메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 353-362

Evaluation of the effects of vitamin A supplementation on adult rat substantia nigra and striatum redox and bioenergetic states: Mitochondrial impairment, increased 3-nitrotyrosine and α-synuclein, but decreased D2 receptor contents

Author keywords

synuclein; Mitochondrial electron transfer chain; Striatum; Substantia nigra; Superoxide anion; Vitamin A

Indexed keywords

3 NITROTYROSINE; ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; ANTIOXIDANT; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; RETINOL PALMITATE; SUPEROXIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

EID: 60149110679     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.020     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0036712437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the potential for vitamin A toxicity in women and young children
    • Allen L.H., and Haskell M. Estimating the potential for vitamin A toxicity in women and young children. J Nutr 132 (2002) 2907S-2919S
    • (2002) J Nutr , vol.132
    • Allen, L.H.1    Haskell, M.2
  • 2
    • 0346100520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite reactivity with amino acids and proteins
    • Alvarez B., and Radi R. Peroxynitrite reactivity with amino acids and proteins. Amino Acids 25 (2003) 295-311
    • (2003) Amino Acids , vol.25 , pp. 295-311
    • Alvarez, B.1    Radi, R.2
  • 3
    • 33847378451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systemic review and meta-analysis
    • Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L.L., Simonetti R.G., and Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systemic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 297 (2007) 842-857
    • (2007) J Am Med Assoc , vol.297 , pp. 842-857
    • Bjelakovic, G.1    Nikolova, D.2    Gluud, L.L.3    Simonetti, R.G.4    Gluud, C.5
  • 4
    • 23044434010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dopamine D2 receptor: new surprises from an old friend
    • Bonci A., and Hopf F.W. The dopamine D2 receptor: new surprises from an old friend. Neuron 47 (2005) 335-338
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.47 , pp. 335-338
    • Bonci, A.1    Hopf, F.W.2
  • 6
    • 37649004547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell systems and the toxic mechanism (s) of α-synuclein
    • Cookson M.R., and van der Brug M. Cell systems and the toxic mechanism (s) of α-synuclein. Exp Neurol 209 (2008) 5-11
    • (2008) Exp Neurol , vol.209 , pp. 5-11
    • Cookson, M.R.1    van der Brug, M.2
  • 7
    • 0034067113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic hypervitaminosis A: importance of retinyl ester level determination
    • Croquet V., Pilette C., and Lespine A. Hepatic hypervitaminosis A: importance of retinyl ester level determination. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12 (2000) 361-364
    • (2000) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.12 , pp. 361-364
    • Croquet, V.1    Pilette, C.2    Lespine, A.3
  • 9
    • 0035054485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinol supplementation induces oxidative stress and modulate antioxidant enzyme activities in rat Sertoli cells
    • Dal-Pizzol F., Klamt F., Benfato M.S., Bernard E.A., and Moreira J.C.F. Retinol supplementation induces oxidative stress and modulate antioxidant enzyme activities in rat Sertoli cells. Free Radic Res 34 (2001) 395-404
    • (2001) Free Radic Res , vol.34 , pp. 395-404
    • Dal-Pizzol, F.1    Klamt, F.2    Benfato, M.S.3    Bernard, E.A.4    Moreira, J.C.F.5
  • 11
    • 34548585830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and chronic vitamin A supplementation at therapeutic doses induces oxidative stress to submitochondrial particles isolated from cerebral cortex and cerebellum of adult rats
    • De Oliveira M.R., and Moreira J.C.F. Acute and chronic vitamin A supplementation at therapeutic doses induces oxidative stress to submitochondrial particles isolated from cerebral cortex and cerebellum of adult rats. Toxicol Lett 173 (2007) 145-150
    • (2007) Toxicol Lett , vol.173 , pp. 145-150
    • De Oliveira, M.R.1    Moreira, J.C.F.2
  • 12
    • 34548513735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A supplementation induces a prooxidative state in the striatum and impairs locomotory and exploratory activity of adult rats
    • De Oliveira M.R., Pasquali M.A.B., Silvestrin R.B., Mello e Souza T., and Moreira J.C.F. Vitamin A supplementation induces a prooxidative state in the striatum and impairs locomotory and exploratory activity of adult rats. Brain Res 1169 (2007) 112-119
    • (2007) Brain Res , vol.1169 , pp. 112-119
    • De Oliveira, M.R.1    Pasquali, M.A.B.2    Silvestrin, R.B.3    Mello e Souza, T.4    Moreira, J.C.F.5
  • 13
    • 35649018604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in the hippocampus, anxiety-like behavior and decreased locomotory and exploratory activity of adult rats: effects of sub acute vitamin A supplementation at therapeutic doses
    • De Oliveira M.R., Silvestrin R.B., Mello e Souza T., and Moreira J.C.F. Oxidative stress in the hippocampus, anxiety-like behavior and decreased locomotory and exploratory activity of adult rats: effects of sub acute vitamin A supplementation at therapeutic doses. Neurotoxicology 28 (2007) 1191-1199
    • (2007) Neurotoxicology , vol.28 , pp. 1191-1199
    • De Oliveira, M.R.1    Silvestrin, R.B.2    Mello e Souza, T.3    Moreira, J.C.F.4
  • 14
    • 55049099524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired redox state and respiratory chain enzyme activities in the cerebellum of vitamin A-treated rats
    • De Oliveira M.R., and Moreira J.C.F. Impaired redox state and respiratory chain enzyme activities in the cerebellum of vitamin A-treated rats. Toxicology 253 (2008) 125-130
    • (2008) Toxicology , vol.253 , pp. 125-130
    • De Oliveira, M.R.1    Moreira, J.C.F.2
  • 15
    • 38949150010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic vitamin A doses increase the levels of markers of oxidative insult in substantia nigra and decrease locomotory and exploratory activity in rats after acute and chronic supplementation
    • De Oliveira M.R., Silvestrin R.B., Mello e Souza T., and Moreira J.C.F. Therapeutic vitamin A doses increase the levels of markers of oxidative insult in substantia nigra and decrease locomotory and exploratory activity in rats after acute and chronic supplementation. Neurochem Res 33 (2008) 378-383
    • (2008) Neurochem Res , vol.33 , pp. 378-383
    • De Oliveira, M.R.1    Silvestrin, R.B.2    Mello e Souza, T.3    Moreira, J.C.F.4
  • 16
    • 64249086316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A supplementation at clinical doses induces a dysfunction in the redox and bioenergetics states, but did not change neither caspases activities nor TNF-alpha levels in the frontal cortex of adult Wistar rats
    • 10.1016/j.psychires.2008.10.002
    • De Oliveira M.R., Oliveira M.W.S., Behr G.A., and Moreira J.C.F. Vitamin A supplementation at clinical doses induces a dysfunction in the redox and bioenergetics states, but did not change neither caspases activities nor TNF-alpha levels in the frontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. J Psychiatr Res (2008) 10.1016/j.psychires.2008.10.002
    • (2008) J Psychiatr Res
    • De Oliveira, M.R.1    Oliveira, M.W.S.2    Behr, G.A.3    Moreira, J.C.F.4
  • 17
    • 0025142672 scopus 로고
    • Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation
    • Draper H.H., and Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 186 (1990) 421-431
    • (1990) Methods Enzymol , vol.186 , pp. 421-431
    • Draper, H.H.1    Hadley, M.2
  • 18
    • 0036014117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein interact with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase
    • Elkon H., Don J., Melamed E., Ziv I., Shirvan A., and Offen D. Mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein interact with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. J Mol Neurosci 18 (2002) 229-238
    • (2002) J Mol Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 229-238
    • Elkon, H.1    Don, J.2    Melamed, E.3    Ziv, I.4    Shirvan, A.5    Offen, D.6
  • 19
    • 0022968990 scopus 로고
    • Increased risk for vitamin A toxicity in severe hypertriglyceridemia
    • Ellis J.K., Russel R.M., Makrauer F.L., and Schaefer E.J. Increased risk for vitamin A toxicity in severe hypertriglyceridemia. Annals Intern Med 105 (1986) 877-879
    • (1986) Annals Intern Med , vol.105 , pp. 877-879
    • Ellis, J.K.1    Russel, R.M.2    Makrauer, F.L.3    Schaefer, E.J.4
  • 20
    • 33749246152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-synuclein modulates α-synuclein neurotoxicity by reducing α-synuclein protein expression
    • Fan Y., Limprasert P., Murria I.V.J., Smith A.C., Lee V.M.Y., Trojanowski J.Q., et al. β-synuclein modulates α-synuclein neurotoxicity by reducing α-synuclein protein expression. Hum Mol Genet 15 (2006) 3002-3011
    • (2006) Hum Mol Genet , vol.15 , pp. 3002-3011
    • Fan, Y.1    Limprasert, P.2    Murria, I.V.J.3    Smith, A.C.4    Lee, V.M.Y.5    Trojanowski, J.Q.6
  • 23
    • 33646150669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All-trans retinoic acid induces free radical generation and modulate antioxidant enzyme activities in rat Sertoli cells
    • Frota M.L.C., da Silva E.G., Behr G.A., de Oliveira M.R., Dal-Pizzol F., Klamt F., et al. All-trans retinoic acid induces free radical generation and modulate antioxidant enzyme activities in rat Sertoli cells. Mol Cell Biochem 285 (2006) 173-179
    • (2006) Mol Cell Biochem , vol.285 , pp. 173-179
    • Frota, M.L.C.1    da Silva, E.G.2    Behr, G.A.3    de Oliveira, M.R.4    Dal-Pizzol, F.5    Klamt, F.6
  • 24
    • 0035409575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-synuclein and neurodegenerative diseases
    • Goedert M. Alpha-synuclein and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2 (2001) 492-501
    • (2001) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 492-501
    • Goedert, M.1
  • 25
    • 0016275313 scopus 로고
    • Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation
    • Habig W.H., Pabst M.J., and Jakoby W.B. Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249 (1974) 7130-7139
    • (1974) J Biol Chem , vol.249 , pp. 7130-7139
    • Habig, W.H.1    Pabst, M.J.2    Jakoby, W.B.3
  • 26
    • 33745013111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now?
    • Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now?. J Neurochem 97 (2006) 1634-1658
    • (2006) J Neurochem , vol.97 , pp. 1634-1658
    • Halliwell, B.1
  • 27
    • 0032715834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies
    • Halliwell B., Zhao K., and Whiteman M. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies. Free Radic Res 31 (1999) 651-669
    • (1999) Free Radic Res , vol.31 , pp. 651-669
    • Halliwell, B.1    Zhao, K.2    Whiteman, M.3
  • 28
    • 2542499831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-Synuclein regulates Akt activity in neuronal cells. A possible mechanism for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
    • Hashimoto M., Bar-on P., Ho G., Takenouchi T., Rockenstein E., Crews L., et al. β-Synuclein regulates Akt activity in neuronal cells. A possible mechanism for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 23622-23629
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 23622-23629
    • Hashimoto, M.1    Bar-on, P.2    Ho, G.3    Takenouchi, T.4    Rockenstein, E.5    Crews, L.6
  • 29
    • 0034641918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biochemistry of apoptosis
    • Hengartner M.O. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 401 (2000) 770-776
    • (2000) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 770-776
    • Hengartner, M.O.1
  • 31
    • 53549104731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative medicine and Alzheimer disease
    • Kelley B.J., and Knopman D.S. Alternative medicine and Alzheimer disease. Neurologist 14 (2008) 299-306
    • (2008) Neurologist , vol.14 , pp. 299-306
    • Kelley, B.J.1    Knopman, D.S.2
  • 32
    • 27144435553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinol induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release from rat liver mitochondria
    • Klamt F., De Oliveira M.R., and Moreira J.C.F. Retinol induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1726 (2005) 14-20
    • (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1726 , pp. 14-20
    • Klamt, F.1    De Oliveira, M.R.2    Moreira, J.C.F.3
  • 33
    • 1042301416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of superoxide-producing sites in isolated brain mitochondria
    • Kudin A.P., Bimpong-Buta N.Y.B., Vielhaber S., Elger C.E., and Kunz W.S. Characterization of superoxide-producing sites in isolated brain mitochondria. J Biol Chem 279 (2004) 4127-4135
    • (2004) J Biol Chem , vol.279 , pp. 4127-4135
    • Kudin, A.P.1    Bimpong-Buta, N.Y.B.2    Vielhaber, S.3    Elger, C.E.4    Kunz, W.S.5
  • 34
  • 35
    • 0028837204 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence measurements
    • Lissi E., Salim-Hanna M., Pascual C., and del Castillo M.D. Evaluation of total antioxidant potential (TRAP) and total antioxidant reactivity from luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence measurements. Free Radic Biol Med 18 (1995) 153-158
    • (1995) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.18 , pp. 153-158
    • Lissi, E.1    Salim-Hanna, M.2    Pascual, C.3    del Castillo, M.D.4
  • 36
    • 14744306621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A and preterm infants: what we know, what we don't know, and what we need to know
    • Mactier H., and Weaver L.T. Vitamin A and preterm infants: what we know, what we don't know, and what we need to know. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Educ 90 (2005) 103-108
    • (2005) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Educ , vol.90 , pp. 103-108
    • Mactier, H.1    Weaver, L.T.2
  • 37
    • 15744405993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synuclein, dopamine and oxidative stress: co-conspirators in Parkinson's disease?
    • Maguire-Zeiss K.A., Short D.W., and Federoff H.J. Synuclein, dopamine and oxidative stress: co-conspirators in Parkinson's disease?. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 134 (2005) 18-23
    • (2005) Brain Res Mol Brain Res , vol.134 , pp. 18-23
    • Maguire-Zeiss, K.A.1    Short, D.W.2    Federoff, H.J.3
  • 39
    • 33750039149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin A toxicity in wild-caught African green vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) after 2 years in captivity
    • Mills J.P., and Tanumihardjo S.A. Vitamin A toxicity in wild-caught African green vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) after 2 years in captivity. Comp Med 56 (2006) 421-425
    • (2006) Comp Med , vol.56 , pp. 421-425
    • Mills, J.P.1    Tanumihardjo, S.A.2
  • 40
    • 0642368408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations
    • Myhre A.M., Carlsen M.H., Bohn S.K., Wold H.L., Laake P., and Blomhoff R. Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 78 (2003) 1152-1159
    • (2003) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.78 , pp. 1152-1159
    • Myhre, A.M.1    Carlsen, M.H.2    Bohn, S.K.3    Wold, H.L.4    Laake, P.5    Blomhoff, R.6
  • 41
    • 0032831815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions of retinoids binding proteins and enzymes in retinoids metabolism
    • Napoli J.L. Interactions of retinoids binding proteins and enzymes in retinoids metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1440 (1999) 139-162
    • (1999) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1440 , pp. 139-162
    • Napoli, J.L.1
  • 42
    • 0037459081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondria: releasing power for life and unleashing the machineries of death
    • Newmeyer D.D., and Ferguson-Miller S. Mitochondria: releasing power for life and unleashing the machineries of death. Cell 112 (2003) 481-490
    • (2003) Cell , vol.112 , pp. 481-490
    • Newmeyer, D.D.1    Ferguson-Miller, S.2
  • 43
    • 40149086413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retinoid-mediated regulation of mood: possible cellular mechanisms
    • O'Reilly K., Bailey S.J., and Lane M.A. Retinoid-mediated regulation of mood: possible cellular mechanisms. Exp Biol Med 233 (2008) 251-258
    • (2008) Exp Biol Med , vol.233 , pp. 251-258
    • O'Reilly, K.1    Bailey, S.J.2    Lane, M.A.3
  • 44
    • 0033048004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant potential of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease
    • Palace V.P., Khaper P., Qin Q., and Singal P.K. Antioxidant potential of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease. Free Radic Biol Med 26 (1999) 746-761
    • (1999) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.26 , pp. 746-761
    • Palace, V.P.1    Khaper, P.2    Qin, Q.3    Singal, P.K.4
  • 45
    • 0029986691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide inhibits electron transfer and increases superoxide radical production in rat heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles
    • Poderoso J.J., Carreras M.C., Lisdero C., Riobo N., Schopfer F., and Boveris A. Nitric oxide inhibits electron transfer and increases superoxide radical production in rat heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Arch Biochem Biophys 328 (1996) 85-92
    • (1996) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.328 , pp. 85-92
    • Poderoso, J.J.1    Carreras, M.C.2    Lisdero, C.3    Riobo, N.4    Schopfer, F.5    Boveris, A.6
  • 46
    • 0033567432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial permeability transition and release of cytochrome c induced by retinoic acids
    • Rigobello M.P., Scutari G., Friso A., Barzon E., Artusi S., and Bindoli A. Mitochondrial permeability transition and release of cytochrome c induced by retinoic acids. Biochem Pharmacol 58 (1999) 665-670
    • (1999) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.58 , pp. 665-670
    • Rigobello, M.P.1    Scutari, G.2    Friso, A.3    Barzon, E.4    Artusi, S.5    Bindoli, A.6
  • 48
    • 0031474157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of dopaminergic pathways by retinoids: activation of the D2 receptor promoter by members of the retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor family
    • Samad T.A., Krezel W., Chambon P., and Borrelli E. Regulation of dopaminergic pathways by retinoids: activation of the D2 receptor promoter by members of the retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997) 14349-14354
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 14349-14354
    • Samad, T.A.1    Krezel, W.2    Chambon, P.3    Borrelli, E.4
  • 49
    • 56649098949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ginkgo biloba extract and preventing Alzheimer disease
    • Schneider L.S. Ginkgo biloba extract and preventing Alzheimer disease. JAMA 300 (2008) 2306-2308
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.300 , pp. 2306-2308
    • Schneider, L.S.1
  • 50
    • 0025640845 scopus 로고
    • Anatomic and disease specificity of NADH CoQ1 reductase (complex I) deficiency in Parkinson's disease
    • Shapira A.H., Mann V.M., Cooper J.M., Dexter D., Daniel S.E., Jenner P., et al. Anatomic and disease specificity of NADH CoQ1 reductase (complex I) deficiency in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 55 (1990) 2142-2145
    • (1990) J Neurochem , vol.55 , pp. 2142-2145
    • Shapira, A.H.1    Mann, V.M.2    Cooper, J.M.3    Dexter, D.4    Daniel, S.E.5    Jenner, P.6
  • 51
    • 0242322439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary n-3 or n-6 fatty acids on interleukin-1beta-induced anxiety, stress, and inflammation responses in rats
    • Song C., Li X., Leonard B.E., and Horrobin D.F. Effects of dietary n-3 or n-6 fatty acids on interleukin-1beta-induced anxiety, stress, and inflammation responses in rats. J Lipid Res 44 (2003) 1984-1991
    • (2003) J Lipid Res , vol.44 , pp. 1984-1991
    • Song, C.1    Li, X.2    Leonard, B.E.3    Horrobin, D.F.4
  • 52
    • 20044365775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-Synuclein reduces proteasomal inhibition by α-synuclein but not γ-synuclein
    • Snyder H., Mensah K., Hsu C., Hashimoto M., Surgucheva I.G., Festoff B., et al. β-Synuclein reduces proteasomal inhibition by α-synuclein but not γ-synuclein. J Biol Chem 280 (2005) 7562-7569
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 7562-7569
    • Snyder, H.1    Mensah, K.2    Hsu, C.3    Hashimoto, M.4    Surgucheva, I.G.5    Festoff, B.6
  • 54
    • 0022260280 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative measurement of the total, peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant capability of human blood plasma by controlled peroxidation
    • Wayner D.D.M., Burton G.W., Ingold K.U., and Locke S. Quantitative measurement of the total, peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant capability of human blood plasma by controlled peroxidation. FEBS Lett 187 (1985) 33-37
    • (1985) FEBS Lett , vol.187 , pp. 33-37
    • Wayner, D.D.M.1    Burton, G.W.2    Ingold, K.U.3    Locke, S.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.