W., Innes, D.J., Williams, S.M., Tannenberg, A.E., Harper, C.G., Dodd, P.R. Association studies of neurotransmitter gene polymorphisms in alcoholic Caucasians. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1025: 39-46.
62. Schmidt, L.G., Harms, H., Kuhn, S., Rommelspacher, H., Sander, T. Modification of alcohol withdrawal by the A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998, 155: 474-478.
63. Gorwood, P., Limosin, F., Batel, P., Hamon, M., Ades, J., Boni, C. The A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene is associated with delirium tremens and alcohol-withdrawal seizure. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 53: 85-92.
64. Le Strat, Y., Ramoz, N., Pickering, P., Burger, V., Boni, C., Aubin, H.J., Ades, J., Batel, P., Gorwood, P. The 3′ part of the dopamine transporter gene DAT1/SLC6A3 is associated with withdrawal seizures in patients with alcohol dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32: 27-35.
65. Lovinger, D.M., Homanics, G.E. Tonic for what ails us? high-affinity GABAA receptors and alcohol. Alcohol 2007, 41: 139-143.
66. Buck, K.J., Hood, H.M. Genetic association of a GABA(A) receptor gamma2 subunit variant with severity of acute physiological dependence on alcohol. Mamm. Genome 1998, 9: 975-978.
67. Loh, E.W., Smith, I.I., Murray, R., McLaughlin, M., McNulty, S., Ball, D. Association between variants at the GABAAbeta2, GABAAalpha6 and GABAAgamma2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence in a scottish population. Mol. Psychiatry 1999; 4: 539-544.
68. Sander, T., Ball, D., Murray, R., Patel, J., Samochowiec, J., Winterer, G., Rommelspacher, H., Schmidt, LG., Loh, EW. Association analysis of sequence variants of GABA(A) alpha6, beta2, and gamma2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1999, 23: 427-431.
69. Edenberg, H.J., Dick, D.M., Xuei, X., Tian, H., Almasy, L., Bauer, L.O., Crowe, R.R., Goate, A., Hesselbrock, V., Jones, K., Kwon, J., Li, T.K., Nurnberger, J.I.Jr., O'Connor, S.J., Reich, T., Rice, J., Schuckit, M.A., Porjesz, B., Foroud, T., Begleiter, H. Variations in GABRA2, encoding the alpha 2 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004, 74: 705-714.
70. Agrawal, A., Edenberg, H.J., Foroud, T., Bierut, L.J., Dunne, G., Hinrichs, A.L., Nurnberger, J.I., Crowe, R., Kuperman, S., Schuckit, M.A., Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Dick, D.M. Association of GABRA2 with drug dependence in the collaborative study of the genetics of alcoholism sample. Behav. Genet. 2006, 36: 640-650.
71. Soyka, M., Preuss, U.W., Hesselbrock, V., Zill, P., Koller, G., Bondy, B. GABA-A2 receptor subunit gene (GABRA2) polymorphisms and risk for alcohol dependence. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2008, 42: 184-191.
72. Mulligan, M.K., Ponomarev, I., Hitzemann, R.J., Belknap, J.K., Tabakoff, B., Harris, R.A., Crabbe, J.C., Blednov, Y.A., Grahame, N.J., Phillips, T.J., Finn, D.A., Hoffman, P.L., Iyer, V.R., Koob, G.F., Bergeson, S.E. Toward understanding the genetics of alcohol drinking through transcriptome meta-analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103: 6368-6373.
73. Bowers, B.J., Radcliffe, R.A., Smith, A.M., Miyamoto-Ditmon, J., Wehner, J.M. Microarray analysis identifies cerebellar genes sensitive to chronic ethanol treatment in PKCgamma mice. Alcohol 2006, 40: 19-33.
74. Singh, S.M., Treadwell, J., Kleiber, M.L., Harrison, M., Uddin, R.K. Analysis of behavior using genetical genomics in mice as a model: from alcohol preferences to gene expression differences. Genome 2007, 50: 877-897.
75. Sommer, W., Hyytiä, P., Kiianmaa, K. The alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats: neurobiology of the regulation of alcohol drinking. Addict. Biol. 2006, 11: 289-309.
76. Rodd, Z.A., Bertsch, B.A., Strother, W.N., Le-Niculescu, H., Balaraman, Y., Hayden, E., Jerome, R.E., Lumeng, L., Nurnberger, J.I.Jr., Edenberg, H.J., McBride, W.J., Niculescu, A.B. Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for alcoholism: an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Pharmacogenomics J. 2007, 7: 222-256.
77. Worst, T.J., Vrana, K.E. Alcohol and gene expression in the central nervous system. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005, 40: 63-75.
78. Fan, L., Jaquet, V., Dodd, P.R., Chen, W., Wilce, P.A. Molecular cloning and characterization of hNP22: a gene up-regulated in human alcoholic brain. J. Neurochem. 2001, 76: 1275-1281.
79. Sokolov, B.P., Jiang, L., Trivedi, N.S., Aston, C. Transcription profiling reveals mitochondrial, ubiquitin and signaling systems abnormalities in postmortem brains from subjects with a history of alcohol abuse or dependence. J. Neurosci. Res. 2003, 72: 756-767.
80. Flatscher-Bader, T., van der Brug, M., Hwang, J.W., Gochee, P.A., Matsumoto, I., Niwa, S., Wilce, P.A. Alcohol-responsive genes in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of human alcoholics. J. Neurochem. 2005, 93(2): 359-70.
81. Liu, J., Lewohl, J.M., Dodd, P.R., Randall, P.K., Harris, R.A., Mayfield, R.D. Gene expression profiling of individual cases reveals consistent transcriptional changes in alcoholic human brain. J. Neurochem. 2004, 90: 1050-1058.
82. Liu, J., Lewohl, J.M., Harris, R.A., Iyer, V.R., Dodd, P.R., Randall, P.K., Mayfield, R.D. Patterns of gene expression in the frontal cortex discriminate alcoholic from nonalcoholic individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31: 1574-1582.
83. Neuhold, L.A., Guo, Q.M., Alper, J., Velazquez, J.M. High-throughput proteomics for alcohol research. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2004, 28: 203-210.
84. Witzmann, F.A., Strother, W.N. Proteomics and alcoholism. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2004, 61: 189-214.
85. Klouckova, I., Hrncirova, P., Mechref, Y., Arnold, R.J., Li, T.K., McBride, W.J., Novotny, M.V. Changes in liver protein abundance in inbred alcohol-preferring rats due to chronic alcohol exposure, as measured through a proteomics approach. Proteomics 2006, 6: 3060-3074.
86. Freeman, W.M., Gooch, R.S., Lull, M.E., Worst, T.J., Walker, S.J., Xu, A.S., Green, H., Pierre, P.J., Grant, K.A., Vrana, K.E. Apo-AII is an elevated biomarker of chronic non-human primate ethanol self-administration. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006, 41: 300-305.
87. Nomura, F., Tomonaga, T., Sogawa, K., Ohashi, T., Nezu, M., Sunaga, M., Kondo, N., Iyo, M., Shimada, H., Ochiai, T. Identification of novel and downregulated biomarkers for alcoholism by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2004, 4: 1187-1194.
88. Alexander-Kaufman, K., James, G., Sheedy, D., Harper, C., Matsumoto, I. Differential protein expression in the prefrontal white matter of human alcoholics: a proteomics study. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11: 56-65.
89. Gottesman, I.I., Gould, T.D. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160: 636-645.
90. Chorlian, D.B., Tang, Y., Rangaswamy, M., O'Connor, S., Rohrbaugh, J., Taylor, R., Porjesz, B. Heritability of EEG coherence in a large sib-pair population. Biol. Psychol. 2007, 75: 260-266.
91. Anokhin, A., Steinlein, O., Fischer, C., Mao, Y., Vogt, P., Schalt, E., Vogel, F. A genetic study of the human low-voltage electroencephalogram. Hum. Genet. 1992, 90: 99-112.
92. Ehlers, C.L., Phillips, E., Schuckit, M.A. EEG alpha variants and alpha power in Hispanic American and white non-Hispanic American young adults with a family history of alcohol dependence. Alcohol 2004, 33: 99-106.
93. Rangaswamy, M., Porjesz, B., Chorlian, D.B., Wang, K., Jones, K.A., Kuperman, S., Rohrbaugh, J., O'Connor, S.J., Bauer, L.O., Reich, T., Begleiter, H. Resting EEG in offspring of male alcoholics: beta frequencies. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2004, 51: 239-251.
94. Yu, Y., Meng, Y., Ma, Q., Farrell, J., Farrer, L.A., Wilcox, M.A. Whole-genome variance components linkage analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphisms versus microsatellites on quantitative traits of derived phenotypes from factor analysis of electroencephalogram waves. BMC Genet. 2005, 6: S15.
95. Dick, D.M., Jones, K., Saccone, N., Hinrichs, A., Wang, J.C., Goate, A., Bierut, L., Almasy, L., Schuckit, M., Hesselbrock, V., Tischfield, J., Foroud, T., Edenberg, H., Porjesz, B., Begleiter, H. Endophenotypes successfully lead to gene identification: results from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. Behav. Genet. 2006, 36: 112-126.
96. van Beijsterveldt, C.E., van Baal, G.C., Molenaar, P.C., Boomsma, D.I., de Geus, E.J. Stability of genetic and environmental influences on P300 amplitude: a longitudinal study in adolescent twins. Behav. Genet. 2001, 31: 533-543.
97. Begleiter, H., Porjesz, B., Bihari, B., Kissin, B. Event-related brain potentials in boys at risk for alcoholism. Science 1984, 225: 1493-1496.
98. Chen, A.C., Porjesz, B., Rangaswamy, M., Kamarajan, C., Tang, Y., Jones, K.A., Chorlian, D.B., Stimus, A.T., Begleiter, H. Reduced frontal lobe activity in subjects with high impulsivity and alcoholism. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31: 156-165.
99. Scholz, H., Franz, M., Heberlein, U. The hangover gene defines a stress pathway required for ethanol tolerance development. Nature 2005, 436: 845-847.
100. Riley, B.P., Kalsi, G., Kuo, P.H., Vladimirov, V., Thiselton, D.L., Vittum, J., Wormley, B., Grotewiel, M.S., Patterson, D.G., Sullivan, P.F., van den Oord, E., Walsh, D., Kendler, K.S., Prescott, C.A. Alcohol dependence is associated with the ZNF699 gene, a human locus related toDrosophila hangover, in the Irish Affected Sib Pair Study of Alcohol Dependence(IASPSAD) sample. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11: 1025-1031.
101. Johnson, C., Drgon, T., Liu, Q.R., Walther, D., Edenberg, H., Rice, J., Foroud, T., Uhl, G.R. Pooled association genome scanning for alcohol dependence using 104,268 SNPs: validation and use to identify alcoholism vulnerability loci in unrelated individuals from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2006, 141: 844-853.
102. Sebat, J. Major changes in our DNA lead to major changes in our thinking. Nat. Genet. 2007, 39: S3-S5.
103. Cantor, R.M., Geschwind, D.H. Schizophrenia: genome, interrupted. Neuron 2008, 58: 165-167.