메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 45-56

Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Transfer

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 58849131360     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470752616.ch6     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (12)

References (138)
  • 1
    • 0000123301 scopus 로고
    • An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin
    • Abraham, E.P., and E. Chain. 1940. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. Nature 146:837
    • (1940) Nature , vol.146 , pp. 837
    • Abraham, E.P.1    Chain, E.2
  • 2
    • 0032870940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biological cost of antibiotic resistance
    • Andersson, D.I., and B.R. Levin. 1999. The biological cost of antibiotic resistance. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:489- 43
    • (1999) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , vol.2 , pp. 489-543
    • Andersson, D.I.1    Levin, B.R.2
  • 5
    • 0032785618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and characterization of integrons, genetic elements mediating multiple-drug resistance, in avian Escherichia coli
    • Bass, L., C.A. Liebert, M.D. Lee, A.O. Summers, D.G.T. White, S.G., and J.J. Maurer. 1999. Incidence and characterization of integrons, genetic elements mediating multiple-drug resistance, in avian Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:2925-2929
    • (1999) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.43 , pp. 2925-2929
    • Bass, L.1    Liebert, C.A.2    Lee, M.D.3    Summers, A.O.4    White, D.G.T.5    Maurer, J.J.6
  • 6
    • 0002127460 scopus 로고
    • What is a name? Microbial secondary metabolism
    • Bennet, J., and R. Bentley. 1989. What is a name? Microbial secondary metabolism. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 34:1-5
    • (1989) Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.34 , pp. 1-5
    • Bennet, J.1    Bentley, R.2
  • 7
    • 0020637791 scopus 로고
    • The prokaryotic transposable element Tn5
    • Berg, D.E., and C.M. Berg. 1983. The prokaryotic transposable element Tn5. Biotechnology 1:417-435
    • (1983) Biotechnology , vol.1 , pp. 417-435
    • Berg, D.E.1    Berg, C.M.2
  • 8
    • 0021674381 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial transposon Tn5: evolutionary inferences
    • Berg, D.E., C.M. Berg, and C. Sashawa. 1984. Bacterial transposon Tn5: evolutionary inferences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1:411-422
    • (1984) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.1 , pp. 411-422
    • Berg, D.E.1    Berg, C.M.2    Sashawa, C.3
  • 9
    • 0004224917 scopus 로고
    • Washington, D. C. : American Society for Microbiology
    • Berg, D.E., and M.M. Howe. 1989. Mobile DNA. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, , 972.
    • (1989) Mobile DNA , pp. 972
    • Berg, D.E.1    Howe, M.M.2
  • 10
    • 0031741168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concluding remarks
    • Beringer, J.E. 1998. Concluding remarks. APMIS Suppl. 84:85-87
    • (1998) APMIS Suppl , vol.84 , pp. 85-87
    • Beringer, J.E.1
  • 11
    • 84889619714 scopus 로고
    • The Chemistry and Biology of Antibiotics
    • Betina, V. 1983. The Chemistry and Biology of Antibiotics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    • (1983) Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Betina, V.1
  • 12
    • 0025962238 scopus 로고
    • Natural transfer of conjugative transposon Tn916 between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
    • Bettram, J., H. Stratz, and P. Durre. 1991. Natural transfer of conjugative transposon Tn916 between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 173:443-448
    • (1991) J. Bacteriol. , vol.173 , pp. 443-448
    • Bettram, J.1    Stratz, H.2    Durre, P.3
  • 13
    • 0042373060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of environment on compensatory mutations to ameliorate costs of antibiotic resistance
    • Bjorkman, J., I. Nagaev, O.G. Berg, D. Hughes, and D.I. Andersson. 2000. Effects of environment on compensatory mutations to ameliorate costs of antibiotic resistance. Science 287:1479-1482
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1479-1482
    • Bjorkman, J.1    Nagaev, I.2    Berg, O.G.3    Hughes, D.4    Andersson, D.I.5
  • 14
    • 0026532691 scopus 로고
    • Translational errors as the cause of mutations in Escherichia coli
    • Boe, L. 1992. Translational errors as the cause of mutations in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 231:469-471
    • (1992) Mol. Gen. Genet. , vol.231 , pp. 469-471
    • Boe, L.1
  • 15
    • 84889629205 scopus 로고
    • Wonder Drugs: A History of Antibiotics
    • New York: J.B. Lippincott Company
    • Bottcher, H. 1964. Wonder Drugs: A History of Antibiotics. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company.
    • (1964)
    • Bottcher, H.1
  • 16
    • 0023694037 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of a Nature bacteria/plasmid association. i335
    • Bouma, J.E., and R.E. Lenski. 1988. Evolution of a Nature bacteria/plasmid association. i335:351-352
    • (1988) , pp. 351-352
    • Bouma, J.E.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 17
    • 0004267935 scopus 로고
    • Human pharmacology
    • St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc
    • Brody, T.M., J. Larner, K.P. Minnerman, and H.C. Neu. 1994. Human pharmacology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc..
    • (1994)
    • Brody, T.M.1    Larner, J.2    Minnerman, K.P.3    Neu, H.C.4
  • 18
    • 0029764931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The integrons In0, In2and In5 are defective transposon derivatives
    • Brown, H.J., H.W. Stokes, and R.M. Hall. 1996. The integrons In0, In2, and In5 are defective transposon derivatives. J. Bacteriol. 178:4429-4437
    • (1996) J. Bacteriol. , vol.178 , pp. 4429-4437
    • Brown, H.J.1    Stokes, H.W.2    Hall, R.M.3
  • 19
    • 0023047203 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence AAD (2″) aminoglycoside adenyltransferase determinant aadB Evolutionary relationship of this region with those surrounding aadA in R538-1 and dhfrII in R388
    • Cameron, F.H., D.J.G. Obbink,V.P. Ackerman, and R.M. Hall. 1986. Nucleotide sequence AAD (2″) aminoglycoside adenyltransferase determinant aadB. Evolutionary relationship of this region with those surrounding aadA in R538-1 and dhfrII in R388. Nucl Acids Res. 14:8625-8635
    • (1986) Nucl Acids Res , vol.14 , pp. 8625-8635
    • Cameron, F.H.1    Obbink, D.J.G.2    Ackerman, V.P.3    Hall, R.M.4
  • 20
    • 0027215715 scopus 로고
    • Infections due to penicillin-resistant pneumococci: Clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic features
    • Caputo, G.M., P.C. Applebaum, and H.H. Liu. 1993. Infections due to penicillin-resistant pneumococci: Clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic features. Arch. Intern. Med. 153:1301-1310
    • (1993) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.153 , pp. 1301-1310
    • Caputo, G.M.1    Applebaum, P.C.2    Liu, H.H.3
  • 21
    • 0030847415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic localization of the type I trimethoprim resistance gene and its dissemination in urinary tract isolates in Taiwan
    • Chang, L.L., J.C. Chang, C.Y. Chang, S.F. Chang, and W.J. Wu. 1997. Genetic localization of the type I trimethoprim resistance gene and its dissemination in urinary tract isolates in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 13:525-533
    • (1997) Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 525-533
    • Chang, L.L.1    Chang, J.C.2    Chang, C.Y.3    Chang, S.F.4    Wu, W.J.5
  • 23
    • 0024400856 scopus 로고
    • Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: decreased drug accumulation associated with membrane changes in addition to OmpF reduction
    • Cohen, S.P., L.M. McMurry, D.C. Hooper, J.S. Wolfson, andS.B. Levy. 1989. Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: decreased drug accumulation associated with membrane changes in addition to OmpF reduction. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1318-1325
    • (1989) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.33 , pp. 1318-1325
    • Cohen, S.P.1    McMurry, L.M.2    Hooper, D.C.3    Wolfson, J.S.4    Levy, S.B.5
  • 24
    • 0029941579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evasion of antibiotic action by bacteria
    • Courvalin, P. 1996. Evasion of antibiotic action by bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37:855-869
    • (1996) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.37 , pp. 855-869
    • Courvalin, P.1
  • 25
    • 0033964627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of Irish Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium: detection of class I integrons and assessment of genetic relationships by DNA amplification fingerprinting
    • Daly, M., J. Buckley, E. Power, C. O'Hare, M. Cormican, B. Cryan, P.G. Wall, and S. Fanning. 2000. Molecular characterization of Irish Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium: detection of class I integrons and assessment of genetic relationships by DNA amplification fingerprinting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:614-619
    • (2000) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.66 , pp. 614-619
    • Daly, M.1    Buckley, J.2    Power, E.3    O'Hare, C.4    Cormican, M.5    Cryan, B.6    Wall, P.G.7    Fanning, S.8
  • 26
    • 0025143632 scopus 로고
    • What are antibiotics? Archaic functions for modern activities
    • Davies, J. 1990. What are antibiotics? Archaic functions for modern activities. Mol. Microbiol. 4:1227-1232
    • (1990) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.4 , pp. 1227-1232
    • Davies, J.1
  • 27
    • 0030792311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics
    • Davies, J., and G.D. Wright. 1997. Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Trends Microbiol. 5:234- 240
    • (1997) Trends Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 234-240
    • Davies, J.1    Wright, G.D.2
  • 28
    • 0030633357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origins, acquisition, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants
    • Davies, J.E. 1997. Origins, acquisition, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants. Ciba Foundation Symposium 207:15-35
    • (1997) Ciba Foundation Symposium , vol.207 , pp. 15-35
    • Davies, J.E.1
  • 29
    • 0004149207 scopus 로고
    • The Selfish Gene
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press
    • (1976)
    • Dawkins, R.1
  • 30
    • 0030003732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994-1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob
    • Doern, G.V., A. Brueggemann, H.P.J. Holley, and A.M. Rauch. 1996. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994-1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40: 1208-1213
    • (1996) Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1208-1213
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brueggemann, A.2    Holley, H.P.J.3    Rauch, A.M.4
  • 31
    • 0242628703 scopus 로고
    • Ein beitrag zur chemotherapie der bakteriellen infektionen
    • Domagk, G. 1935. Ein beitrag zur chemotherapie der bakteriellen infektionen. Dt. Med. Wochenschrift 61:250-253
    • (1935) Dt. Med. Wochenschrift , vol.61 , pp. 250-253
    • Domagk, G.1
  • 32
    • 0027938423 scopus 로고
    • Translocation of DNA across bacterial membranes
    • Dreiseikelmann, B. 1994. Translocation of DNA across bacterial membranes. Microbiol. Rev. 58:293-316
    • (1994) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.58 , pp. 293-316
    • Dreiseikelmann, B.1
  • 33
    • 84889613252 scopus 로고
    • The Papyrus Ebers, The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document. Levin and Munksgaard
    • Ebell, B. 1937. The Papyrus Ebers, The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document. Levin and Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
    • (1937) Copenhagen
    • Ebell, B.1
  • 34
    • 0024658809 scopus 로고
    • Why do bacterial plasmids carry some genes and not others? Plasmid
    • Eberhard, W.G. 1989. Why do bacterial plasmids carry some genes and not others? Plasmid 21:167-174
    • (1989) , vol.21 , pp. 167-174
    • Eberhard, W.G.1
  • 35
    • 0007580558 scopus 로고
    • Die experimentelle chemotherapie der Spirillosen, Berlin
    • Ehrlich, P., and S. Hata. 1910. Die experimentelle chemotherapie der Spirillosen, Berlin.
    • (1910)
    • Ehrlich, P.1    Hata, S.2
  • 37
    • 0000378637 scopus 로고
    • On antimicrobial activity of Penicillium cultures
    • Fleming, A. 1929. On antimicrobial activity of Penicillium cultures. Br. J. Exper. Path. 10:226
    • (1929) Br. J. Exper. Path. , vol.10 , pp. 226
    • Fleming, A.1
  • 38
    • 0021101134 scopus 로고
    • The nucleotide sequence of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene harbored by Tn7
    • Fling, M.E., and C. Richards. 1983. The nucleotide sequence of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene harbored by Tn7. Nucl Acids Res. 11:5147-5158
    • (1983) Nucl Acids Res , vol.11 , pp. 5147-5158
    • Fling, M.E.1    Richards, C.2
  • 40
    • 0032190242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA complexes obtained with the integron integrase IntI1 at the attI1site
    • Gravel, A., B. Fournier, and P.H. Roy. 1998. DNA complexes obtained with the integron integrase IntI1 at the attI1site. Nucl Acids Res. 26:4347-4355
    • (1998) Nucl Acids Res , vol.26 , pp. 4347-4355
    • Gravel, A.1    Fournier, B.2    Roy, P.H.3
  • 43
    • 84889625268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mode of action in antibiotic and chemotherapy
    • In F. O'Grady, H. P. Lambert, R. G. Finch and D. Greenwood, eds. Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. New York:Churchill- Churchill10
    • Greenwood, D. 1997. Mode of action in antibiotic and chemotherapy. In F. O'Grady, H. P. Lambert, R. G. Finch and D. Greenwood, eds. Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. New York: Churchill-Livingstone
    • (1997)
    • Greenwood, D.1
  • 44
    • 0025915621 scopus 로고
    • Site-specific insertion of genes into integrons: role of the 59-base element and determination of the recombination crossover point
    • Hall, R.M., D.E. Brookes, and H.W. Stokes. 1991. Site-specific insertion of genes into integrons: role of the 59-base element and determination of the recombination crossover point. Mol. Microbiol. 5:1941-1959
    • (1991) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.5 , pp. 1941-1959
    • Hall, R.M.1    Brookes, D.E.2    Stokes, H.W.3
  • 45
    • 0028962716 scopus 로고
    • Mobile gene cassettes and integrons: capture and spread of genes by site-specific recombination
    • Hall, R.M., and C.M. Collis. 1995. Mobile gene cassettes and integrons: capture and spread of genes by site-specific recombination. Mol. Microbiol. 15:593-600
    • (1995) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.15 , pp. 593-600
    • Hall, R.M.1    Collis, C.M.2
  • 46
    • 0023247085 scopus 로고
    • The region of the IncN plasmid R46 coding for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, streptomycin/spectinomycin and sulphonamides is closely related to antibiotic resistance segments found in Inc W plasmids and Tn21-like transposons
    • Hall, R.M., and C. Vockler. 1987. The region of the IncN plasmid R46 coding for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, streptomycin/spectinomycin and sulphonamides is closely related to antibiotic resistance segments found in Inc W plasmids and Tn21-like transposons. Nucl Acids Res. 15:7491-7501
    • (1987) Nucl Acids Res , vol.15 , pp. 7491-7501
    • Hall, R.M.1    Vockler, C.2
  • 47
    • 0030700665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non- palindromic attI sites of integrons are capable of site-specific recombination with one another and with secondary targets
    • Hansson, K., O. Skold, and L. Sundstrom. 1997. Non-palindromic attI sites of integrons are capable of site-specific recombination with one another and with secondary targets. Mol. Microbiol. 26:441-453
    • (1997) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.26 , pp. 441-453
    • Hansson, K.1    Skold, O.2    Sundstrom, L.3
  • 48
    • 0016198796 scopus 로고
    • Transposition of ampicillin resistance from RP4 to other replicons
    • Hedges, R.W., and A.E. Jacob. 1971. Transposition of ampicillin resistance from RP4 to other replicons. Mol. Gen. Genet. 132:31-40
    • (1971) Mol. Gen. Genet. , vol.132 , pp. 31-40
    • Hedges, R.W.1    Jacob, A.E.2
  • 50
    • 0001986121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking sideways at the evolution of replicons
    • In C. Kado and M. Syvanen, eds. Horizontal Gene Transfer. New York: Chapman and Hall
    • Heinemann, J.A. 1998. Looking sideways at the evolution of replicons. In C. Kado and M. Syvanen, eds. Horizontal Gene Transfer. New York: Chapman and Hall, 11-24
    • (1998) , pp. 11-24
    • Heinemann, J.A.1
  • 51
    • 0033082528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How antibiotics cause antibiotic resistance
    • Heinemann, J.A. 1999. How antibiotics cause antibiotic resistance. Drug Discov. Today 4:72-79
    • (1999) Drug Discov. Today , vol.4 , pp. 72-79
    • Heinemann, J.A.1
  • 52
    • 0034194632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do antibiotics maintain antibiotic resistance? Drug Discov
    • Heinemann, J.A., R.G. Ankenbauer, and C.F. Amabile-Cuevas. 2000. Do antibiotics maintain antibiotic resistance? Drug Discov. Today 5:195-204
    • (2000) Today , vol.5 , pp. 195-204
    • Heinemann, J.A.1    Ankenbauer, R.G.2    Amabile-Cuevas, C.F.3
  • 53
    • 0034056413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New hypotheses on the material nature of horizontally mobile genes
    • Heinemann, J.A., and P.D. Roughan. 2000. New hypotheses on the material nature of horizontally mobile genes. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 906:169-186
    • (2000) N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.906 , pp. 169-186
    • Heinemann, J.A.1    Roughan, P.D.2
  • 54
    • 0004054832 scopus 로고
    • The Collected Papers Paul Ehrlich
    • New York: Pergamon Press
    • Himmelweit, F. 1960. The Collected Papers Paul Ehrlich. New York: Pergamon Press
    • (1960)
    • Himmelweit, F.1
  • 55
    • 0003462139 scopus 로고
    • The Chemical Kinetics of Bacterial Cells
    • Oxford: The Clarendon Press
    • Hinshelwood, C.N. 1946. The Chemical Kinetics of Bacterial Cells. Oxford: The Clarendon Press
    • (1946)
    • Hinshelwood, C.N.1
  • 56
    • 18844468813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics: Past, present, and future
    • Hoel, D., and D.N. Williams. 1997. Antibiotics: Past, present, and future. Postgrad. Med. 101:114-122
    • (1997) Postgrad. Med. , vol.101 , pp. 114-122
    • Hoel, D.1    Williams, D.N.2
  • 57
    • 0020645470 scopus 로고
    • Conjugative plasmids in bacteria of the pre-antibiotic era
    • Hughes, V.M., and N. Datta. 1983. Conjugative plasmids in bacteria of the pre-antibiotic era. Nature 302:725-726
    • (1983) Nature , vol.302 , pp. 725-726
    • Hughes, V.M.1    Datta, N.2
  • 59
    • 0025978407 scopus 로고
    • New mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents
    • Jacoby, G.A., and G.L. Archer. 1991. New mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. New Engl. J. Med. 324:601-612
    • (1991) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.324 , pp. 601-612
    • Jacoby, G.A.1    Archer, G.L.2
  • 60
    • 0024319151 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the pleiotropic phenotypes of rifampin-resistant rpoBmutants of Escherichia coli
    • Jin, D.J., and C.A. Gross. 1989. Characterization of the pleiotropic phenotypes of rifampin-resistant rpoBmutants of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172:5229-5231
    • (1989) J. Bacteriol. , vol.172 , pp. 5229-5231
    • Jin, D.J.1    Gross, C.A.2
  • 62
    • 0000934742 scopus 로고
    • Extraction of a highly potent penicillin inactivator from penicillin resistant staphylococci
    • Kirby, W.M.M. 1944. Extraction of a highly potent penicillin inactivator from penicillin resistant staphylococci. Science 99:452-453
    • (1944) Science , vol.99 , pp. 452-453
    • Kirby, W.M.M.1
  • 63
    • 0019754811 scopus 로고
    • Transposable elements in procaryotes
    • Kleckner, N. 1981. Transposable elements in procaryotes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 15:341-404
    • (1981) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.15 , pp. 341-404
    • Kleckner, N.1
  • 64
    • 0002503997 scopus 로고
    • In D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe, eds. Mobile DNA. Washington, D. C. : American Association for Microbiology
    • Kleckner, N. 1989. Transposon Tn10. In D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe, eds. Mobile DNA. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Microbiology, 227-268
    • (1989) Transposon Tn10 , pp. 227-268
    • Kleckner, N.1
  • 65
    • 84889630480 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics: a multidisciplinary approach
    • New York: Plenum Press, 1876-1877. Cohn's Beit. z. Pflanzen, Breslau. Lancini, G., F. Parenti, and G. Gualberto.
    • Koch, R. 1876-1877. Cohn's Beit. z. Pflanzen, Breslau. Lancini, G., F. Parenti, and G. Gualberto. 1995. Antibiotics: a multidisciplinary approach. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1995)
    • Koch, R.1
  • 66
    • 84873790809 scopus 로고
    • Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants
    • Lederberg, J., and E.M. Lederberg. 1952. Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants. J. Bacteriol. 63:399-406
    • (1952) J. Bacteriol. , vol.63 , pp. 399-406
    • Lederberg, J.1    Lederberg, E.M.2
  • 67
    • 51149212256 scopus 로고
    • Gene recombination in Escherichia coli
    • Lederberg, J., and E.L. Tatum. 1946. Gene recombination in Escherichia coli. Nature 158:558
    • (1946) Nature , vol.158 , pp. 558
    • Lederberg, J.1    Tatum, E.L.2
  • 68
    • 0030625265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of antibiotic resistance-from the perspective of a bacterium
    • Antibiotic Resistance: origin, evolution, and spread. New York: Wiley
    • Lenski, R.E. 1997. The cost of antibiotic resistance-from the perspective of a bacterium. Antibiotic Resistance: origin, evolution, and spread. New York: Wiley,131-151
    • (1997) , pp. 131-151
    • Lenski, R.E.1
  • 69
    • 0028837276 scopus 로고
    • PCR mapping of integrons reveals several novel combinations of resistance genes
    • Levesque, C., L. Piche, C. Larose, and P.H. Roy. 1994. PCR mapping of integrons reveals several novel combinations of resistance genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:185-191
    • (1994) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.39 , pp. 185-191
    • Levesque, C.1    Piche, L.2    Larose, C.3    Roy, P.H.4
  • 70
    • 0002943412 scopus 로고
    • PCR analysis of integrons
    • In D. H. Persing, T. F. Smith, F. C. Tenover and T. J. White, eds. Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology. Washington, D. C. : American Society of Microbiology
    • Levesque, C., and P.H. Roy. 1993. PCR analysis of integrons. In D. H. Persing, T. F. Smith, F. C. Tenover and T. J. White, eds. Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 590-594
    • (1993) , pp. 590-594
    • Levesque, C.1    Roy, P.H.2
  • 71
    • 0004212075 scopus 로고
    • The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs are Destroying the Miracle
    • New York: Plenum Press
    • Levy, S.B. 1992b. The Antibiotic Paradox: How Miracle Drugs are Destroying the Miracle. New York: Plenum Press
    • (1992)
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 72
    • 0028081662 scopus 로고
    • Balancing the drug-resistance equation
    • Levy, S.B. 1994. Balancing the drug-resistance equation. Trends Microbiol. 2:341-342
    • (1994) Trends Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 341-342
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 73
    • 0002850970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance: an ecological perspective
    • In D. J. Chadwick and J. Goode, eds. Antibiotic resistance: origins, evolution, and spread. New York: Wiley
    • Levy, S.B. 1997. Antibiotic resistance: an ecological perspective. In D. J. Chadwick and J. Goode, eds. Antibiotic resistance: origins, evolution, and spread. New York: Wiley, 1-14.
    • (1997) , pp. 1-14
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 74
    • 0032014842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenge of antibiotic resistance
    • Levy, S.B. 1998a. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Sci. Am. 275:46-53
    • (1998) Sci. Am. , vol.275 , pp. 46-53
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 75
    • 0032493114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidrug resistance-a sign of the times
    • Levy, S.B. 1998b. Multidrug resistance-a sign of the times. N. Engl. J. Med. 338:1376-1378
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.338 , pp. 1376-1378
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 77
    • 0028136885 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment
    • Lorenz, M.G., and W. Wackernagel. 1994. Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment. Microbiol. Rev. 58:563-602
    • (1994) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.58 , pp. 563-602
    • Lorenz, M.G.1    Wackernagel, W.2
  • 79
    • 0023298190 scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms for transposition of drug-resistance genes and other movable genetic elements
    • Lupski, J.R. 1987. Molecular mechanisms for transposition of drug-resistance genes and other movable genetic elements. Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:357-368
    • (1987) Rev. Infect. Dis. , vol.9 , pp. 357-368
    • Lupski, J.R.1
  • 80
    • 0004221157 scopus 로고
    • A History of Medicine
    • New York: Marcel Dekkor
    • Magner, L. 1992. A History of Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekkor
    • (1992)
    • Magner, L.1
  • 83
    • 0032562596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A distinctive class of integron in the Vibrio cholerae genome
    • Mazel, D., B. Dychinco, V.A. Webb, and J. Davies. 1998. A distinctive class of integron in the Vibrio cholerae genome. Science 280:605-608
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 605-608
    • Mazel, D.1    Dychinco, B.2    Webb, V.A.3    Davies, J.4
  • 84
    • 0034087196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance in the ECOR collection: integrons and identification of a novel aad gene
    • Mazel, D., B. Dychinco, V.A. Webb, and J. Davies. 2000. Antibiotic resistance in the ECOR collection: integrons and identification of a novel aad gene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1568-1574
    • (2000) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 1568-1574
    • Mazel, D.1    Dychinco, B.2    Webb, V.A.3    Davies, J.4
  • 85
    • 0026341138 scopus 로고
    • Gene transfer between distantly related bacteria
    • Mazodier, P., and J. Davies. 1991. Gene transfer between distantly related bacteria. Annu. Rev. Genet. 25:147-171
    • (1991) Annu. Rev. Genet. , vol.25 , pp. 147-171
    • Mazodier, P.1    Davies, J.2
  • 87
    • 0029831354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overlaps and parallels in the regulation of intrinsic multiple-antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli
    • Miller, P.F., and M.C. Sulavik. 1996. Overlaps and parallels in the regulation of intrinsic multiple-antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 21:441-448
    • (1996) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.21 , pp. 441-448
    • Miller, P.F.1    Sulavik, M.C.2
  • 88
  • 89
    • 0026280941 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid macro-evolution: selection of deletions during adaptation in a nutrient-limited environment
    • Modi, R.I., C.M. Wilke, R.F. Rosenzweig, and J. Adams. 1991. Plasmid macro-evolution: selection of deletions during adaptation in a nutrient-limited environment. Genetica 84:195-202
    • (1991) Genetica , vol.84 , pp. 195-202
    • Modi, R.I.1    Wilke, C.M.2    Rosenzweig, R.F.3    Adams, J.4
  • 90
    • 0026760182 scopus 로고
    • The crisis in antibiotic resistance
    • Neu, H.C. 1992. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 257:1064-1073
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1064-1073
    • Neu, H.C.1
  • 92
    • 0034682335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation
    • Ochman, H., J.G. Lawrence, and E.A. Groisman. 2000. Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature 405:299-304
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 299-304
    • Ochman, H.1    Lawrence, J.G.2    Groisman, E.A.3
  • 93
    • 84889619545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic and Chemotherapy: Anti-infective Agents and Their Use in Therapy. Pp. 987
    • New York
    • O'Grady, F., H.P. Lambert, R.G. Finch, and D. Greenwood. 1997. Antibiotic and Chemotherapy: Anti-infective Agents and Their Use in Therapy. Pp. 987. Churchhill-Livingstone, New York
    • (1997) Churchhill-Livingstone
    • O'Grady, F.1    Lambert, H.P.2    Finch, R.G.3    Greenwood, D.4
  • 94
    • 0023650411 scopus 로고
    • Homology of ORFs from Tn2603 and from R46 to site-specific recombinases
    • Ouellette, M., and P.H. Roy. 1987. Homology of ORFs from Tn2603 and from R46 to site-specific recombinases. Nucl Acids Res. 15:10055
    • (1987) Nucl Acids Res , vol.15 , pp. 10055
    • Ouellette, M.1    Roy, P.H.2
  • 97
    • 0034223205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of integrons in dissemination of antibiotic resistance
    • Ploy, M., T. Lambert, A. Gassama, and F. Denis. 2000a. The role of integrons in dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) 58:439-444
    • (2000) Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) , vol.58 , pp. 439-444
    • Ploy, M.1    Lambert, T.2    Gassama, A.3    Denis, F.4
  • 98
    • 0033900812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrons: an antibiotic resistance gene capture and expression system
    • Ploy, M.C., T. Lambert, J.P. Couty, and F. Denis. 2000b. Integrons: an antibiotic resistance gene capture and expression system. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 38:483-487
    • (2000) Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. , vol.38 , pp. 483-487
    • Ploy, M.C.1    Lambert, T.2    Couty, J.P.3    Denis, F.4
  • 99
    • 0029567996 scopus 로고
    • Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element
    • Recchia, G.D., and R.M. Hall. 1995. Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element. Microbiol. 141:3015-3027
    • (1995) Microbiol , vol.141 , pp. 3015-3027
    • Recchia, G.D.1    Hall, R.M.2
  • 102
    • 0001838701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conjugative transposons: transmissible resistance islands
    • In J. P. Kaper and J. Hacker, eds. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. Washington, D. C. : ASM Press
    • Salyers, A., N. Shoemaker, G. Bonheyo, and J. Frias. 1999. Conjugative transposons: transmissible resistance islands. In J. P. Kaper and J. Hacker, eds. Pathogenicity Islands and Other Mobile Virulence Elements. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 331-346
    • (1999) , pp. 331-346
    • Salyers, A.1    Shoemaker, N.2    Bonheyo, G.3    Frias, J.4
  • 103
    • 0342460609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are antibiotic resistance genes so resistant to elimination? Antimicrob
    • Salyers, A.A., and C.F. Amabile-Cuevas. 1997. Why are antibiotic resistance genes so resistant to elimination? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:2321-2325
    • (1997) Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 2321-2325
    • Salyers, A.A.1    Amabile-Cuevas, C.F.2
  • 104
    • 0029804789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance gene transfer in anaerobes: new insights, new problems
    • Salyers, A.A., and N.B. Shoemaker. 1996. Resistance gene transfer in anaerobes: new insights, new problems. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23 Suppl. 1:S36-S43
    • (1996) Clin. Infect. Dis. 23 Suppl. , vol.1 , pp. 36-43
    • Salyers, A.A.1    Shoemaker, N.B.2
  • 106
    • 0028889420 scopus 로고
    • Conjugative transposons: an unusual and diverse set of integrated gene transfer elements
    • Salyers, A.A., N.B. Shoemaker, A.M. Stevens, and L.Y. Li. 1995. Conjugative transposons: an unusual and diverse set of integrated gene transfer elements. Microbiol. Rev. 59:579-590
    • (1995) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 579-590
    • Salyers, A.A.1    Shoemaker, N.B.2    Stevens, A.M.3    Li, L.Y.4
  • 109
    • 0032748069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes and transposons among phylloplane bacteria in Michigan apple orchards
    • Schnabel, E.L., and A.L. Jones. 1999. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes and transposons among phylloplane bacteria in Michigan apple orchards. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4898-4907
    • (1999) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.65 , pp. 4898-4907
    • Schnabel, E.L.1    Jones, A.L.2
  • 110
    • 0029921764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing antibiotic resistance
    • Schrag, S.J., and V. Perrot. 1996. Reducing antibiotic resistance. Nature 381:120-121
    • (1996) Nature , vol.381 , pp. 120-121
    • Schrag, S.J.1    Perrot, V.2
  • 111
    • 0030839556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation to the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli
    • Schrag, S.J., V. Perrot, and B.R. Levin. 1997. Adaptation to the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 264:1287-1291
    • (1997) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. , vol.264 , pp. 1287-1291
    • Schrag, S.J.1    Perrot, V.2    Levin, B.R.3
  • 113
    • 0024044902 scopus 로고
    • An intermediate in transposition of the conjugative transposon Tn916
    • Scott, J.R., P.A. Kirchman, and M.G. Caparon. 1988. An intermediate in transposition of the conjugative transposon Tn916. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4809- 4813
    • (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.85 , pp. 4809-4813
    • Scott, J.R.1    Kirchman, P.A.2    Caparon, M.G.3
  • 114
    • 0001070790 scopus 로고
    • Tn3 and related transposable elements
    • In D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe, eds. Mobile DNA. Washington, D. C. : American Society for Microbiology
    • Sherrat, D. 1989. Tn3 and related transposable elements. In D. E. Berg and M. M. Howe, eds. Mobile DNA. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 163-184
    • (1989) , pp. 163-184
    • Sherrat, D.1
  • 115
    • 0008488161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A class 3 integron carrying the IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase gene found in Japan
    • 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco
    • Shibata, N., H. Kurokawa, T. Yagi, and Y. Arakawa. 1999. A class 3 integron carrying the IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase gene found in Japan. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco.
    • (1999)
    • Shibata, N.1    Kurokawa, H.2    Yagi, T.3    Arakawa, Y.4
  • 116
    • 0030915673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteria gone native vs. bacteria gone awry?: plasmidic transfer and bacterial evolution
    • U. S. A
    • Souza, V., and L.E. Eguiarte. 1997. Bacteria gone native vs. bacteria gone awry?: plasmidic transfer and bacterial evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:5501-5503
    • (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.94 , pp. 5501-5503
    • Souza, V.1    Eguiarte, L.E.2
  • 117
    • 0024805974 scopus 로고
    • A novel family of potentially mobile DNA elements encoding site-specific gene integration functions: integrons
    • Stokes, H.W., and R.M. Hall. 1989. A novel family of potentially mobile DNA elements encoding site-specific gene integration functions: integrons. Mol. Microbiol. 3:1669-1683
    • (1989) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.3 , pp. 1669-1683
    • Stokes, H.W.1    Hall, R.M.2
  • 118
    • 0030698334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the 59-base element recombination sites associated with mobile gene cassettes
    • Stokes, H.W., D.B. O'Gorman, G.D. Recchia, M. Parsekhian, and R.M. Hall. 1997. Structure and function of the 59-base element recombination sites associated with mobile gene cassettes. Mol. Microbiol. 26:731-745
    • (1997) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.26 , pp. 731-745
    • Stokes, H.W.1    O'Gorman, D.B.2    Recchia, G.D.3    Parsekhian, M.4    Hall, R.M.5
  • 119
    • 0023747576 scopus 로고
    • Site-specific recombination promotes linkage between trimethoprim and sulphonamide resistance genesSequence characterization of dhfrV and sulI and a recombination active locus of Tn21
    • Sundstrom, L., P. Radstrom, G. Swedberg, and O. Skold. 1988. Site-specific recombination promotes linkage between trimethoprim and sulphonamide resistance genes. Sequence characterization of dhfrV and sulI and a recombination active locus of Tn21. Mol. Gen. Genet. 213:191-201
    • (1988) Mol. Gen. Genet. , vol.213 , pp. 191-201
    • Sundstrom, L.1    Radstrom, P.2    Swedberg, G.3    Skold, O.4
  • 120
    • 0033384422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrotransfer or gene capture: a feature of conjugative plasmids, with ecological and evolutionary significance
    • Szpirer, C., E. Top, M. Couturier, and M. Mergeay. 1999. Retrotransfer or gene capture: a feature of conjugative plasmids, with ecological and evolutionary significance. Microbiol. 145:3321-3329
    • (1999) Microbiol , vol.145 , pp. 3321-3329
    • Szpirer, C.1    Top, E.2    Couturier, M.3    Mergeay, M.4
  • 121
    • 0033854944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradigms of plasmid organization
    • Thomas, C.M. 2000. Paradigms of plasmid organization. Mol. Microbiol. 37:485-491
    • (2000) Mol. Microbiol. , vol.37 , pp. 485-491
    • Thomas, C.M.1
  • 122
    • 0003031098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic traits conferred by plasmids
    • In Thomas, C. M., ed. The Horizontal Gene Pool. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers
    • Top, E.M., Y. Moenne-Loccoz, T. Pembroke, and C.M. Thomas. 2000. Phenotypic traits conferred by plasmids. In Thomas, C.M., ed. The Horizontal Gene Pool. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 249-285
    • (2000) , pp. 249-285
    • Top, E.M.1    Moenne-Loccoz, Y.2    Pembroke, T.3    Thomas, C.M.4
  • 123
    • 0026093460 scopus 로고
    • The conjugative transposon Tn925: enhancement of conjugal transfer by tetracycline in Enterococcus faecalis and mobilization of chromosomal genes in Bacillus subtilis and E. faecalis
    • Torres, O.R., R.Z. Korman, S.A. Zahler, and G.M. Dunny. 1991. The conjugative transposon Tn925: enhancement of conjugal transfer by tetracycline in Enterococcus faecalis and mobilization of chromosomal genes in Bacillus subtilis and E. faecalis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 225:395-400.
    • (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. , vol.225 , pp. 395-400
    • Torres, O.R.1    Korman, R.Z.2    Zahler, S.A.3    Dunny, G.M.4
  • 124
    • 0002305621 scopus 로고
    • The genetics of resistance
    • In D. Greenwood, ed. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Towner, K.J. 1995. The genetics of resistance. In D. Greenwood, ed. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. New York: Oxford University Press, 159-167
    • (1995) , pp. 159-167
    • Towner, K.J.1
  • 125
    • 33646283498 scopus 로고
    • Broad-host range conjugative transfersystems
    • In R. H. Baltz, G. D. Hegeman and P. L. Skatrud, eds. Industrial microorganisms: Basic and Applied Molecular Genetics. Washington, D. C. : American Society for Microbiology
    • Trieu-Cuot, P. 1993. Broad-host range conjugative transfersystems. In R. H. Baltz, G. D. Hegeman and P. L. Skatrud, eds. Industrial microorganisms: Basic and Applied Molecular Genetics. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 43-50
    • (1993) , pp. 43-50
    • Trieu-Cuot, P.1
  • 126
    • 0026802197 scopus 로고
    • Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane
    • Vaara, M. 1992. Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane. Microbiol. Rev. 56:395-411
    • (1992) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.56 , pp. 395-411
    • Vaara, M.1
  • 127
    • 0031741763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broad-host-range plasmids and their role in gene transfer in nature
    • Valla, S. 1998. Broad-host-range plasmids and their role in gene transfer in nature. APMIS Suppl. 84:19-24
    • (1998) APMIS Suppl , vol.84 , pp. 19-24
    • Valla, S.1
  • 128
    • 0002908439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology of plasmid transfer and spread
    • In Thomas, C. M., ed. The Horizontal Gene Pool. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers
    • van Elsas, J.D., J. Fry, P. Hirsch, and S. Molin. 2000. Ecology of plasmid transfer and spread. In Thomas, C.M., ed. The Horizontal Gene Pool. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 175-206
    • (2000) , pp. 175-206
    • van Elsas, J.D.1    Fry, J.2    Hirsch, P.3    Molin, S.4
  • 129
    • 0025173716 scopus 로고
    • Functions of secondary metabolites
    • Vining, L.C. 1990. Functions of secondary metabolites. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 44:395-427
    • (1990) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.44 , pp. 395-427
    • Vining, L.C.1
  • 130
    • 0043035600 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of antagonistic actinomycetes in nature
    • Waksman, S.A., E.S. Horning, M. Welsch, and H.B. Woodruff. 1942. Distribution of antagonistic actinomycetes in nature. Soil Sci. 54:281-296
    • (1942) Soil Sci , vol.54 , pp. 281-296
    • Waksman, S.A.1    Horning, E.S.2    Welsch, M.3    Woodruff, H.B.4
  • 131
    • 0010205411 scopus 로고
    • Streptothricin, a new selective bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent, particularly active against gram-negative bacteria
    • Waksman, S.A., and H.B. Woodruff. 1942. Streptothricin, a new selective bacteriostatic and bactericidal agent, particularly active against gram-negative bacteria. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 49:207-210
    • (1942) Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. , vol.49 , pp. 207-210
    • Waksman, S.A.1    Woodruff, H.B.2
  • 132
    • 0030057090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin
    • Waldor, M.K., and J.J. Mekalanos. 1996. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 172:1910-1914
    • (1996) Science , vol.172 , pp. 1910-1914
    • Waldor, M.K.1    Mekalanos, J.J.2
  • 133
    • 0034680167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance
    • Walsh, C. 2000. Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance. Nature 406:775-781
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 775-781
    • Walsh, C.1
  • 134
    • 73049143412 scopus 로고
    • Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance in EnterobacteriaceaeI. Transfer of resistance factors by conjugation
    • Watanabe, T., and T. Fukasawa. 1961. Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. I. Transfer of resistance factors by conjugation. J. Bacteriol. 81:669-678
    • (1961) J. Bacteriol. , vol.81 , pp. 669-678
    • Watanabe, T.1    Fukasawa, T.2
  • 135
    • 0027496523 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic preparations contain DNA: a source of drug resistance genes? Antimicrob
    • Webb, V., and J. Davies. 1993. Antibiotic preparations contain DNA: a source of drug resistance genes? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:2379-2384
    • (1993) Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 2379-2384
    • Webb, V.1    Davies, J.2
  • 137
    • 0030642241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring and management of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: a World Health Organization symposium.Geneva, Switzerland, 29 November-2 December
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. 1997. Monitoring and management of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents: a World Health Organization symposium. Geneva, Switzerland, 29 November-2 December. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24 Suppl. 1:S1-S176
    • (1997) Clin. Infect. Dis. 24 Suppl. , vol.1 , pp. 1-176
  • 138
    • 0018881923 scopus 로고
    • Generation time-prolonging R plasmids: correlation between increases in the generation time of Escherichia coli caused by R plasmids and their molecular size
    • Zund, P., and G. Lebek. 1980. Generation time-prolonging R plasmids: correlation between increases in the generation time of Escherichia coli caused by R plasmids and their molecular size. Plasmid 3:65-69.
    • (1980) Plasmid , vol.3 , pp. 65-69
    • Zund, P.1    Lebek, G.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.