Environmental risk and toxicology of human and veterinary waste pharmaceutical exposure to wild aquatic host-parasite relationships

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 161-175

  Morley, Neil J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Disease; Ecotoxicology; Parasitism; Pathology; Pharmaceuticals; Pollution

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CAFFEINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLOFIBRATE; CODEINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOSTATIC AGENT; DIAZEPAM; DICLOFENAC; ESTRADIOL; HALOPERIDOL; HYDROCORTISONE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IBUPROFEN; METHOTREXATE; NAPROXEN; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PROPRANOLOL; STEROID HORMONE; SULFADIMETHOXINE; SULFONAMIDE; TAMOXIFEN; TETRACYCLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM; VALPROIC ACID;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ECOTOXICOLOGY; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; GENETIC RESISTANCE; HABITAT USE; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; LEISHMANIA; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; METAZOON; NONHUMAN; PLASMODIUM; PLASMODIUM (LIFE CYCLE STAGE); POPULATION STRUCTURE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI; SEWAGE TREATMENT; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TRYPANOSOMA; VETERINARY MEDICINE; WATER POLLUTION; WILDLIFE CONSERVATION;

MAMMALIA; METAZOA; PROTOZOA;

EID: 59649083385     PISSN: 13826689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. Aho J.M., Uglem G.L., Moore J.P., and Larson O.R. Bacteria associated with the tegument of Cinostomum marginatum (Digenea). J. Parasitol. 77 (1991) 784-786
2. Arcay L. Influence of sex hormones on the experimental infection produced by a strain of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis from Venezuela. Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol. 27 (1985) 195-207
3. Artamoshin A.S., and Khodakova V.I. The effect of waste water on the infestation of underyearlings in the Kama reservoir by broad tapeworm plerocercoids. Hydrobiol. J. 12 6 (1976) 79-81
4. Austin B., and Al-Zahrani A.M.J. The effects on antimicrobial compounds on the gastrointestinal microflora of rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 33 (1988) 1-14
5. Baeza E., Poitou I., Delers F., and Boulard C. Influence of anti-inflammatory treatments on experimental infection of rats with Fasciola hepatica: changes in serum levels of inflammatory markers during the early stages of fasciolosis. Res. Vet. Sci. 57 (1994) 172-179
6. Bakhiet M. Lovastatin inhibits interferon-y-induced Trypanosoma brucei brucei proliferation: evidence for mevalonate pathway involvement. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 16 (1996) 435-439
7. Bakke T.A., Cable J., and Ostbo M. The ultrastructure of hypersymbionts on the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris infecting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J. Helminthol. 80 (2006) 377-386
8. Balber A.E., Gonias S.L., and Pizzo S.V. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: growth in vitro of bloodstream forms inhibited by dichlorodiamineplatinum (II) compounds and hypolipidemic drugs. Exp. Parasitol. 59 (1985) 74-80
9. Baquero F., and Blasquez J. Evolution of antibiotic resistance. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12 (1997) 482-587
10. Baqui A., and Ansari J.A. Investigations on the response to various stimuli of the microfilariae of Setaria cervi in white rats. Helminthologia 24 (1987) 33-42
11. Barrabes A., Duong T.H., Lacroix R., and Combescot C. The effect of the administration of oestrogen-anti-oestrogen on experimental Schistosoma mansoni in hamsters. CR Biol. 176 (1982) 283-287
12. Barrett J. Helminth detoxification mechanisms. J. Helminthol. 71 (1997) 85-89
13. Barrett J. Cytochrome P450 in parasitic protozoa and helminths. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 121 (1998) 181-183
14. Beckage N.E. Host-parasite hormonal relationships: a common theme?. Exp. Parasitol. 72 (1991) 332-338
15. Behnke J.M. Suppression of expulsion of Aspiculuris tetraptera in hydrocortisone and methotrexate treated mice. Parasitology 71 (1975) 109-116
16. Benten W.P.M., Wunderlich F., Herrmann R., and Kuhn-Velten W.N. Testosterone-induced compared with oestradiol-induced immunosuppression against Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. J. Endocrinol. 139 (1993) 487-494
17. Berry A.J. The occurrence of a trematode larva in a population of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi). Parasitology 52 (1962) 237-240
18. Biro-Sauveur B., Eeckhoutte C., Baeza E., Boulard C., and Galtier P. Comparison of hepatic and extrahepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in rats given single or multiple challenge infections with Fasciola hepatica. Int. J. Parasitol. 25 (1995) 1193-1200
19. Boroskova Z., Dvoroznakova E., Tomasovicova O., and Dubinsky P. The effect of cyclophosphamide on the cellular and humoral immune responses on experimental Toxocara canis infestation. Helminthologia 38 (2001) 193-199
20. Botros S., Soliman A., El-Gawhary N., Selim M., and Guirguis N. Effect of combined low dose praziquantel and oxamniquine on different stages of schistosome maturity. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83 (1989) 86-89
21. Botros S.S., Hassanein H.I., Hassan S.I., Akl M.M., Sakr S.S., Shaker Z.A., Hafez G.L., El-Ghorab N.M., and Dean D.A. Immunoregulatory potential of exogenous Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen in a model of experimental schistosomiasis. I. Regulation of granuloma formation in vivo. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 17 (1995) 291-302
22. Boxall A.B.A. The environmental side effects of medication. EMBO Rep. 5 (2004) 1110-1116
23. Boxall A.B.A., Fogg L.A., Blackwell P.A., Kay P., Pemberton E.J., and Croxford A. Veterinary medicines in the environment. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 180 (2004) 1-91
24. Boyle J.P., and Yoshino T.P. Serotonin-induced muscular activity in Schistosoma mansoni larval stages: importance of 5-HT transport and role in daughter sporocyst production. J. Parasitol. 91 (2005) 542-550
25. Brown A.R., Riddle A.M., Winfield I.J., Fletcher J.M., and James J.B. Predicting the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on healthy and disease impacted populations of perch (Perca fluviatilis). Ecol. Model. 189 (2005) 377-395
26. Budovsky A., Prinsloo I., and El-On J. Pathological developments mediated by cyclophosphamide in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. Parasitol. Int. 55 (2006) 237-242
27. Burns D.A. Action of cotrimoxazole on head lice. Br. J. Dermatol. 117 (1987) 399-400
28. Cabello F.C. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ. Microbiol. 8 (2006) 1137-1144
29. Calabrese K.S., Bauer P.G., Lagrange P.H., and Goncalves da Costa S.C. Trypanosoma cruzi infection in immunosupressed mice. Immunol. Lett. 31 (1992) 91-96
30. Calvo G.W., and Burreson E.M. In vitro and in vivo effects of 8 chemotherapeutants on the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen, and Collier). J. Shellfish Res. 13 (1994) 101-107
31. Canning E.U. An evaluation of protozoal characteristics in relation to biological control of pests. In: Anderson R.M., and Canning E.U. (Eds). Parasites as Biological Control Agents vol. 84 (1982), Parasitology 119-149
32. Chen G.-Z., Foster L., and Bennett J.L. Antischistosomal action of mevinolin: Evidence that 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase activity in Schistosoma mansoni is vital for parasite survival. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 342 (1990) 477-482
33. Cheng T.C. The control of parasites: the role of the parasite. Uptake mechanisms and metabolic interference in parasites as related to chemotherapy. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington 44 (1977) 2-17
34. Chu F.-L.E., Lund E.D., and Podbesek J.A. Effects of triclosan on the oyster parasite, Perkinsus marinus and its host, the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J. Shellfish Res. 27 (2008) 769-773
35. Cleuvers M. Initial risk assessment for three β-blockers found in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 59 (2005) 199-205
36. Coppens I., and Courtoy P.-J. The mevalonate pathway in parasitic protozoa and helminths. Exp. Parasitol. 82 (1996) 76-85
37. Coppi A., Merali S., and Eichinger D. The enteric parasite Entamoeba uses an autocrine catecholamine system during differentiation into the infectious cysts stage. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 8083-8090
38. Corba J., and Spaldonova R. A study of the factors influencing the intensity of Trichinella spiralis invasion in white mice. I. The effects of immunosuppressives applied intestinal and early migratory phase of parasitization. Biol. B-Zool. 29 (1974) 167-173 (In Slovakian)
39. Corba J., and Spaldonova R. The effects of immunosuppressants on experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica. Folia Parasitol. 22 (1975) 355-361
40. Coutaux A.F., Mooney J.J., and Wirth D.F. Neuronal monoamine reuptake inhibitors enhance in vitro susceptibility to chloroquine in resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 (1994) 1419-1421
41. Crane M., Watts C., and Boucard T. Chronic aquatic environmental risks from exposure to human pharmaceuticals. Sci. Total Environ. 367 (2006) 23-41
42. Currie J.L.M., and Woo P.T.K. Susceptibility of sexually mature rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss to experimental cryptobiosis caused by Cryptobia salmostica. Parasitol. Res. 101 (2007) 1057-1067
43. Curtis C.F., Ellis D.S., and Doyle P.E. Susceptibility of aposymbiotic Culex quinquefasciatus to Wuchereria bancrofti. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 41 (1983) 214-223
44. Dakkak A., and Daoubi A. Haemonchus contortus: inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by the abomasal mucosa favours parasite development. Exp. Parasitol. 61 (1986) 26-32
45. Daugschies A. Oesophagostomum dentatum: population dynamics and synthesis of prostanoids by histotropic stages cultured in vitro. Exp. Parasitol. 81 (1995) 574-583
46. Daugschies A., and Joachim A. Eicosanoids in parasites and parasitic infections. Adv. Parasitol. 46 (2000) 181-240
47. Davila D.F., Angel F., Arata de Bellabarba G., and Donis J.H. Effects of metoprolol in chagasic patients with severe heart failure. Int. J. Cardiol. 83 (2002) 255-260
48. Davies I.M., and Rodger G.K. A review of the use of ivermectin as a treatment for sea lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer) and Caligus elongatus Nordmann] infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquac. Res. 31 (2000) 869-883
49. De-Oliveira A.C.A.X., Da-Matta A.C., and Paumgartten F.J.R. Plasmodium berghei (ANKA): infection induces CYP2A5 and 2EI while depressing other CYP isoforms in the mouse liver. Exp. Parasitol. 113 (2006) 256-261
50. Desowitz R.S., Palumbo N.E., and Tamashiro W.K. Inhibition of the adverse reaction to diethylcarbamazine in Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs by diazepam. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 35 (1984) 50-52
51. Dineen J.K., Kelly J.D., Goodrich B.S., and Smith I.D. Expulsion of Nippostrogylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat by prostaglandin-like factors from ram semen. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 46 (1974) 360-374
52. Dlugiewicz-Bulla M. The influence of small doses of streptomycin on the course of experiemtnal trichinellosis in mice. Wiad. Parazytol. 24 (1978) 519-537
53. Doenhoff M.J., Hassounah O.A., and Lucas S.B. Does the immunopathology induced by schistosome eggs potentiate parasite survival?. Immunol. Today 6 (1985) 203-206
54. Douch P.G.C., and Blair S.S.B. The metabolism of foreign compounds in the cestode, Moniezia expansa, and the nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides var suum. Xenobiotica 5 (1975) 279-292
55. Duhrkopf R.E., and Trpis M. The effect of tetracycline treatment on filarial susceptibility in members of the Aedes scutellaris complex. Mosq. News 41 (1981) 729-732
56. El-Aggan H.A., El-Gebaly W.M., and Khedr M.M. Gastro-vascular and micro-vascular changes in chronic murine Schistosomiasis mansoni response to propranolol. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 22 (1992) 415-423
57. Elandalloussi L.M., Leite R.B., Rodrigues P.M., Alfonso R., Nunes P.A., and Leonor Cancela M. Effect of antiprotozoal drugs on the proliferation of the bivalve parasite Perkinsus olseni. Aquaculture 243 (2005) 9-17
58. El-Gowhary S.H., Rahmy A.E., El-Azzouni M.Z., Nagil A.I., and El-Medany A. Oral contraceptive pills in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni: Parasitological, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural studies. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 23 (1993) 609-619
59. Ellenberger T.E., Wright J.E., Rosowsky A., and Beverley S.M. Wild-type and drug-resistant Leishmania major hydrolyze methotrexate to N-10-methyl-4-deoxy-4-aminopteroate without accumulation of methotrexate polyglutamates. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 15960-15966
60. El-Tourabi H., El-Amin A.A., Shaheen M., Woda S.A., Homeida M., and Harron D.W.G. Propranolol reduces mortality in patients with portal hypertension secondary to schistosomiasis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 88 (1994) 493-500
61. Escobedo G., Roberts C.W., Carrero J.C., and Morales-Montor J. Parasite regulation by host hormones: an old mechanism of host exploitation?. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 588-593
62. Evans W.S. The effect of streptomycin and penicillin on the growth and differentiation in vitro of Hymenolepis microstoma. Can. J. Zool. 56 (1978) 1210-1211
63. Faisal M., La Peyre J.F., Elsayed E., and Wright D.C. Bacitracin inhibits the oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus in vitro and in vivo. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 11 (1999) 130-138
64. Farag M.M., Salama M.A., and Abou-Basha L. Experimental murine schistosomiasis: reduced hepatic morbidity after pre- and/or post-infection treatment with ibuprofen or diclofenac sodium. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 89 (1995) 497-504
65. Fent K., Weston A.A., and Caminada D. Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. Aquat. Toxicol. 76 (2006) 122-159
66. Finerty J.F., and Krehl E.P. Cyclophosphamide pre-treatment and protection against malaria. Infect. Immun. 14 (1976) 1103-1105
67. Floate K.D., Wardhaugh K.G., Boxall A.B.A., and Sherratt T.N. Fecal residues of veterinary parasiticides: nontarget effects in the pasture environment. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50 (2005) 153-179
68. Ford A.T., Fernandes T.F., Robinson C.D., Davies I.M., and Read P.A. Can industrial pollution cause intersexuality in the amphipod, Echinogammarus marinus?. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 53 (2006) 100-106
69. Geary T.G., Delaney E.J., Klotz I.M., and Jensen J.B. Inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro by covalent modification of haemoglobin. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 9 (1983) 59-72
70. Ginetsinskaya T.A. Trematodes, their Life Cycles, Biology and Evolution (1988), Amerind Publishing Company, New Delhi 559 pp.
71. Glazier A.P., Kokwaro G.O., and Edwards G. Possible isozyme-specific effects of experimental malaria infection with Plasmodium berghei on cytochrome P450 activity in rat liver microsomes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46 (1994) 352-355
72. Glazier A.P., Kokwaro G.O., Ismail S., and Edwards G. Effect of an experimental malaria infection on the metabolism of phenacetin in the rat isolated perfused liver. Xenobiotica 24 (1994) 785-793
73. Goossens H., Ferech M., van der Stichele R., and Elseviers M. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 365 (2005) 579-587
74. Goumon Y., Casares F., Pryor S., Ferguson L., Brownawell B., Cadet P., Rialas C.M., Welters I.D.M., Sonetti D., and Stefano G.B. Ascaris suum, an intestinal parasite, produces morphine. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 339-343
75. Graczyk T.K., and Fried B. Human waterborne trematode and protozoan infections. Adv. Parasitol. 64 (2007) 111-160
76. Grellier P., Valentin A., Millerioux V., Schrevel J., and Rigomier D. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin inhibit in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia divergens in human erythrocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 (1994) 1144-1148
77. Hanzelova V. Proteocephalus neglectus as a possible indicator of changes in the ecological balance of aquatic environments. J. Helminthol. 66 (1992) 17-24
78. Haond C., Nolan D.T., Ruane N.M., Rotllant J., and Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Cortisol influences the host-parasite interaction between the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the crustacean ectoparasite Argulus japonicus. Parasitology 127 (2003) 551-560
79. Harder A., Andrews P., and Thomas H. Chlorpromazine, other amphiphilic cationic drugs and praziquantel: effects on carbohydrate metabolism of Schsistosoma mansoni. Parasitol. Res. 73 (1987) 245-249
80. Harris C., Salgo M.P., Tanowitz H.B., and Wittner M. In vitro assessment of antimicrobial agents against Toxoplasma gondii. J. Infect. Dis. 157 (1988) 14-22
81. Harris P.D., Soleng A., and Bakke T.A. Increased susceptibility of salmonids to the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris following administration of hydrocortisone acetate. Parasitology 120 (2000) 57-64
82. Harrison R.A., and Doenhoff M.J. Retarded development of Schistosoma mansoni in immunosuppreseed mice. Parasitology 86 (1983) 429-438
83. Harrison E.Z., Oakes S.R., Hysell M., and Hay A. Organic chemicals in sewage sludge. Sci. Total Environ. 367 (2006) 481-497
84. Harwood P.D. The anthelmintic properties of phenothiazine. Exp. Parasitol. 2 (1953) 428-455
85. Hawking F., and Worms M.J. Effect of antimitotic agents on a filarial worm (Litomosoides carinii) in vivo. J. Parasitol. 53 (1967) 1118-1120
86. Hays B.D. Potential for parasitic disease transmission with land application of sewage plant effluents and sludges. Water Res. 11 (1977) 583-595
87. Hazra N., Mandal B., Majumdar G., and Maity C.R. Effect of trimethoprim in trichiniasis of albino rats. Curr. Sci. 53 (1984) 262-263
88. Hecker M., and Karbe L. Parasitism in fish-an endocrine modulator of ecological relevance?. Aquat. Toxicol. 72 (2005) 195-207
89. Herd R.P., and McNaught D.J. Arrested development and the histotropic phase of Ascaridia galli in the chicken. Int. J. Parasitol. 5 (1975) 401-406
90. Herman R., and Farrell J.P. Effects of cyclophosphamide on visceral leishmaniasis in the mouse. J. Protozool. 24 (1977) 429-436
91. Herman R., and Shiroishi T. Plasmodium gallinaceum: selective immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide in preerythrocytic malaria. Exp. Parasitol. 34 (1973) 295-305
92. Hoerauf A., Nissen-Pahle K., Schmetz C., Henkle-Duhrsen K., Blaxter M.L., Buttner D.W., Gallin M.Y., Al-Qaoud K.M., Lucius R., and Fleischer B. Tetracycline therapy targets intracellular bacteria in the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and results in filarial infertility. J. Clin. Invest. 103 (1999) 11-18
93. Holmes S.D., and Fairweather I. Fasciola hepatica: the effects of neuropharmacological agents upon in vitro motility. Exp. Parasitol. 58 (1984) 194-208
94. Horna A.E., Saldana A., Orn A., and Sousa O.E. Experimental Trypanosoma rangeli infection in a murine model. Rev. Biol. Trop. 44-45 (1997) 125-129
95. Huggett D.B., Brooks B.W., Peterson B., Foran C.M., and Schlenk D. Toxicity of select Beta Adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (B-blockers) on aquatic organisms. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43 (2002) 229-235
96. Hughes-Stamm S.R., Cribb T.H., and Jones M.K. Structure of the tegument and ectocommensal microorganisms of Gyliauchen nahaensis (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae), an inhabitant of herbivorous fish of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. J. Parasitol. 85 (1999) 1047-1052
97. Hurd H. Physiological and behavioural interactions between parasites and invertebrate hosts. Adv. Parasitol. 29 (1990) 271-318
98. Izvekova G.I. Hydrolytic activity of enzymes produced by symbiotic microflora and its role in digestion processes of bream and its intestinal parasite Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea). Biol. Bull. 33 (2006) 287-292
99. Jacobs R.L., and Koontz L.C. Plasmodium berghei: development of resistance of clindamycin and minocycline in mice. Exp. Parasitol. 40 (1976) 116-123
100. Jaffe J.J., McCormack J.J., and Meymarian E. Comparaitve properties of schistosomal and filarial dihydrofolate reductases. Biochem. Pharmacol. 21 (1972) 719-731
101. Jaffe J.J., Doremus H.M., Meymarian E., and Chrin L.R. Evidence that sulfisoxazole, an antibacterial sulphonamide, can adversely affect the development of Brugia pahangi in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. J. Parasitol. 64 (1978) 193-197
102. Joachim A., Ruttkowski B., and Daugschies A. Ecdysis of Oesophagostomum: possible involvement of eicosanoids and development of a bioassay. Parasitol. Res. 95 (2005) 391-397
103. Jobling S., and Tyler C.R. Endocrine disruption, parasites and pollutants in freshwater fish. Parasitology 126 (2003) S103-S108
104. Johnson J.R., Hansen M.F., and Nassar R.F. Ascaridia galli: effects of immunosuppressive drugs or bursectomy in chickens. Exp. Parasitol. 35 (1974) 337-349
105. Jones J.F. Trypanosoma rhodesiense: variable effects of cyclophosphamide on antibody production, survival, and parasitemia in infected mice. Exp. Parasitol. 61 (1986) 261-269
106. Jones-Brando L., Torrey E.F., and Yolkem R. Drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder inhibit the replication of Toxoplasma gondii. Schizophr. Res. 62 (2003) 237-244
107. Joyner L.P., and Norton C.C. The effects of early cyclophosphamide treatment on the subsequent immunity of chickens to coccidial infections. Parasitology 68 (1974) 323-330
108. Juliano C., Martinotti M.G., and Cappuccinelli P. In vitro effect of microtubule inhibitors on Trichomonas vaginalis. Microbiologica 8 (1985) 31-42
109. Kawata K., and Kruse C.W. The effect of sewage stabilization ponds on the eggs and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 15 (1966) 896-901
110. Khan R.A., and Thulin J. Influence of pollution on parasites of aquatic animals. Adv. Parasitol. 30 (1991) 201-238
111. Kokwaro G.O., and Indahalo A.A. Metabolism of diazepam and ethosuximide in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever. Afr. J. Health Sci. 3 (1996) 22-26
112. Kokwaro G.O., Szwandt I.S.F., Glazier A.P., Ward S.A., and Edwards G. Metabolism of caffeine and theophylline in rats with malaria and endotoxin-induced fever. Xenobiotica 23 (1993) 1391-1397
113. Kostich M.S., and Lazorchak J.M. Risks to aquatic organisms posed by human pharmaceutical use. Sci. Total Environ. 389 (2008) 329-339
114. Krantz G.E. Chemical inhibition of Perkinsus marinus in 2 in vitro culture systems. J. Shellfish Res. 13 (1994) 131-136
115. Kumar V., Geerts S., Jochems M., and Ceulemans F. The effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the course of development of Dictyocaulus viviparous in guinea pigs. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54 (1979) 331-339
116. Kummerer K. Resistance in the environment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54 (2004) 311-320
117. Kuris A.M. Trophic interactions-similarity of parasitic castrators to parasitoids. Q. Rev. Biol. 49 (1974) 129-148
118. Lacey E., Brady R.L., Prichard R.K., and Watson T.R. Comparison of inhibition of polymerisation of mammalian tubulin and helminth ovicidal activity by benzimidazole carbamates. Vet. Parasitol. 23 (1987) 105-119
119. Lafferty K.D. Environmental parasitology: what can parasites tell us about human impacts in the environment?. Parasitol. Today 13 (1997) 251-255
120. Lammas D.A., Mitchell L.A., and Wakelin D. Genetic control of eosinophilia in parasitic infections: responses of mouse strains to treatment with cyclophosphamide and parasite antigen. Int. J. Parasitol. 18 (1988) 1077-1085
121. Lange R., and Dietrich D. Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical drug substances-conceptual considerations. Toxicol. Lett. 131 (2002) 97-104
122. Larsh J.E. The relationship in mice of intestinal emptying time and natural resistance to Hymenolepis. J. Parasitol. 33 (1947) 79-84
123. Larsh J.E. Relationship in mice of intestinal emptying time and natural resistance to pig Ascaris infection. Science 111 (1950) 62-63
124. Lebarbenchon C., Brown S.P., Poulin R., Gauthier-Clerc M., and Thomas F. Evolution of pathogens in a man-made world. Mol. Ecol. 17 (2008) 475-484
125. Leung M.K., Dissous C., Capron A., Woldegaber H., Duvaux-Miret O., Pryor S., and Stefano G.B. Schistosoma mansoni: the presence and potential use of opiate-like substances. Exp. Parasitol. 81 (1995) 208-215
126. Lindsay D.S., Butler J.M., Rippey N.S., and Blagburn B.L. Demonstration of synergistic effects of sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells, and charactization of mutants resistant to pyrimethamine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57 (1996) 68-72
127. Lom J., and Dykova I. Protozoan Parasites of Fishes (1992), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 315 pp.
128. Lubinsky G., and Galaugher W. Inhibition of the growth of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts by cyclophosphamide. Can. J. Zool. 45 (1967) 1302-1303
129. Luebke R.W., Copeland C.B., Andrews D.L., Riddle M.M., and Smialowicz R.J. Host resistance to Trichinella spiralis infection in rats and mice: species-dependent effects of cyclophosphamide exposure. Toxicology 73 (1992) 305-321
130. Luft B.J. In vivo and in vitro activity of roxithromycin against Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Eur. J. Microbiol. 6 (1987) 479-481
131. Lund E.D., Soudant P., Chu F.-L.E., Harvey E., Bolton S., and Floers A. Effects of triclosan on growth, viability and fatty acid synthesis of the oyster protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 67 (2005) 217-224
132. Mahmoud M.R., Zoheiry M.M.K., and Nosseir M.M.F. Effect of combined chemotherapy and anti-inflammatory drugs on murine schistosomiasis. Arzneimittel Forschung/Drug Res. 52 (2002) 294-301
133. Makled M.K.I., Abbas M.M.S., El-Seoud S.F.A., and Ismail A.K. Effect of immunosuppression of the virulence of Giardia lamblia cysts. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 24 (1994) 205-210
134. Mapaba E., Hellgren U., Landberg-Lindgren A., and Rombo L. Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to quinine in vitro: effects of drug concentration and time of exposure. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89 (1995) 85-89
135. Marcogliese D.J. The role of zooplankton in the transmission of helminth parasites to fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisher. 5 (1995) 336-371
136. Marcogliese D.J. Parasites: small players with crucial roles in the ecological theater. EcoHealth 1 (2004) 151-164
137. Martin R.J. Modes of action of antihelmintic drugs. Vet. J. 154 (1997) 11-34
138. Martin S. The adverse health effects of occupational exposure to hazardous drugs. Community Oncol. 2 (2005) 397-400
139. Martin S.K., Miller L.H., Nijhout M.M., and Carter R. Plasmodium gallinaceum: induction of male gametocyte exflagellation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Exp. Parasitol. 44 (1978) 239-242
140. Matsuzawa K., Nakamura F., Abe M., and Okamoto K. Immunosuppressive and antiparasitic effects of cyclosporine A on Hymenolepis nana infection in mice. Int. J. Parasitol. 28 (1998) 579-588
141. Mattos A.C.A., Pereira G.C., Jannotti-Passos L.K., Kusel J.R., and Coelho P.M.Z. Evaluation of the effect of oxamniquine, praziquantel and a combination of both drugs on the intramolluscan phase of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop. 102 (2007) 84-91
142. Maule A.G., Halton D.W., Allen J.M., and Fairweather I. Studies on motility in vitro of an ectoparasitic monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi. Parasitology 98 (1989) 85-93
143. Mayer D.A., and Fried B. The role of helminth infections in carcinogenesis. Adv. Parasitol. 65 (2007) 239-296
144. McQuistion T.E. Effect of temperature and clofibrate on Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28 (1979) 12-14
145. Menard D.B., Gisselbrecht C., Marty M., Reyes F., and Dhumeaux D. Antineoplastic agents and the liver. Gastroenterology 78 (1980) 142-164
146. Metwally A.A., Madyan A.A.A., Taha A.A., and Zakaria S. Elimination of acetaminophen in schistosomal patients. Egypt. J. Bilharz. 11 (1989) 145-153
147. Miguel D.C., Yokoyama-Yasunaka J.K.U., Andreoli W.K., Mortara R.A., and Uliana S.R.B. Tamoxifen is effective against Leishmania and induces a rapid alkalinization of parasitophorous vacuoles harbouring Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60 (2007) 526-534
148. Milleman R.E., and Knapp S.E. Biology of Nanophyetus salmoncola and 'salmon poisoning' disease. Adv. Parasitol. 8 (1970) 1-41
149. Misra S.K., Sharma A.K., Mehdi H., and Garg N.K. Effect of cholesterol and alpha-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyyrate on virulence in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni strain A-1 and C-7. Int. J. Parasitol. 16 (1986) 191-196
150. Mitchell G.F., Goding J.W., and Rickard M.D. Studies on immune responses to larval cestodes in mice, Increased susceptibility of certain mouse strains and hypothymic mice to Taenia taeniaeformis and analysis of passive transfer of resistance with serum. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 55 (1977) 165-186
151. Moraes-Giannini A.L., Vasconcelos-Linhares S., Caride E.C., Martins-Braga V.M., Rumjanek F.D., Giannini A.L.M., Linhares S.V., and Braga V.M.M. Molecular aspects of Schistosoma mansoni female maturation. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 90 (1995) 179-184
152. Morley N.J. Parasitism as a source of potential distortion in studies on endocrine disrupting chemicals in molluscs. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 52 (2006) 1330-1332
153. Morley N.J., Crane M., and Lewis J.W. Toxic effects of cadmium and zinc on the transmission of Echinoparyphium recurvatum cercariae. J. Helminthol. 76 (2002) 157-163
154. Morley N.J., Crane M., and Lewis J.W. Toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) cercarial survival. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43 (2002) 28-33
155. Morley N.J., Irwin S.W.B., and Lewis J.W. Pollution toxicity to the transmission of larval digeneans through their molluscan intermediate hosts. Parasitology 126 (2003) S5-S26
156. Morley N.J., Crane M., and Lewis J.W. Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the cercarial activity of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae). Folia Parasitol. 50 (2003) 57-60
157. Morley N.J., Crane M., and Lewis J.W. Effects of cadmium and zinc toxicity to the orientation behaviour of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) cercariae. Dis. Aquat. Org. 56 (2003) 89-92
158. Morley N.J., Lewis J.W., and Hoole D. Pollutant-induced effects on Immunological and Physiological interactions in Aquatic host-trematode systems: implications for parasite transmission. J. Helminthol. 80 (2006) 137-149
159. Mourya D.T., Mahadev P.V.M., and Dhanda V. Effect of antiamoebic drugs on Ascogregarina culicis, gregarine parasite of Aedes aegypti. Indian J. Parasitol. 9 (1985) 173-174
160. Mukherjee S., Das L., Kole L., Karmakar S., Datta N., and Das P.K. Targeting of parasite-specific immunoliposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 189 (2004) 1024-1034
161. Narayanan R., and Venkateswara Rao P. Effect of xiphidiocercarial infection on the activites of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes in Lymnaea luteola. J. Parasitol. 67 (1981) 31-34
162. Neira I., Ferreira A.T., and Yoshida N. Activation of distinct signal transduction pathways in Trypanosoma cruzi isolates with different capacity to invade host cells. Int. J. Parasitol. 32 (2002) 405-414
163. Nott S.E., and Bagnara A.S. The toxicity of antifolates in Babesia bovis. Int. J. Parasitol. 23 (1993) 399-402
164. Oetken M., Bachmann J., Schulte-Oehlmann U., and Oehlmann J. Evidence for endocrine disruption in invertebrates. Int. Rev. Cytol. 236 (2004) 1-44
165. Ogwan G.R., Mwangi J., Gachihi G., Nwachukwu A., Roberts C.R., and Martin S.K. Use of pharmacological agents to implicate a role for phosphoinostitide hydrolysis products in malaria gamete formation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46 (1993) 1601-1606
166. Ohnishi S.T., Sadanaga K.K., Katsuoka M., and Weidanz W.P. Effects of membrane acting-drugs on Plasmodium species and sickle cell erythrocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 91 (1989) 159-165
167. Panko C., Encomio V., Barreto J., and Volety A.K. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of quinine as a potential anti-protozoal for the eastern oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus. J. Shellfish Res. 27 (2008) 789-793
168. Parama A., Piazzon M.C., Lamas J., Sanmartin M.L., and Leiro J. In vitro activity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin on a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot. Vet. Parasitol. 148 (2007) 318-324
169. Pax R., Fetterer R., and Bennett J.L. Effects of fluoxetine and imipramine on male Schistosoma mansoni. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 64 (1979) 123-127
170. Peixoto M.P., and Beverley S.M. In vitro activity of sulfonamides and sulfones against Leishmania major promastigotes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 (1987) 1575-1578
171. Pradines B., Torrentino-Madamet M., Fontaine A., Henry M., Baret E., Mosnier J., Briolant S., Fusai T., and Rogier C. Atorvastatin is 10-fold more active in vitro than other statins against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51 (2007) 2654-2655
172. Pung O.J., and Luster M.I. Toxoplasma gondii, decreased resistance to infection in mice due to estrogen. Exp. Parasitol. 61 (1986) 48-56
173. Quan N., Mhlanga J.D.M., Whiteside M.B., Kristensson K., and Herkenham M. Chronic sodium salicylate treatment exacerbates brain neurodegeneration in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Neuroscience 96 (2000) 181-194
174. Radvan R. Effect of some antibiotics on the larvae Ascaris suum and on the course of lung ascaridosis. Helminthologia 11 (1970) 261-265
175. Raote Y.V., Sardey M.R., and Bhagwat S.S. Effect of Acaridia galli infection on plasma proteins of normal and immunosuppressed chicks. Indian Vet. J. 68 (1991) 117-1121
176. Raote Y.V., Zade N.N., Sardey M.R., and Bhagwat S.S. Biochemical changes in immunosuppreseed chicks infected experimentally with Ascaridia galli. Indian Vet. J. 69 (1992) 597-600
177. Ray S.M. Effects of various antibiotics on the fungus Dermocystidium marinum in thioglycollate cultures of oyster tissues. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 8 (1966) 433-438
178. Riley E.M., and Chappell L.H. Praziquantel treatment of Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni-influence on snail fecundity. Parasitology 101 (1990) 211-217
179. Rippey S.R. Infectious diseases associated with molluscan shellfish consumption. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7 (1994) 419-425
180. Ritterson A.L. Effect of immunosuppressive drugs (6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate) on resistance of Chinese hamsters to the tissue phase of Trichinella spiralis. J. Infect. Dis. 118 (1968) 365-369
181. Romia S.A., Abou-Zakham A.A., and Hegazi M.M. The mechanism of acquired immunity in experimental giardiasis. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 20 (1990) 607-614
182. Roth M., Richards R.H., and Sommerville C. Current practices in the chemotherapeutic control of sea lice infestations in aquaculture: a review. J. Fish Dis. 16 (1993) 1-26
183. Rothwell T.L.W., Love R.J., and Goodrich B.S. Failure to demonstrate involvement of prostaglandins in the immune expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 53 (1977) 93-95
184. Salafsky B., and Fusco A.C. Schistosoma mansoni: cercarial eicosanoid production and penetration response inhibited by esculetin and ibuprofen. Exp. Parasitol. 60 (1985) 73-81
185. Salafsky B., Wang Y.S., Fusco A.C., and Antonacci J. The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in cercarial penetration (Schistosoma mansoni). J. Parasitol. 70 (1984) 656-660
186. Samanta T.B., Das N., Das M., and Marik R. Mechanism of impairment of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism in hamster liver during leishmaniasis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 312 (2003) 75-79
187. Sanchez A., Castanys S., and Gammarro F. Increased P-type ATPase activity in Leishmania tropica resistant to methotrexate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199 (1994) 855-861
188. Sanderson H., Laird B., Pope L., Brain R., Wilson C., Johnson D., Bryning G., Peregrine A.S., Boxall A., and Solomon K. Assessment of the environmental fate and effects of ivermectin in aquatic mesocosms. Aquat. Toxicol. 85 (2007) 229-240
189. Sangster N.C. Pharmacology of anthelmintic resistance. Parasitology 113 (1996) S201-S216
190. Sanmartin-Duran M.L., Santamarina M.T., and Uberia F.M. Effects of clofibrate and hydrocortisone on trichinellosis in mice. Vet. Parasitol. 21 (1986) 55-60
191. Santamarina M.T., Sanmartin-Duran M.L., Peteiro-Carreira M.B., and Alvarez-Mascato M.F. Effect of clofibrate on the endogenous cycle of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nelsoni. Wiad. Parazytol. 31 (1985) 333-337
192. Santamarina M.T., Leiro J., Vilanova R., Sanmartin M.L., and Ubeira F.M. The immunosuppressive effect of clofibrate and cyclosporine on IgM and IgE antibodies induced by Trichinella spiralis. Rev. Iber. Parasitol. 47 (1987) 289-293
193. Schaub R.G., Keith Jr. J.C., and Rawlings C.A. Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on vascular damage and myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries subjected to chronic injury by Dirofilaria immitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44 (1983) 449-454
194. Schmahl G., Taraschewski H., and Melhorn H. Chemotherapy of fish parasites. Parasitol. Res. 75 (1989) 503-511
195. Scott D.A., Coombs G.H., and Sanderson B.E. Effects of methotrexate and other antifolates on the growth and dihydrofolate reductase activity of Leishmania promastigotes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36 (1987) 2043-2045
196. Seiler J.P. Pharmacodynamic activity of drugs and ecotoxicology-can the two be connected?. Toxicol. Lett. 131 (2002) 105-115
197. Serrano D.R., Zanotti-Magalhaes E.M., Magalhaes L.A., and DeCarvalho J.F. Influencia da hidrocortisona no desenvolvimento do Schistosoma mansoni em Biomphalaria glabrata. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 35 (2002) 149-153
198. Serrano D.R., Zanotti-Magalhaes E.M., Magalhaes L.A., and DeCarvalho J.F. The influence of hydrocortisone on cellular defence mechanisms of Biomphalaria glabrata. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 97 (2002) 881-885
199. Serrano D.R., Zanotti-Magalhaes E.M., Magalhaes L.A., and DeCarvalho J.F. Behavior in Mus musculus of Schistosoma mansoni from molluscs treated with hydrocortisone. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 38 (2005) 406-409
200. Sheehy T.W., and Dempsey H. Methotrexate therapy for Plasmodium vivax malaria. JAMA 214 (1970) 109-114
201. Sheridan L.A.D., Poulin R., Ward D.F., and Zuk M. Sex differences in parasitic infections among arthropod hosts: is there a male bias?. Oikos 88 (2000) 327-334
202. Sheweita S.A., Mangoura S.A., and El-Shemi A.G. Different levels of Schistosoma mansoni infection induce changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes. J. Helminthol. 72 (1998) 71-77
203. Siddall R., and Des Clers S. Effects of sewage sludge on the miracidium and cercariae of Zoogonoides viviparus (Trematoda: Digenea). Helminthologia 31 (1994) 143-153
204. Siddall R., Pike A.W., and McVicar A.H. Parasites of Buccinium undatum (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) as biological indicators of sewage sludge dispersal. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 73 (1993) 931-948
205. Singer A.C., Nunn M.A., Gould E.A., and Johnson A.C. Potential risks associated with the proposed widespread use of Tamiflu. Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (2007) 102-106
206. Singh N., and Puri S.K. Interaction between chloroquine and diverse pharmacological agents in chloroquine resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. Acta Trop. 77 (2000) 185-193
207. Singh P.P., Singh S., Dutta G.P., and Srimal R.C. Immunomodulation by morphine in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Life Sci. 54 (1994) 331-339
208. Skorping A., and Read A.F. Drugs and parasites: global experiments in life history evolution?. Ecol. Lett. 1 (1998) 10-12
209. Smith J.W. The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of cold-blooded vertebrates. Part 1. A review of the literature published since 1971, and bibliography. Helminthol. Abstr. 66 (1997) 255-294
210. Smyth J.D. Introduction to Animal Parasitology. Third edition (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 549 pp.
211. Smyth J.D., and Smyth M.M. Frogs as Host-Parasite Systems. I (1980), Macmillan Press, London 112 pp.
212. Soliman M.F.M., and Ibrahim M.M. Antiscistosomal action of atorvastatin alone and concurrently with medroxyprogesterone acetate on Schistosoma haematobium harboured in hamster: surface ultrastructure and parasitological study. Acta Trop. 93 (2005) 1-9
213. Srivastava D.K., and Shukla O.P. Encystment of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni by organic effectors. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 21 (1983) 444-447
214. Stammers B.M. The use of miracidia for the screening of compounds for activity against Fasciola hepatica. Lab. Pract. 25 (1976) 316-318
215. Sucharit S., Viraboonchai S., Panavut N., and Harinasuta C. Studies on the effects of tetracycline on Brugia pahangi infection in Aedes togoi. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 9 (1978) 55-59
216. Sures B. How parasitism and pollution affect the physiological homeostasis of aquatic hosts. J. Helminthol. 80 (2006) 151-157
217. Sures B., Lutz I., and Kloas W. Effects of infection with Anguillicola crassus and simultaneous exposure with Cd and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on the levels of cortisol and glucose in European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Parasitology 132 (2006) 281-288
218. Szkudlinski J. The process of phagocytosis in the course of Trichinella infection in mice. Helminthologia 37 (2000) 127-130
219. Tekwani B.L., Shukla O.P., and Ghatak S. Altered drug metabolism in parasitic diseases. Parasitol. Today 4 (1988) 4-10
220. Townson S., and Tagboto S.K. The effects of Ivermectin on the viability of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae in vitro and on their subsequent development in the blackfly vector, Simulium ornatum. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 42 (1991) 31-37
221. Townson S., Connelly C., Dobinson A., and Muller R. Drug activity against Onchocerca gutturosa males in vitro: a model for chemotherapeutic research on onchocerciasis. J. Helminthol. 61 (1987) 271-281
222. Tubaro E., Borelli G., Croce C., Cavallo G., and Santiangeli C. Effect of morphine on resistance to infection. J. Infect. Dis. 148 (1983) 656-666
223. Urbina J.A., Lazardi K., Marchan E., Visbal G., Aguirre T., Piras M.M., Piras R., Maldonado R.A., Payares G., and De Souza W. Mevinolin (Lovastatin) potentiates the antiproliferative effects of Ketoconzole and Terbinafine against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: in vitro and in vivo studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37 (1993) 580-591
224. Vainikka A., Jokinen E.I., Kortet R., and Taskinen J. Gender- and season-dependent relationships between testosterone, oestradiol and immune functions in wild roach. J. Fish Biol. 64 (2004) 227-240
225. Vandewaa E.A., Mills G., Chen G.-Z., Foster L.A., and Bennett J.L. Physiological role of HMG-CoA reductase in regulating egg production by Schistosoma mansoni. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 257 (1989) R618-R625
226. Wang R., and Belosevic M. Estradiol increases susceptibility of goldfish to Trypanosoma danilewskyi. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 18 (1994) 377-387
227. Warbrick E.V., and Ward S.A. The effect of catecholamines and catecholamine antagonists on the third larval moult of Dirofilaria immitis in vitro. J. Helminthol. 66 (1992) 273-278
228. Warren K.S. Studies on the treatment of molluscan Schistosomiasis mansoni with antibiotics, non-antibiotic metabolic inhibitors, molluscicides and anti-schistosomal agents. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 (1967) 368-372
229. Webb S.F. A data based perspective on the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. II. Aquatic risk characterisation. In: Kummerer K. (Ed). Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. 2nd edition (2004), Springer, Berlin 345-361
230. Wedekind C., and Jakobsen P.J. Male-biased susceptibility to helminth infection: an experimental test with a copepod. Oikos 81 (1998) 458-462
231. Wells R.A., Diggs C.L., and Phillips S.M. Cyclophosphamide induced specific suppression of the protective immune response to rodent malaria. J. Immunol. 118 (1977) 472-477
232. Whaun J.M. The effects of aspirin-containing serum in the continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Protozool. 31 (1984) 381-384
233. WHO. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta And Greywater. Volume 3. Wastewater and Excreta Use in Aquaculture (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva 140 pp.
234. Wilairatana P., Looareesuwan S., VanijAnonta S., Charoenlarp P., and Wittayalertpanya S. Hepatic metabolism in severe falciparum malaria: caffeine clearance study. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 88 (1994) 13-19
235. Williams H., and Jones A. Parasitic Worms of Fish (1994), Taylor and Francis, London 593 pp.
236. Yokoyama H., Itoh N., and Tanaka S. Henneguya pagri n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) causing cardiac henneguyosis in red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel). J. Fish Dis. 28 (2005) 479-487
237. Young L.E., Young R.E., and Bundy D.A.P. Photoreceptor evoked potentials and phototactic behaviour in Cercaria caribbea LXXI Cable. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 88 (1987) 619-624
238. Young L.E., Young R.E., and Bundy D.A.P. Neuropharmacological modulation of swimming activity and life span in a digenean parasite, Cercaria caribbea LXXI Cable. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 90 (1988) 451-458