Osteosarcoma: Conventional treatment vs. gene therapy

Cancer Biology and Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 106-117

  Mei, Lin Tan ^a   Choong, Peter F M ^a,b   Dass, Crispin R ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

^c ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Gene therapy; Osteosarcoma; Radiotherapy; Surgery; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE; CARCINOGEN; CISPLATIN; DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE; DOXORUBICIN; ENDOSTATIN; EPIRUBICIN; EZRIN; IFOSFAMIDE; METHOTREXATE; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DERIVED FACTOR; PLASMID DNA; PROTEIN C JUN; PROTEIN P53; RECOMBINANT HUMAN ENDOSTATIN; RIBOZYME; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UROKINASE; UROKINASE RECEPTOR; YTTRIUM 90;

AGEUSIA; ALOPECIA; ANOREXIA; ATROPHY; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER GENE THERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTRACTURE; ERYTHEMA; ESTHETIC SURGERY; FATIGUE; FIBROSIS; FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GENE MUTATION; GROWTH DISORDER; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LUNG TOXICITY; MALE INFERTILITY; METASTASIS; MUTAGENESIS; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEOPLASM; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OSTEOSARCOMA; OTOTOXICITY; PARESTHESIA; RADIATION DOSE; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN EXFOLIATION; SKIN PIGMENTATION; TACHYCARDIA; TERATOGENESIS; TREMOR; VOMITING; WEAKNESS;

EID: 58749090925     PISSN: 15384047     EISSN: 15558576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.2.7385     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Andersen A, Holte H, Slordal L. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of doxorubicin after short-term infusion in lymphoma patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 44:422-6.
2. Avella M, Bacci G, McDonald DJ. Adjuvant chemotherapy with six drugs (adriamycin, methotrexate, cisplatinum, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and dactinomycin) for non metastatic high grade osteosarcoma of the extremities. Results of 32 patient and comparison to 127 patients concomitantly treated with the same drugs in neoadjuvant form. Chemopterapia 1998; 7:133-7.
3. Bacci G, Farrari S, Mercuri M, Longhi A, Fabbri N, Galletti S, Forni C, Balladelli A, Serra M, Picci P. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremities in patients aged 41-60 years. Acta Ortho 2007; 78:377-84.
4. Bacci G, Ferrari S, Bertoni F, Ruggieri P, Picci P, Longhi A, Casadei R, Fabbri N, Forni C, Versari M, Campanacci M. Long-term outcome for patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma of the extremity treated at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli according to the IOR/OS2 protocol: an update report. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:4016-27.
5. Bacci G, Ferrari S, Longhi A, Picci P, Mercuri M, Alvegard TA, Saeter G, Donati D, Manfrini M, Lari S, Briccoli A, Forni C. Italian Sarcoma Group/Scandinavian Sarcoma Group. High does ifosfamide in combination with high-dose methotrexate, doxorucibin and cisplatin in the neoadjuvant treatment of extremity osteosarcoma: preliminary results of an Italian Sarcoma/Scandinavian group Pilot study. J Chemother 2002; 14:198-206.
6. Basaran M, Bavbek ES, Saglam S, Eralp L, Sakar B, Atalar AC, Bilgic B, Ozger H, Onat H. A phase II study of cisplatin, ifosfamide and epirubicin combination chemotherapy in adults with nonmetastatic and extremity osteosarcomas. Oncol 2007; 72:255-60.
7. Benassi MS, Molendini L, Gamberi G, Ragazzini P, Sollazzo MR, Merli M, Asp J, Magagnoli G, Balladelli A, Bertoni F, Picci P. Alteration of pRb/p16/cdk4 regulation in human osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 1999; 84:489-93.
8. Bhindi R, Fahmy RG, Lowe HC, Chesterman CN, Dass CR, Cairns MJ, Saravolac EG, Sun LQ, Khachigian LM. DNA Enzymes, Short Interfering RNA and the Emerging Wave of Small-Molecule Nucleic Acid-Based Gene-Silencing Strategies. Am J Path 2007; 171:1079-88.
9. Bottone MG, Soldani C, Veneroni P, Avella D, Pisu M, Bernocchi G. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in rat B50 neuronal cells after cisplatin treatment. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:506-20.
10. Bramwell VH, Burgers M, Sneath R, Souhami R, van Oosterom AT, Voûte PA, Rouesse J, Spooner D, Craft AW, Somers R, et al. A comparison of two short intensive adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in operable osteosarcoma of limbs in children and young adults: the first study of the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10:1579-91.
11. Breaker RR, Joyce GF. A DNA enzyme that cleaves RNA. Chem Biol 1994; 1:223-9.
12. Bretscher A, Edwards K, Fehon RG. ERM proteins and merlin: integrators at the cell cortex. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3:586-99.
13. Brewster M, Janssen HM, De Waal BF, Fransen PM, Lou X, Meijer EW. Modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as effective transfection agents for catalytic DNA enzymes (DNAzymes). J Drug Target 2006; 14:69-86.
14. Bruland OS, Hoifodt H, Saeter G, Smeland S, Fodstad O. Hematogenous micrometastases in osteosarcoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4666.
15. Brunello A, Basso U, Rossi E, Stefani M, Ghiotto C, Marino D, Crivellari G, Monfardini S. Ifosfamide-related encephalopathy in elderly patients: report of five cases and review of the literature. Drugs Aging 2007; 24:967-73.
16. Cech T. The chemistry of self-splicing RNA and RNA enzymes. Science 1987; 236:1532-9.
17. Ceelen WP, Morris S, Paraskeva P, Pattyn P. Surgical trauma, minimal residual disease and locoregional cancer recurrence. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 134:51-69.
18. Cheng KK. Association of plasma methotrexate, neutropenia, hepatic dysfunction, nausea/vomiting and oral mucositis in children with cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2008; 17:306-11.
19. Choong PF, Ferno M, Akerman M, Willen H, Langstrom E, Gustafson P, Alvegard T, Rydholm A. Urokinase-plasminogen-activator levels and prognosis in 69 soft-tissue sarcomas. Int J Cancer 1996; 69:268-72.
20. Clark JCM, Dass CR, Choong PFM. A review of clinical and molecular prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:281-97.
21. Colvin M. Section 12:51 in Cancer Medicine-6. Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E, III, editors. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, Canada 2003.
22. Cotterill SJ, Wright CM, Pearce MS, Craft AW. Stature of young people with malignant bone tumours. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004; 42:59-63.
23. Culver KW, Anderson WF, Blaese RM. Lymphocyte gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1991; 2:107-9.
24. Dass CR. Liposome-mediated delivery of oligodeoxynucleotides in vivo. Drug Deliv 2002; 9:169-80.
25. Dass CR. Oligonucleotide delivery to tumours using macromolecular carriers. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2004a; 40:113-22.
26. Dass CR. Cyclodextrins and oligonucleotide delivery to solid tumours. J Drug Target 2004b; 12:1-9.
27. Dass CR, Choong PFM. Gene therapy for osteosarcoma: steps towards clinical studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008a; 60:405-13.
28. Dass CR, Choong PFM. uPAR mediates anticancer activity of PEDF. Cancer Biol Ther 2008b; 10:7. [Epub ahead of print].
29. Dass CR, Contreras KG, Dunstan DE, Choong PFM. Chitosan microparticles encapsulating PEDF plasmid demonstrate efficacy in an orthotopic metastatic model of osteosarcoma. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3026-33.
30. Dass CR, Ek ET, Choong PFM. PEDF as an emerging therapeutic candidate for osteosarcoma 2008e.
31. Dass CR, Friedhuber AM, Khachigian LM, Dunstan DE, Choong PFM. Biocompatible chitosan-DNAzyme nanoparticle exhibits enhanced biological activity. J Microencapsulation 2008a; 4:1-5.
32. Dass CR, Friedhuber AM, Khachigian LM, Dunstan DE, Choong PFM. Downregulation of c-jun results in apoptosis-mediated anti-osteosarcoma activity in an orthotopic model. Cancer Biol Ther 2008b; 4:7. [Epub ahead of print].
33. Dass CR, Khachigian LM, Choong PFM. C-jun is critical for progression of osteosarcoma: Proof in an orthotopic spontaneously metastasising model. Mol Cancer Res 2008c; 6.
34. Dass CR, Khachigian LM, Choong PFM. C-Jun knockdown sensitises osteosarcoma to doxorubicin. Mol Cancer Ther 2008d; 7.
35. Dass CR, Nadesapillai AP, Robin D, Howard ML, Fisher JL, Zhou H, Choong PFM. Downregulation of uPAR confirms link in growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22:643-52.
36. Dave RS, Pomerantz RJ. RNA interference: siRNA on the road to an alternate therapeutic strategy. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13:373-85.
37. Davis AM, Devlin M, Griffin AM, Wunder JS, Bell RS. Functional outcome in amputation versus limb sparing of patients with lower extremity sarcoma: a matched case-control study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80:615-8.
38. De Bock CE, Lin Z, Itoh T, Morris D, Murrell G, Wang Y. Inhibition of urokinase receptor gene expression and cell invasion by anti-uPAR DNAzymes in osteosarcoma cells. FEBS J 2005; 272:3572-82.
39. th edition. Philadelphia USA 2005.
40. Dorfman HD, Czerniak B. Bone cancers. Cancer Supplement 1995; 75:203-10.
41. Ek ETH, Dass CR, Contreras KG, Choong PFM. PEDF-derived synthetic peptides exhibit antitumour activity in an orthotopic model of human osteosarcoma. J Ortho Res 2007a; 25:1671-80.
42. Ek ETH, Dass CR, Contreras KG, Choong PFM. Pigment epithelium-derived factor pver-expression inhibits orthotopic osteosarcoma growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Cancer Gene Ther 2007b; 14:616-26.
43. Ek ET, Dass CR, Choong PFM. PEDF: a potential molecular therapeutic target with multiple anti-cancer activities. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:497-502.
44. Ek ET, Dass CR, Contreras KG, Choong PFM. PEDF-derived synthetic peptides exhibit antitumor activity in an orthotopic model of human osteosarcoma. J Ortho Res 2007c; 25:1671-80.
45. Elliott P. Pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity induced by anthracyclines. Semin Oncol 2006; 4:2-7.
46. Engels EA. Cancer risk associated with receipt of vaccines contaminated with simian virus 40: epidemiologic research. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005; 4:197-206.
47. Ferrari S, Palmerini E. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy for osteogenic osteosarcoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2007; 19:341-6.
48. Ferrari S, Zanella L, Alberghini M, Palmerini E, Staals E, Bacchini P. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical expression of ezrin in non-metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:752-6.
49. Feugeas O, Guriec N, Babin-Boilletot A, Marcellin L, Simon P, Babin S, Thyss A, Hofman P, Terrier P, Kalifa C, Brunat-Mentigny M, Patricot LM, Oberling F. Loss of heterozygosity of the Rb gene is a poor prognostic factor in patient with osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:467-72.
50. Finkel MP, Biskis BO, Jinkins PB. Virus induction of osteosarcomas in mice. Science 1966; 151:698-701.
51. Fisher JL, Mackie PS, Howard ML, Zhou H, Choong PFM. The expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator system in metastatic murine osteosarcoma: an in vivo mouse model. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:1654-60.
52. Franchi A, Calzolari A, Zampi G. Immunohistochemical detection of c-fos and c-jun expression in osseous and cartilaginous tumours of the skeleton. Virchows Arch 1998; 432:515-9.
53. Gates VL, Atassi B, Lewandowski RJ, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Nemcek AA, Omary R, Salem R. Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 microspheres: review of an emerging treatment for liver tumors. Future Oncol 2007; 3:73-81.
54. Gelberg KH, Fitzgerald EF, Hwang S, Dubrow R. Growth and development and other risk factors for osteosarcoma in children and young adults. Int J Epidemol 1997; 26:272-8.
55. Ghule P, Kadam PA, Jambhekar N, Bamne M, Pai S, Nair C, Banavali S, Puri A, Agarwal M. p53 gene gets altered by various mechanisms: studies in childhood sarcomas and retinoblastoma. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12:385-96.
56. Goldenberg DM, Sharkey RM. Novel radiolabeled antibody conjugates. Oncogene 2007; 26:3734-44.
57. Green MR, Chamberlain MC. Renal dysfunction during and after high-dose methotrexate. Cancer Chemother Phamacol 2008; [Epub ahead of print].
58. Grimer RJ, Taminiau AM, Cannon SR. Surgical Subcommitte of the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup. Surgical outcomes in osteosarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84:395-400.
59. Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Von Kalle C, Schmidt M, McCormack MP, Wulffraat N, Leboulch P, Lim A, Osborne CS, Pawliuk R, Morillon E, Sorensen R, Forster A, Fraser P, Cohen JI, de Saint Basile G, Alexander I, Wintergerst U, Frebourg T, Aurias A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Romana S, Radford-Weiss I, Gross F, Valensi F, Delabesse E, Macintyre E, Sigaux F, Soulier J, Leiva LE, Wissler M, Prinz C, Rabbitts TH, Le Deist F, Fischer A, Cavazzana-Calvo M. LMO2-associated clonal T cell proliferation in two patients after gene therapy for SCID-X1. Science 2003; 302:415-9.
60. Hartman ZC, Appledorn DM, Amalfitano A. Adenovirus vector induced innate immune responses: Impact upon efficacy and toxicity in gene therapy and vaccine application. Virus Res 2008; 132:1-14.
61. Hellwinkel OJ, Müller J, Pollmann A, Kabisch H. Osteosarcoma cell lines display variable individual reactions on wildtype p53 and Rb tumour-suppressor transgenes. J Gene Med 2005; 7:407-19.
62. Hofheinz RD, Gnad-Vogt SU, Beyer U, Hochhaus A. Liposomal encapsulated anticancer drugs. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:691-707.
63. Hryniuk WA, Figueredo A, Goodyear M. Applications of dose intensity to problems in chemotherapy of breast and colorectal cancer. Sem Oncol 1987; 11:3-11.
64. Janes KA, Fresneau MP, Marazuela A, Fabra A, Alonso MJ. Chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems for doxorubicin 2001; 73:255-67.
65. Jensen BV, Skovsgaard T, Nielsen SL. Functional monitoring of anthracycline cardiotoxicity: a prospective, blinded, long-term observational study of outcome in 120 patients. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:699-709.
66. Kaiser J. Clinical Research. Death prompts a review of gene therapy vector. Science 2007; 317:580.
67. Kamen BA, Cole PD and Bertino RJ. Section 12:49 in Cancer Medicine-6. Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E, III, editors. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, Canada 2003.
68. Kansara M, Thomas DM. Molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26:1-18.
69. Karikó K, Kuo A, Boyd D, Okada SS, Cines DB, Barnathan ES. Overexpression of urokinase receptor increases matrix invasion without altering cell migration in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Cancer Res 1993; 53:3109-17.
70. Khanna C, Prehn J, Hayden D, Cassaday RD, Caylor J, Jacob S, Bose SM, Hong SH, Hewitt SM, Helman LJ. A randomized controlled trial of octreotide pamoate long-acting release and carboplatin versus carboplatin alone in dogs with naturally occurring osteosarcoma: evaluation of insulin-like growth factor suppression and chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:2406-12.
71. Khanna C, Wan X, Bose S, Cassaday R, Olomu O, Mendoza A, Yeung C, Gorlick R, Hewitt SM, Helman LJ. The membrane-cytoskeleton linker ezrin is necessary for osteosarcoma metastasis. Nat Med 2004; 10:182-6.
72. Khatib ZA, Matsushime H, Valentine M, Shapiro DN, Sherr CJ, Look AT. Coamplification of the CDK4 gene with MDM2 and GLI in human sarcomas. Cancer Res 1993; 53:5535-41.
73. Kim JH, Kim YS, Park K, Kang E, Lee S, Nam HY, Kim K, Park JH, Chi DY, Park RW, Kim IS, Choi K, Chan KI. Self-assembled glycol chitosan nanoparticles for the sustained and prolonged delivery of antiangiogenic small peptide drugs in cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1920-30.
74. Kremer LC, Caron HN. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:120-1.
75. Kremer LC, van Dalen EC, Offringa M, Voûte PA. Frequency and risk factors of anthracycline-induced clinical heart failure in children: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:503-12.
76. th Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania US 2003; 165-210.
77. Lee SH, Zhang Z, Feng SS. Nanoparticles of poly(lactide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PLA-TPGS) copolymers for protein drug delivery. Biomaterials 2007; 28:2041-50.
78. Lee TWR, Matthews DA, Blair GE. Novel molecular approaches to cystic fibrosis gene therapy. Biochem J 2005; 387:1-15.
79. Lewis IJ, Weeden S, Machin D, Stark D, Craft AW. Received dose and dose-intensity of chemotherapy and outcome in nonmetastatic extremity osteosarcoma. European Osteosarcoma Intergroup. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:4028-37.
80. Li CX, Parker A, Menocal E, Xiang S, Borodyansky L, Fruehauf JH. Delivery of RNA interference. Cell cycle 2006; 5:2103-9.
81. Li SD, Huang L. Non-viral gene therapy: promises and challenges. Gene Ther 2000; 7:31-4.
82. Limat S, Demesmay K, Voillat L, Bernard Y, Deconinck E, Brion A, Sabbah A, Woronoff-Lemsi MC, Cahn JY. Early cardiotoxicity of the CHOP regimen in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:277-81.
83. Liu Y, Ding JY, Shen WL, Zhao X, Fan SW. Knockdown of cyclin A2 expression by small interfering RNA in MG-63 cells. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2007; 29:670-5.
84. Longhi A, Barberi E, Fabbri N, Macchiagodena M, Favale L, Lippo C, Salducca N, Bacci G. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma arising 20 years after the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. Tumorigenesis 2003; 89:569-72.
85. Longhi A, Errani C, De Paolis M, Mercuri M, Bacci G. Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: State of the art. Cancer Treat Rev 2006; 32:423-36.
86. Longhi A, Ferrari S, Bacci G, Specchia S. Long-term follow-up of patients with doxorubicin-induced crdiac toxicity after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2007; 18:737-44.
87. Longhi A, Pasini A, Cicognani A, Baronio F, Pellacani A, Baldini N, Bacci G. Height as a risk factor for osteosarcoma. J Ped Hem Oncol 2005; 27:314-8.
88. Lorusso D, Di Stefano A, Carone V, Fagotti A, Pisconti S, Scambia G. Peglyated liposomal doxorubicin-related palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia ('hand-foot' syndrome). Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1159-64.
89. Machak GN, Tkachev SI, Solovyev YN, Sinyukov PA, Ivanov SM, Kochergina NV, Ryjkov AD, Tepliakov VV, Bokhian BY, Glebovskaya VV. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and local radiotherapy for high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78:147-55.
90. Mælandsmo GM, Hovig E, Skrede M, Engebraatan O, Florenes VA, Myklebost O, Grigorian M, Lukanidin E, Scanlon KJ, Fodstad O. Reversal of the in vivo metastatic phenotype of human tumour cells by an anti-CAPL (mts1) ribozyme. Cancer Res 1996; 56:5490-8.
91. Magelssen H, Brydøy M, Fosså SD. The effects of cancer and cancer treatments on male reproductive function. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2006; 3:312-22.
92. Mahajan A, Woo SY, Kornguth DG, Hughes D, Huh W, Chang EL, Herzog CE, Pelloski CE, Anderson P. Multimodality treatment of osteosarcoma: radiation in a high-risk cohort. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:976-82.
93. Mansky PJ, Liewehr DJ, Steinburg SM, Chrousos GP, Avila NA, Long L, Bernstein D, Mackall DL, Hawkins DS, Helman LJ. Treatment of metastatic osteosarcoma with the somastostatin analog OncoLar: significant reduction of insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 24:440-6.
94. Mansouri S, Lavigne P, Corsi K, Benderdour M, Beaumont E, Fernandes JC. Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as nonviral vectors in gene therapy: strategies to imrpove transfection efficacy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:1-8.
95. Mao HQ, Roy K, Troung-Le VL, Janes KA, Lin KY, Wang Y, August JT, Leong KW. Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as gene carriers: synthesis, characterization and transfection efficacy. J Control Release 2001; 70:399-421.
96. Marulanda GA, Henderson ER, Johnson DA, Letson GD, Cheong D. Orthopaedic surgery options for the treatment of primary osteosarcoma. Cancer Control 2008; 15:13-20.
97. Mei J, Gao Y, Zhang L, Cai X, Qian Z, Huang H, Huang W. VEGF-siRNA silencing induces apoptosis, inhibits proliferation and suppresses vasculogenic mimicry in osteosarcoma in vitro. Exp Oncol 2008; 30:29-34.
98. Mendoza SM, Konishi T, Miller CW. Integration of SV40 in human osteosarcoma DNA. Oncogene 1998; 17:2457-62.
99. Meyer C, Notari L, Becerra SP. Mapping the type I collagen-binding site on pigment epithelium-derived factor. Implications for its antiangiogenic activity. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45400-7.
100. Meyer JL, Verhey L, Xia P, Wong J. New technologies in the radiotherapy clinic. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 2007; 40:1-17.
101. Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo MD, Kleinerman ES, Betcher D, Bernstein ML, et al. Children's Oncology Group. Osteosarcoma: a randomized, prospective trial of the addition of ifosfamide and/or muramyl tripeptide to cisplatin, doxorubicin and high-dose methotrexate. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:2004-11.
102. Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo MD, Healey JH, Bernstein ML, Betcher D, et al. Children's Oncology Group. Osteosarcoma: the addition of muramyl tripeptide to chemotherapy improves overall survival - a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:633-8.
103. Moscow J, Morrow CS and Cowan KH. Section 11:48. Chemotherapy-Drug resistance and its clinical circumvention in Cancer Medicine-6. Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E, III, editors. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, Canada 2003.
104. Murata N, Takashima Y, Toyoshima K, Yamamoto M, Okada H. Anti-tumour effects of anti-VEGF siRNA encapsulated with PLGA microspheres in mice. J Control Rel 2008; 126:246-54.
105. th Ed, Allwood M, Stanley A, Wright P. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd., Oxon UK 2002; 286-90.
106. National Cancer Institute - U.S. National Institutes of Health - Clinical trial COG-AOST0331. Phase III Randomized Study of Neoadjuvant Induction Therapy Comprising Doxorubicin, Cisplatin and High-Dose Methotrexate (MAP) Followed by Surgery and Adjuvant Maintenance Therapy Comprising MAP Alone Versus MAP and PEG-Interferon Alfa-2b OR MAP Combined With Ifosfamide and Etoposide in Patients With Resectable High-Grade Osteosarcoma. Protocol information online: www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/COG-AOST0331 [Accessed 2008].
107. Nguyen R, Reczek D, Bretscher A. Hierarchy of merlin and ezrin N- and C-terminal domain interactions in homo- and heterotypic associations and their relationship to binding of scaffolding proteins EBP50 and E3KARP. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7621-9.
108. Offinger KC, Hudson MM. Long term complications following childhood and adolescent cancer: foundations for providing risk-based health care for survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 2004; 54:208-36.
109. Ogino W, Takeshima Y, Mori T, Yanai T, Hayakawa A, Akisue T, Kurosaka M, Matsuo M. High level of ezrin mRNA expression in an osteosarcoma biopsy sample with lung metastasis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007; 29:435-9.
110. Ookawa K, Tsuchida S, Adachi J, Yokota J. Differentiation induced by RB expression and apoptosis induced by p53 expression in an osteosarcoma cell line. Oncogene 1997; 14:1389-96.
111. Ortho Biotech. http://www.orthobiotech.com/doxil.html [Accessed on 2008].
112. Oshima Y, Sasaki Y, Negishi H, Idogawa M, Toyota M, Yamashita T, Wada T, Nagoya S, Kawaguchi S, Yamashita T, Tokino T. Antitumour effect of adenovirus-mediated p53 family gene transfer on osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer Biol Ther 2007; 6:1058-66.
113. Ozaki T, Flege S, Kevric M, Lindner N, Maas R, Delling G, Schwarz R, von Hochstetter AR, Salzer-Kuntschik M, Berdel WE, Jürgens H, Exner GU, Reichardt P, Mayer-Steinacker R, Ewerbeck V, Kotz R, Winkelmann W, Bielack SS. Osteosarcoma of the pelvis: experience of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:334-41.
114. Ozaki T, Flege S, Liljenqvist U, Hillmann A, Delling G, Salzer-Kuntschik M, Jürgens H, Kotz R, Winkelmann W, Bielack SS. Osteosarcoma of the spine: experience of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group. Cancer 2002; 94:1069-77.
115. Pakos EE, Kyzas PA, Ioannidis JP. Prognostic significance of TP53 tumor suppressor gene expression and mutations in human osteosarcoma: a meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:6208-14.
116. Papachristou DJ, Batistatou A, Sykiotis GP, Varakis I, Papavassiliou AG. Activation of the JNK-AP1 signal transduction pathway is associated with pathogenesis and progression of human osteosarcomas. Bone 2003; 32:364-71.
117. Park JY, Kwon S, Lee M, Chung H, Kim J-H, Kim Y-S, Park R-W, Kim I-S, Sang BS, Kwon IC, Jeong SY. Self-assembled nanoparticles based on glycol chitosan bearing hydrophobic moieties as carriers for doxorubicin: In vivo biodistribution and anti-tumour activity. Biomaterials 2006; 27:119-26.
118. Park YB, Kim HS, Oh JH, Lee SH. The co-expression of p53 protein and p-glycoprotein is correlated to a poor prognosis in osteosarcoma. Int Orthop 2001; 24:307-10.
119. Patel S, DeLaney TF. Advanced-technology radiation therapy for bone sarcomas. Cancer Control 15:21-37.
120. Pedersen KB, Andersen K, Mælandsmo GM, Fodstad O. Sensitization of interferon-gamma induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells by extracellular S100A4. BMC Cancer 2004; 4:52.
121. Pein F, Sakiroglu O, Dahan M, Lebidois J, Merlet P, Shamsaldin A, Villain E, de Vathaire F, Sidi D, Hartmann O. Cardiac abnormalities 15 years and more after adriamycin therapy in 229 childhood survivors of a solid tumour at the Institut Gustave Roussy. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:37-44.
122. Phase III Randomized Study of Neoadjuvant Induction Therapy Comprising Doxorubicin, Cisplatin and High-Dose Methotrexate (MAP) Followed by Surgery and Adjuvant Maintenance Therapy Comprising MAP Alone Versus MAP and PEG-Interferon Alfa-2b OR MAP Combined With Ifosfamide and Etoposide in Patients With Resectable High-Grade Osteosarcoma. http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/COG- AOST0331 [Accessed 2008].
123. Qian Y, Mugiira RB, Zhou X. A modified viral satellite DNA-based gene silencing vector is effective in association with heterologous begomoviruses. Virus Res 2006; 118:136-42.
124. Quan GM, Ojaimi J, Nadesapillai AP, Zhou H, Choong PFM. Resistance of epiphyseal cartilage to invasion by osteosarcoma is likely to be due to expression of antiangiogenic factors. Pathobiology 2003; 70:361-7.
125. Rosen G, Caparros B, Huvos A, Kosloff C, Nirenburg A, Cacavio A, Marcove RC, Lane JM, Mehta B, Urban C. Preoperative chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma: selection of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy based on the response of the primary tumour to preoperative chemotherapy. Cancer 1982; 49:1221-30.
126. Rowinsky E. Section 12:53 in Cancer Medicine-6. Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E, III, editors. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, Canada 2003.
127. Rubin EH and Hait WN. Section 12:52 in Cancer Medicine-6. Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E, III, editors. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, Canada 2003.
128. Rytting M, Pearson P, Raymond AK, Ayala A, Murray J, Yasko AW, Johnson M, Jaffe N. Osteosarcoma in preadolescents patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000; 373:39-50.
129. Santoro SW, Joyce GF. A general purpose RNA-cleaving DNA enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:4262-6.
130. Scholz RB, Kabisch H, Weber B, Röser K, Delling G, Winkler K. Studies of the RB1 gene and the p53 gene in human osteosarcomas. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992; 9:125-37.
131. th Ed, Allwood M, Stanley A, Wright P. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd., Oxon UK 2002; 365-8.
132. Shah S, Weitman S, Langevin AM, Berstein M, Furman W, Pratt C. Phase I Therapy Trials in Children with Cancer. J Pediatr Hemat Oncol 1998; 20:431-8.
133. Sim IW, Tse LF, Ek ET, Powell GJ, Choong PF. Salvaging the limb salvage: management of complications following endoprosthetic reconstruction for tumours around the knee. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33:796-802.
134. Sorensen K, Levitt GA, Bull C, Dorrup I, Sullivan ID. Late anthracycline cardiotoxicity after childhood cancer. Cancer 2003; 97:1991-8.
135. Souhami RL, Craft AW, Van der Eijken JW, Nooij M, Spooner D, Bramwell VH, Wierzbicki R, Malcolm AJ, Kirkpatrick A, Uscinska BM, Van Glabbeke M, Machin D. Randomised trial of two regimens of chemotherapy in operable osteosarcoma: a study of the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup. Lancet 1997; 350:911-7.
136. Spano A, Monaco G, Barni S, Sciola L. Cisplatin treatment of NIH/3T3 cultures induces a form of autophagic death in polyploid cells. Histo Histopathol 2008; 23:717-30.
137. th Ed, Allwood M, Stanley A, Wright P. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd., Oxon UK 2002; 396-9.
138. Steele FR, Chader GJ, Johnson LV, Tombran-Tink J. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: neurotrophic activity and identification as a member of the serine protease inhibitor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:1526-30.
139. Stiller CA. International patterns of cancer incidence in adolescents. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:631-45.
140. Strander H. Interferons and osteosarcoma. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:373-80.
141. Takenaka K, Yamagishi S, Jinnouchi Y, Nakamura K, Matsui T, Imaizumi T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-induced apoptosis and inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. Life Sci 2005; 77:3231-41.
142. Tan JZ, Schlicht SM, Powell GJ, Thomas D, Slavin JL, Smith PJ, Choong PF. Int Semin Surg Oncol 2006; 3:38.
143. Tataria M, Quarto N, Longaker MT, Sylvester KG. Absence of the p53 tumor suppressor gene promotes osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:624-32.
144. Thomas DM, Carty SA, Piscopo DM, Lee JS, Wang WF, Forrester WC, Hinds PW. The retinoblastoma protein acts as a transcriptional coactivator required for osteogenic differentiation. Mol Cell 2001; 8:303-16.
145. Uhlenbeck OCA. A small catalytic oligoribonucleotide. Nature 1987; 328:596-600.
146. Wang D, Zhong ZY, Li MX, Xiang DB, Li ZP. Vector-based Ape1 small interfering RNA enhances the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma cells to endostatin in vivo. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1993-2001.
147. Weeden S, Grimer RJ, Cannon SR, Taminiau AH, Uscinska BM. European Osteosarcoma Intergroup: The effect of local recurrence on survival in resected osteosarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:39-46.
148. Weiss GR. Clinical Oncology. Appleton and Lange, Connecticut USA, chpt 14 and 35, 1993.
149. Whitmarsh AJ, Davis RJ. Transcription factor AP-1 regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways. J Mol Med 1996; 74:589-607.
150. WHO (World Health Organization). http://www.who.int.en [accessed on 2008].
151. th Ed, Allwood M, Stanley A, Wright P. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd., Oxon UK 2002; 322-9.
152. th Ed, Allwood M, Stanley A, Wright P. Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd., Oxon UK 2002; 376-83.
153. Yeh ET, Tong AT, Lenihan DJ, Yusuf SW, Swafford J, Champion C, Durand JB, Gibbs H, Zafarmand AA, Ewer MS. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: diagnosis, pathogenesis and management. Circulation 2004; 109:3122-31.
154. Zhang G, Dass CR, Sumithran E, Girolamo ND, Sun LQ, Khachigian LM. Effect of deoxyribozymes targeting c-jun on solid tumour growth and angiogenesis in rodents. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:683-96.
155. Zhang J, Lu H. Ifosfamide induces acute renal failure via inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1574-83.